Proto-Uralic/distribution

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Missing in 0-1 branches

(69 roots)

Found in all branches
  • pronouns: *ku- "who", *me- "1PP", *mi- "what", *minä ¹ "1PS", *to "that"
  • basic verbs: *elä- ² "to live", *kalə- "to die", *kaĺa- "to disappear", *ńalə- "to lick", *ńälə- "to swallow", *puna- "to plait", *ujə- "to swim"
  • body parts: *künčə ³ "nail", *mëksa "liver", *sënə "vein", *sülə "bosom", *śilmä "eye", *śɜðäm(ə) "heart"
  • other nouns: *ëla "low", *ńëlə "arrow", *nimə "name", *pälä ⁴ "half", *pesä "nest", *purkə ⁵ "blizzard", #wäśkä "metal"
  • etc: *kuma- "overturned", #kɜk/ttA "2", #wittə "5"
  1. Ms. *äm, Hu. én questionable
  2. Mo. *eŕa- irregular
  3. Smy. *kəčä irregular
  4. S. *pealē irregular
  5. Hu. forr "to boil" questionable
Found everywhere except Samoyedic
  • numerals: #kormɜ "3", #kuwtə "6", *ńeljä "4", *śëta "100"
  • others: *jäŋə "ice", *jećə ¹ "soul", *kälä- "to wade", *kätə "hand", *keččä ² "ring", *kerə "bark", #kuwlə- "to hear", *tälwə "winter", *sükśə "autumn", *śarw/pə "horn", *wajə "butter", *wäkə "power", *werə "blood", *wɜðɜm "marrow"
¹ K. unclear

² Mo. či "sun" unclear

Found everywhere except Khanty
*lämə "broth"
Found everywhere except Hungarian
#kowsə "spruce", *ĺëmə "bird cherry", *poŋə "bosom", *porə- "to bite", *wü/ilɜ "upper"
Found everywhere except Permic
*joŋsə "bow", *kala "fish", *muna "egg", *śinśä ¹ "inside" ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
Found everywhere except Mari
*pelə- "to fear", *tulka ¹ "feather", *tu/üĺkA "prod" ¹ F. *sulka?!
Found everywhere except Mordvinic
*kunśə(-) "(to) pee", *menə- "to go", *pončə "tail", #sɜja "sleeve"¹, *śälə- "to cut" ¹ F. hija unclear
Found everywhere except Finnic
*ipsə/ä- "(to) smell", #sejə "pus" ¹ Mo. unclear
Found everywhere except Samic
*küńä "elbow", *piŋə ¹ "tooth", *walə- "to be" ¹ Smy. *pəj "flint" unclear
Totals
S F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
66 67 64 66 65 64 69 68 51

Missing in 2 branches

(63 roots)

Finnic Mordvinic Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic
Samic *kuńa- "to blink" *täwðə "full" (Ma. irreg.) *sewə- "to eat" *lowə "bone"
*pAnə- "to put"
*wetə "water" *kiwə "stone"
*sula- "to melt"
Finnic *ëńa "aunt"
*soŋə- "to go thru"
*këččə "bitter"
*ńërə "cartilage"
*oŋə "mouth" (?) *mälkə "breast"
*peljä "ear"
Mordv. *mińä "dtr-in-law"
*pura "bore"
*pušə- "to blow"
*ëppə "pa-in-law"
*śojə(-) "(to) sound"
*śowə "mouth"
*suxə- "to row"
*sɜnśɜ- "to stand"
*jɜxə- "to drink" *puća- "to squeeze" (Ma. irreg.)
*särä "root"
Mari *nüðə "handle" (H. irreg.)
*pala "bit"
*enä "big" (P. irreg.)
*jëka- "to divide"
*karə "crust"
*kälə "tongue"
*mexə- "to sell"
#näjə "girl, woman"
*kulkə- "to go" *ćäŋkə- "to cut" (Mo. irreg.)
#kiśkä- "to rip"
*kulə- "to run out"
*näkə- "to see"
*omtə "cavity"
*śëlka "pole"
*ü/ejə "night"
Permic *kanta- "to carry"
*sala- "to steal"
*śüĺə "coal"
#wiŋü "son-in-law" (messy!) *pućka "shit" (F. irreg.)
*wëlka- "to leave"
Hung. *ëkta- "to put" #kośkə "dry"
*śečä "uncle"
*śepä "neck"
*śëmə "scales"
*śoð(ka) "goldeneye"
*śülkə "spit"
Mansi *kajwa- "to dig" (S. irreg.)
*lomə "snow" (H. q:ble)
*te- "2PP"
*tinä "2PS"
*kota "house"
*pilwə "cloud"
*śalə "intestine" (H. q:ble)
Khanty *miŋä "behind"
Total missing
S F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
8 8 12 22 13 20 11 9 23
Correlations
F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
S 1 1 1 0 2 0 1 2
F 0 2 2 0 1 0 2
Mo 3 3 2 0 1 2
Ma 2 6 1 0 7
P 3 1 0 2
H 1 2 4
Ms 4 3
Kh 1

Missing in 3 branches

(62 roots)

  • *čača- 'to be born' (S F H, or with F *sato 'crops'?)
  • *aðəma 'sleep' (S F Smy)
  • *kojəra 'male animal', *sälɜ- 'to load', *warə 'mountain' (S Mo Ma)
  • *pata 'pot' (S Mo P)
  • *kütkə- 'to tie' (S Mo H)
  • *kama 'crust' (messy!), *üćä 'small' (S Mo Kh)
  • *täjə 'louse' (S Mo Smy)
  • *šiŋərə 'mouse' (S Ma Smy)
  • *totkə 'tench' (S P Kh)
  • *aśkəl 'step' (S H Kh)
  • *käjä 'moth', *pićlä ~ *pećrä 'rowan', *śawə 'clay' (S H Smy)
  • #küjə 'adder', *mośkə- 'to wash' (S Ms Kh)
  • *ńälmä 'tongue' (F Mo P)
  • *ńëkćəm 'gills', *wanča- 'to go carefully' (F Mo H)
  • #läpðä 'spleen' (F Mo Ms)
  • *soskə- 'to chew', *ulkə 'pole' (F Ma H)
  • *čaŋa- 'to hit' (F P H)
  • *närə 'nose' (F H Ms)
  • *panča- 'to open' (F H Smy)
  • *ćappa- 'to hit' (F Kh Smy)
  • #kïra- 'to curse', *woča 'fish trap' (Mo Ma P)
  • *käwðə 'rope', *parwə 'raft' (Mo Ma H)
  • *kixə- 'to rut', *(ń)imə- 'to suck' (Mo Ma Ms)
  • *wolka 'shoulder' (Mo Ma Kh)
  • *kolɜ 'hole', *lewlə 'soul', #wïča- 'to scrape' (Mo Ma Smy)
  • *ëptə 'hair' (Mo P H)
  • #lïntɜ 'bird' (Mo P Smy)
  • *siwə 'year ring' (Mo H Kh; S. irreg.)
  • *läppä 'cover', *śänä ~ *śenä 'mushroom' (Mo H Smy)
  • #üwä 'belt' (Mo Ms Kh)
  • *mu- 'other' (Mo Kh Smy)
  • *toxə- 'to bring' (Ma P H)
  • *tekə- 'to do' (Ma P Smy)
  • *kälü 'sis-in-law', *šarəwa 'dry' (Ma H Ms)
  • *laśkɜ- 'to let go', *tarkə- 'to tremble' (Ma H Smy)
  • *säppä 'gall', *päŋə 'head', *waja- 'to sink' (Ma Kh Smy)
  • *marja 'berry' (P H Smy)
  • *ićä 'father; big' (P Kh Smy)
  • *no- 'those', *ora 'squirrel', tulə 'fire' (H Ms Kh)
  • *läktə- 'to depart' (H Ms Smy)
  • *loŋə- 'to throw' (messy!), *penä 'dog', *woĺə 'new' (Ms Kh Smy)
Total missing
S F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
18 12 29 25 12 29 16 21 27
Correlations
F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
S 2 8 4 2 6 2 6 6
F 4 2 2 8 2 1 3
Mo 13 6 9 4 6 8
Ma 4 9 4 4 10
P 4 0 2 4
H 7 5 10
Ms 9 4
Kh 9