Senjecas snow & ice

Pronunciation table

peműko (labial)								riisűko (dental)								muitűko (alveolar)								vainűko (palatal)							ṡ̨uuše̋nos (vowels with प)								nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos (weak vowels)
p	b	f	v	m̃	m			t	d	þ	ð	ɫ	l			ṡ	ż	s	z	r	n			k	g	x	ƣ	h	ȝ			š	s̨			i	e	a	ɔ	o	u			ı	ɛ	y
प	ब	फ	भ	म़	म			त	द	थ	ध	ल़	ल			च	ज	स	स़	र	न			क	ग	क़	ग़	ह	य			स्व	स्य			इ ई पि पी	ए एै पे पै	अ आ प पा	ऒ ॵ पॊ पॏ	ओ औ पो पौ	उ ऊ पु पू			पं	पऺ	पॅ
/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/m̥/	/m/			/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/l̥/	/l/			/ʦ/	/ʣ/	/s/	/z/	/ɾ̥/	/n/			/k/	/g/	/ç/	/ʝ/	/j̊/	/j/			/sʷ/	/sʲ/			/i/	/e/	/ä/	/ɒ/	/o/	/u/			/ɪ/	/ɛ/	/ʊ/

Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = 1st person singular/plural	ABL = ablative suffix	COL = collective	F = feminine	INT = intensive prefix	PRV = privative prefix	SUP = supine
2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural	ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)	DES = desiderative	FRQ = frequentative	LAT = lative suffix	PST = past	TRZ = transitivizer
3 = 3rd person	ADV = adverb	DIM = diminutive	FUT = future	LOC = locative suffix	Q = interrogative particle	VOC = vocative particle
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)	AG = agent	ELIS = elision	IMP = imperative	M = masculine	QUOT = direct quotation	YNG = young
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)	AP = agent (active) participle	ELT = elative	INC = inchoative	OCC = occupation suffix	REV = reversive
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)	AUG = augmentative	EP = epenthesis	IND = indicative	PP = patient (past) participle	RPR = recent perfective
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)	CAUS = causative	EQU = equative degree	INS = instrument	PRF = perfect	SBJ = subjunctive

• The winters of Sefdaania are heavy with snow and ice. As a result there are many words naming various aspects of these two wintry visitors.

Snow

• 1. alűngo अलु॓न्गो [> Greenland Inupik alutsinniq, snow cliff] – snow bank
• The reindeer’s harness broke and the sleigh plunged into the snow bank.
• gore̋s de̋xlo e-ȝa̋fa. da a̋sko alűngom éna e-ṡőta:

gor-e̋s	de̋xl-o	e=ȝa̋f-a	da	a̋sk-o	alűng-om	éna	e=ṡőt-a
reindeer-G.s	harness-N.s	PST=break-IND	and	sleigh-N.s	snow.bank-A.s	into	PST=plunge-IND

• 2. főm̌a फो॓म्व [> Mongolian *um-ba, walk submerging into water] – walk with difficulty through snow, sand, brush, etc.
• This snow is so deep we will have trouble walking through it.
• i-tőm̃o kéþu ṡa̋lo vűűa—ƥúvi m̃us éȝom šóóða u-fom̌a:

i=tőm̃-o	kéþu	ṡa̋l-o	vűű-a	ṗúvi	m̃-us	éȝ-om	šóóða	u=fom̌-a
this=snow-N.s	too	deep-N.s	be-IND	that	1p-N	it-A.s	through	FUT=walk-IND

• 3. ke̋ro के॓रो [> Finnish kerte, thin crust on snow] – frozen crust on snow
• If the frozen crust is not too thick, the bison can break through.
• ébi ke̋to kéþu ba̋ro vuue̋ȝa mee—toári m̃isőntes ȝa̋fu ma̋ƣa:

ébi	ke̋r-o	kéþu	ba̋r-o	vuu-e̋ȝa	mee	toári	m̃isőnt-es	ȝa̋f-u	ma̋ƣ-a
if	frozen.crust-N.s	too	thick-N.s	be.SBJ-IND	not	then	bison-N.p	break-SUP	be.able-IND

• 4. kı̋rmo कि॓र्मो [> Turkish kırağı, hoarfrost] – thin covering of snow
• Because of the thin covering of snow, the bison were able to forage.
• m̃isőntes kirmős ha pa̋a̋u e-ma̋ƣa:

m̃isőnt-es	kirm-ős	ha	pa̋a̋-u	e=ma̋ƣ-a
bison-N.p	thin.covering.of.snow-G.s	because.of	forage-SUP	PST=be.able-IND

• 5. l̨űűno ल्यू॓नो [> Korean 눈 nun, snow] – falling snow
• The falling snow will soon cover any trace of the crime.
• l̨űűno t̨áárvi leitős k̬éno le̋isom u-ka̋ða:

l̨űűn-o	t̨áár-vi	leit-ős	k̬éno-Ø	le̋is-om	u=ka̋ð-a
falling.snow-N.s	short-ADV	crime-G.s	any-ABS	trace-A.s	FUT=cover-IND

• 6. l̨uunpa̋vo ल्यून्प॓भो [< pa̋vo, flake] – snow flake
• It’s hard to believe that no two snow flakes have the same shape.
• ȝa ne̋o d̬ő luufpa̋vos sőmo b̨őrom ƣe̋va—na̋mu ke̋no e̋sa:

ȝa	neo-Ø	d̬o	luuf-pa̋v-os	sőmo-Ø	b̨őr-om	ƣe̋v-a	na̋m-u	ke̋n-o	e̋s-a
that	no-ABS	two	snow-flake-N.p	same-ABS	shape-A.s	have-IND	believe-SUP	hard-N.s	be.IND

• 7. műƣro मु॓ग़्रो [> Chaplino muʁája, soft snow] – soft snow
• When the puppy stepped onto the soft snow, he fell through.
• méti le̋xm̃e műƣrom éva e-pe̋da—šóóðvi e-főőla:

méti	le̋xm̃-e	műƣr-om	éva	e=pe̋d-a	šóóð=vi	e=főől-a
when	puppy-N.s	soft.snow-A.s	onto	PST=step-IND	through=ADV	PST=fall-IND

• 8. m̃a̋ṡo म़॓चो [> Saami vuoǯ'ǯe, wet bare ice] – wet snow
• The weight of the wet snow caused the tent to collapse.
• m̃aṡős te̋lo vőutom vira̋ða:

m̃aṡ-ős	te̋l-o	vőut-om	vir-a̋ð-a
wet.snow-G.s	weight-N.s	tent-A.s	collapse-CAUS-IND

• 9. m̃őpo भ़ो॓पो [> Enets báʔa, sleeping place] – sleeping hole in the snow
• Caught in the blizzard, the hiker dug a sleeping hole in the snow for the night.
• ƣosigős éna la̋vaþu ȝuþne̋ðlu la̋a̋tam m̃őpom e-vőða:

ƣo=sig-ős	éna	la̋v-a-þu-Ø	ȝuþ-ne̋ð-l-u	la̋a̋t-am	m̃őp-om	e=vőð-a
INT=snow.storm-G.s	in	catch-IND-PP-ABS	roam-walk-AG-N.s	night-A.s	sleeping.hole-A.s	PST=dig-IND

• 10. rı̋no रि॓नो [> Saami ridne, rime on trees] – snow on trees
• Although the snow on the trees is beautiful, too much and the branches will break.
• sáámi rı̋no gőbo vűűa—ébi kéþu me̋e̋o vuule̋ȝa—toári ża̋vos u-ȝa̋fa:

sáámi	rı̋n-o	gőb-o	vűű-a	ébi	kéþu	me̋e̋-o	vuul-e̋ȝa	toári	ża̋v-os	u=ȝa̋f-a
although	snow.on.trees-N.s	beautiful-N.s	be.IND	if	too	much-N.s	there.be-IND	then	branch-N.p	FUT=break-IND

• 11. sı̋go सि॓गो [> Mongolian siɣurɣa(n), snow storm] – snow storm
• The snow storm passed leaving nine dead in its wake.
• sı̋go e-műla. da eȝo-leisős éna nűm ne̋ṡun e-te̋m̃a:

sı̋g-o	e=műl-a	da	eȝo=leis-ős	éna	nűm	ne̋ṡ-un	e=te̋m̃-a
snow.storm-N.s	PST=pass-IND	and	its=wake-G.s	in	nine	dead-A.p	PST=leave-IND

• 12. sőso सो॓सो [> Finnish sose, mash] – muddy snow
• Not long after the snow storm passed, the yaks had turned the fallen snow into muddy snow.
• ne dóm̃vi pósi sı̋go e-myműla—űde' sosős tőm̃om e-űla:

ne	dóm̃=vi	pósi	sı̋g-o	e=my~műl-a	űd-e-'	sos-ős	tőm̃-om	e=~űl-a
not	long=ADV	after	snow.storm-N.s	PST=PRF~pass-IND	yak-N.p-ELIS	muddy.snow-G.s	fallen.snow-A.s	PST=PRF~turn.into-IND

• 13. ṡ̨a̋ga च्य॓ग [> Korean ha-, cold] – become frozen [of snow]
• If the temperature drops any lower the snow will become frozen.
• ébi tiiþme̋a nérvi pine̋ȝa—toáru tőm̃o u-ṡ̨a̋ga:

ébi	tiiþme̋-a	nı~néra-Ø	pin-e̋ȝa	toári	tőm̃-o	u=ṡ̨a̋g-a
if	temperature-N.s	ELT~lower-ABS	decrease-SBJ	then	snow-N.s	FUT=become.frozen.IND

Ice

• 14. haþȝe̋go हथ्ये॓गो – thin coating of ice on rock
• Not seeing the ice on the rock, the ranger slipped and landed on his butt.
• haþȝe̋gom na̋kantu ne furm̃űűrlu e-pı̋zak̬e kűndom éna e-na̋a̋lak̬e:

haþȝe̋g-om	na̋k-a-ntu-Ø	ne	fur-m̃űűr-l-u	e=pı̋z-a=k̬e	kűnd-om	éna	e=na̋a̋l-a=k̬e
thin.coating-A.s	see-IND-AP-ABS	not	forest-protect-AG-N.s	PST=slip-IND=and	butt-A.s	on	PST=land-IND=and

• 15. ȝe̋go ये॓गो [> English icicle] – ice
• Because of the ice on the road the car slid into the tree.
• feðm̃e̋ƣo paavős éna ȝegős ha ha̋iṡim þóósa e-pı̋za:

feðm̃e̋ƣ-o	paav-ős	éna	ȝeg-ős	ha	ha̋iṡ-im	þóósa	e=pı̋z-a
car-N.s	road-G.s	on	ice-G.s	because.of	tree-A.s	into	PST=slip-IND

• 16. ȝeƣǧa̋ro येग़्ग्व॓रो [< ȝe̋ƣo, ice; ǧa̋ro, mountain] – iceberg
• Global warming is producing more icebergs in the polar seas.
• ge̋lnu te̋pu hőőle mare̋m éna mıme̋e̋o ȝeƣǧa̋ron sa̋isa:

ge̋lnu-Ø	te̋p-u	hőőle-Ø	mar-e̋m	éna	mı~me̋e̋o-Ø	ȝeƣ.ǧa̋r-on	sa̋is-a
world-wide-ABS	warming-SUP	polar-ABS	sea-G.p	in	ELT~many-ABS	ice.mountain-A.p	produce-IND

• 17. kaȝe̋mƣo कये॓म्ग़ो [> Chaplino qajǝ́mɣu, shore ice] – shore ice
• As winter progressed the shore ice became thicker.
• me̋m̃anta hema̋s. kaȝe̋mƣo bıba̋ro e-ı̋la:

me̋m̃-a-nta-Ø	hem-a̋s	kaȝe̋mƣ-o	bı~ba̋r-o	e=ı̋l-a
progress-IND-AP-ABS	winter-G.s	shore.ice-N.s	ELT~thick-N.s	PST=become-IND

• 18. m̨űűlo म्यू॓लो [> Turkish buz, ice] – ice floe
• Be careful! The many ice floes will make navigation hazardous.
• ze̋e̋me: me̋e̋o m̨űűlos na̋a̋utam na̋a̋m̃ram u-kı̋a:

ze̋e̋m-e	me̋e̋o-Ø	kűr-os	na̋a̋ut-am	na̋a̋m̃r-am	u=kı̋-a
be.careful-IMP	many-ABS	ice.floe-N.p	navigation-A.s	hazardous-A.s	FUT-make-IND

• 19. nila̋ƣo निल॓ग़ो [> Inupik nilak, freshwater ice]] – freshwater ice
• When the ice begins to form, the beavers settle in for the winter.
• nilaƣős zinasantős. ve̋vres he̋mam de̋e̋a:

nila̋ƣ-ős	zin-as-a-nt-ős	ve̋vr-es	he̋m-am	de̋e̋-a
freshwater.ice-G.s	form-INC-IND-AP-G.s	beaver-N.p	winter-A.s	settle-IND

• 20. őőko औ॓को – ice hole
• This winter we can fish through a hole in the ice.
• m̃us i-hema̋s ookő' šóóða mı̋ı̋n' u-ma̋ƣa:

m̃-us	i=hem-a̋s	ook-ő-'	šóóða	mı̋ı̋n-'	u=ma̋a̋ƣ-a
1p-N	this=winter-G.s	ice.hole-G.s-ELIS	through	fish-ELIS	FUT=be.able-IND

• 21. pusm̨űűlo पुस्म्यू॓लो [< pűṡa, t.v. compress] – pack ice
• The pack ice was the perfect hauling-out place for the walruses.
• pusm̨űűlo aiveƣe̋m éra ba̋a̋go uuðzı̋danto ðe̋e̋o e-vűűa:

puskűr-o	aiveƣ-e̋m	éra	ba̋a̋go-Ø	uuð-zı̋d-a-nto-Ø	ðe̋e̋-o	e=vűű-a
pack.ice-N.s	walrus-G.p	for	perfect-ABS	out-haul-IND-AP-ABS	place-N.s	PST=be.IND

• 22. s̨őmo स्यो॓मो [> Japanese 霜 しも shimó, frost] – hoarfrost
• The night was clear and cold, so there was hoarfrost on the ground in the morning.
• la̋a̋ta ȝe̋xak̬e sőȝak̬' e-vűűa—nááru s̨őmo aaȝa̋s ta̋lem éva e-vűűla:

la̋a̋t-a	ȝe̋x-a=k̬e	sőȝ-a=k̬-'	e=vűű-a	nááru	ṡőm-o	aaȝ-a̋s	ta̋l-em	e=vűűl-a
night-N.s	clear-N.s=and	cold-N.s=and	PST=be-IND	so	hoarfrost-N.s	morning-G.s	ground-A.s	on	PST=there.be-IND

• 23. s̨űngo स्यु॓न्गो – frazil ice, slush
• The appearance of frazil ice tells us that the sea will soon be frozen over.
• s̨ungős ka̋ȝa m̃ús o ma̋rem t̨áárvi űɫaþem u-ı̋lu te̋e̋a:

ṡung-ős	ka̋ȝ-a	m̃-ús	o	ma̋r-em	t̨áárvi	űɫ-a-þ-em	u=ı̋l-u	te̋e̋-a
frazil.ice-G.s	appearance-N.s	1p-G	to	sea-A.s	short-ADV	freeze-IND-PP-A.s	FUT=become-SUP	tell-IND

• 24. x̨a̋a̋ro क़्यआ॓रो [> Turkish kar, snow] – frost
• This morning I saw the first frost of the season.
• mu i-aaȝa̋s ȝeerős þűnto x̨a̋a̋rom e-na̋ka:

m-u	i=aaȝ-a̋s	ȝeer-ős	þűnto-Ø	x̨a̋a̋r-om	e=na̋k-a
1s-N	this=morning-G.s	season-G.s	first-ABS	frost-A.s	PST=see-IND