Novbasa
{{TOCright}}
Ardlang (/aɾd.laŋg/) is a constructed worldlang created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict Subject-Verb-Object sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Ardlang has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.
The main linguistic influences of Ardlang are Indo-European languages, Mandarin Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its a posteriori vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Ardlang's motto Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya (From the whole world, for the whole world).
As of 2014, no dictionary of Ardlang has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on Tumblr.
Phonology and orthography
Alphabet
| Latin | a | b | c | ch | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | sh | t | u | v | w | x | y | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | a | b | ʦ/ʣ | ʧ | d | е/ɛ | f | g | h | i | ʒ/ʤ | k | l | m | n | о/ɔ | p | x | ɾ/r | s | ʃ | t | u | v | w | ks | j | z |
Pronunciation
Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce j as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable. It should be noticed that ng is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and not as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). N is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.
The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.
In the diphtongs ao and eo, "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.
Diphtongs au and eu are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively, while ia, ie, io and iu are pronounced as /ja/, /je/, /jo/ and /ju/ only when they are not part of the first syllable.
There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, awal ("soon"), could not be written as aual. This also mean that a verb like baw ("to build") cannot be written as bau because it would eventually lead to bauer instead of the correct term bawer ("builder").
Grammar
Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, tuk may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.
Articles
There are two determinative articles: al (singular) and li (plural). There is only one indeterminative article: un, which is only singular. Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.
Nouns
Nouns in Ardlang do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding o or a to the root.
- bin - son or daughter (gender not specified)
- bino - son
- bina - daughter
However, a noun ending in o or a doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
- kiba - fang
- feno - appearance
Few nouns have two different versions.
- patro/matra - father/mother
- bratro/sestra - brother/sister
Adjectives
Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.
- un hwan dom - a yellow house
- al shao kal kat - the small black cat
Adverbs
Adverbs may be identified by adding -di to an adjective.
- garm (warm) → garm-di (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| Ardlang | English |
|---|---|
| me | I |
| tu | you |
| hu/ta/he | he/she/it |
| na | we |
| vo | you |
| ze | they |
Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding y to the personal pronouns.
| Ardlang | English |
|---|---|
| mey | I, mine |
| tuy | your, yours |
| huy/tay/hey | his/her, hers/its |
| nay | our, ours |
| voy | your, yours |
| zey | their, theirs |
Correlatives
Much like Esperanto, Ardlang organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.
| Demonstrative ("This/that") |
Indefinite ("Some") |
Elective ("Any") |
Universal ("Each, every") |
Negative ("No") | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sa/to– | mo– | aon– | omni– | ne– | ||
| Individual | –jen | sajen/tojen (this/that one) |
mojen (someone) |
aonjen (anyone) |
omnijen (everyone, each one) |
nejen (no one) |
| Thing | –vas | savas/tovas (this/that) |
movas (something) |
aonvas (anything) |
omnivas (everything) |
nevas (nothing) |
| Time | –ci | saci/toci (this/that time) |
moci (sometime) |
aonci (anytime) |
omnici (always) |
neci (never) |
| Place | –stan | sastan/tostan* (here/there) |
mostan (somewhere) |
aonstan (anywhere) |
omnistan (everywhere) |
nestan (nowhere) |
| Manner | –kam | sakam/tokam (this/that way) |
mokam (somehow) |
aonkam (anyhow, anyway) |
omnikam (in every way) |
nekam (no way) |
| Reason | –karan | sakaran/tokaran (therefore) |
mokaran (for some reason) |
aonkaran (for any reason) |
omnikaran (for all reasons) |
nekaran (for no reason) |
| Amount | –kwant | sakwant/tokwant (this/that much) |
mokwant (some) |
aonkwant (any quantity) |
omnikwant (all of it) |
nekwant (none) |
* Adverbs sastan and tostan are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical je ("here") and la ("there").
The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.
| Ardlang | English |
|---|---|
| kwi | who |
| kwo | what |
| kwan | when |
| kwer | where |
| kwom | how |
| kwey | why |
| kwant | how much |
Verbs
Much like in English, verbs in Ardlang change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from es ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed. If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.
| Tense | Ardlang | English |
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | baw | to build |
| Present | me baw | I build |
| Past | me bawed | I built |
| Future | me sa baw | I will build |
| Near future | me va baw | I am going to build |
| Conditional | me bi baw | I would build |
| Past conditional | me bi bawed | I would have built |
| Imperative | (ba) baw | build! |
| Present Participle | bawint | building |
| Past Participle | bawit | built |
The particle le can be used to mark the perfective aspect of the past tense.
The reflexive is formed by adding se- before the verb and after eventual particles.
The passive is formed by coupling the verb es with the past participle of the verb.
Es
Es ("to be") is the only irregular verb.
| Tense | Ardlang | English |
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | es | to be |
| Present | me es | I am |
| Past | me fu | I was |
| Future | me bu | I will be |
| Near future | me va es | I am going to be |
| Conditional | me bi es | I would be |
| Past conditional | me bi fu | I would have been |
| Imperative | (ba) es | be! |
| Present Participle | esint | being |
| Past Participle | bi | been |
Lexicon
Ardlang lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.
Source languages
Virtually, any language can be a source for Ardlang. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.
- Indo-European: Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
- Sino-Tibetan: Chinese
- Afro-Asiatic: Arabic
- Altaic: Japanese, Korean, Turkish
- Austronesian: Indonesian, Malay
- Niger-Congo: Swahili
- Uto-Aztecan: Nahuatl
Minor sources include Basque, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.
Ardlang also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like kerd ("heart"), from k̕ærd, or nem ("to take"), from nʲamo.
Selection criteria
Main article: Ardlang/Lexicon
Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.
- Familarity: The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
- Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: sport; chay (tea) from Chinese 茶 (chá); muzik ("music").
- Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Examples: kitab (book) from Arabic كتاب (kitāb) and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
- Simplicity: When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
- Unambiguousness: Ardlang tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
- Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as dex if referring to the direction, but is translated as pravo if referring to the legal term.
- If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
- Diversity: While searching for easily recognizable words, Ardlang tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
- Relevance: A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: soyuz ("union") from Russian, adab ("good manners") from Arabic, log ("study") from Greek, shamrog ("shamrock") from Irish, tao ("way") from Chinese.
