Senjecas - by
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Pronunciation table
| p | b | f | v | ƿ | m | t | d | þ | ð | ł | l | c | ƶ | s | z | r | n | k | g | x | ᵹ | h | ȝ | š | ṡ | i | e | a | ɔ | o | u | ı | ɛ | y | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /m̊/ | /m/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /l̥/ | /l/ | /ʦ/ | /ʣ/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ɾ̥/ | /n/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ç/ | /ʝ/ | /j̊/ | /j/ | /sʷ/ | /sʲ/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ä/ | /ɒ/ | /o/ | /u/ | /ɪ/ | /ɛ/ | /ʊ/ |
Postposition
- 1. ȝóba indicates near or next to
- nu-ƿę̋so dąe̋s ȝóba e̋sa:
- His house is by the river.
nu=ƿę̋s-o dą-e̋s ȝóba e̋s-a his=house-NOM.SG river-GEN.SG by be.IND
- 2. dúna indicates at some time before (the given time), or before the end of a given time interval
- ƿús ilmaha̋s dúna ną̋nu ke̋la:
- We have to be back by Sunday.
ƿ-us ilmah-a̋s dúna ną̋n-u ke̋l-a 1p-NOM Sunday-GEN.SG by return-SUP have.to-IND
- 3. kía indicates the actor in a clause with its verb in the passive voice: through the action or presence of
- oƿta̋ðlu sųƿe̋s ápa nu-ðųkųrős kía ƿų̋raþu e-ı̋la:
- The shepherd was protected from the rain by his rain cape.
oƿta̋ðl-u sųƿ-e̋s ápa nu=ðų-kųr-ős kía ƿų̋r-a-þ-u e=ı̋l-a shepherd-NOM.SG rain-GEN.SG from his=storm-cape-GEN.SG by protect-IND-PP-NOM.SG PST=become-IND
- 4. kía indicates the creator of a work
- i-ƿe̋lo pı̋nu a-ṗaþűs kía ȝa̋raþo e-ı̋la:
- This poem was written by that little girl.
i=ƿe̋l-o pı̋nu-Ø a=ṗaþ-űs kía ȝa̋r-a-þ-o e=ı̋l-a this=poem-NOM.SG little-ABS that=girl-GEN.SG by write-IND-PP-NOM.SG PST=become-IND
- 5. ha indicates the cause of a condition or event: through the action of, caused by, responsibility for; by dint of
- őmu toƿős ha voutı̋ȝom vı̋du áfa sa̋baþu e-ı̋la:
- The army was prevented by the snow from leaving the base.
őm-u toƿ-ős ha voutı̋ȝ-om vı̋d-u áfa sa̋b-a-þ-u e=ı̋l-a army-NOM.SG snow-GEN.SG by camp-ACC.SG leave-SUP from prevent-IND-PP-NOM.SG PST=become-IND
- 6. mǫ́da indicates a means: involving/using the means of
- ƿus ƿaðős éna kőskom ta̋ru mǫ́da ṭe̋gu mą̋ᵹa:
- We can avoid the rapids by crossing at the ford.
ƿ-us ƿað-ős éna kősk-om ta̋r-u mǫ́da ṭe̋g-u mą̋ᵹ-a 1p-NOM ford-GEN.SG at rapids-ACC.SG cross-SUP by avoid-SUP be.able-IND
- 7. f̣óþa Indicates a source of light
- vę̋ðlu zęre̋s f̣óþa e̋inem e-na̋ka:
- The hunter saw the deer by the light of the moon.
vę̋ðl-u zęr-e̋s f̣óþa e̋in-em e=na̋k-a hunter-NOM.SG moon-GEN.SG by.light.of deer.ACC.SG PST=see-IND
- 8. dása indicates an authority, rule, or permission followed
- ną̋lo meðsedős dása fą̋raþu e-ı̋la:
- The land was sold by the authority of the court.
ną̋l-o meðsed-ős dása fą̋r-a-þ-u e=ı̋l-a land-NOM.SG court-GEN.SG by.authority sell-IND-PP-NOM.SG PST=become-IND
- 9. méƿa, in the formulae "X by X" and "by Xs", indicates a steady progression, one X after another.
- nus a̋han aha̋s méƿa pen dı̋lan gazőm éna e-dą̋ra:
- Day by day, for five years, they worked in the fields.
n-us a̋h-an ah-a̋s méƿa pen dı̋l-an gaz-őm éna e=-dą̋r-a 3-NOM.SG day-ACC.SG day-GEN.SG by five year-ACC.PL field-GEN.PL in PST=work-IND
- 10. épa indicates a referenced source: according to.
- nuše̋ða ƶęna̋s épa hűsu dődom e-a̋iða:
- According to his own admission the boy burned the stable.
nu=še̋ða-Ø ƶęn-a̋s épa hűs-u dőd-om e=a̋ið-a his=own-ABS admission-GEN.SG according.to boy-NOM.SG stable-ACC.SG PST=burn-IND
- 11. óita indicates an oath: in the name of.
- m'. űpe cuke̋m óita. nom u-kı̋a:
- By all the stars above, I will do it.
m-' űpe-Ø cuk--e̋m óita n-om u=kı̋-a 1s-EL above-ABS star-GEN.PL by 3-ACC.SG FUT=do-IND
- 12. nǫ́la is used to separate dimensions when describing the size of something
- zɔðlűs auste̋ro le̋sƿo tı̋r ve̋nhon ną̋l venhőm nǫ́la me̋a:
- The farmer's east pasture measures.
zɔðl-űs auste̋ro-Ø le̋sƿ-o tı̋r ve̋nh-o-' ną̋l venh-őm nǫ́la me̋-a farmer-GEN.SG east-ABS pasture-NOM.SG three kilometer-ACC.PL-EL four kilometer-GEN.PL by measure-IND
Adverb
- 1. ɔ́nu indicates along a path which runs by the speaker
- ǧe̋nus e-ge̋þa. méti sőþlus ɔ́nu e-mı̋ma:
- The women watched as the soldiers rode by.
ǧe̋n-us e=ge̋þ-a méti sőþl-us ɔ́nu e=mı̋m-a woman-NOM.SG PST=watch-IND as soldier-NOM.PL by PST=ride-IND
- 2. kómu indicates in the vicinity, near
- nu-tą̋ta kómu e-cűra. méti þu-sų̋nus ehe̋rős éna e-še̋ma:
- His father stood by as his son swam in the lake.
nu=tą̋t-a kómu e=cűr-a méti þu=sų̋n-us ehe̋r-om éna e=še̋m-a his=father-NOM.SG by PST=stand-IND as his=son-NOM.SG lake-ACC.SG in PST=swim-IND
- 3. énu indicates to or at a place, as a residence or place of business
- ƿus dąra̋s pősa én' u-de̋usa:
- We'll stop by after work.
ƿ-us dąr-a̋s pósa én-' u=de̋us-a 1p-NOM work-GEN.SG after by-EL FUT=stop-IND
