Proto-Yarkhic

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Phonology

Consonants

  • p t c k q /p t c k q/
  • pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ qʰ /ph th ch kh qh/
  • pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ /p̕ t̕ c̕ k̕ q̕/
  • b d ɟ g ɢ /b d j g ġ/
  • bʰ dʰ ɟʰ gʰ ɢʰ /bh dh jh gh ġh/
  • ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ /b̕ d̕ j̕ g̕ ġ̕/
  • s /s/
  • m n ɲ ŋ~ɴ /m n ṇ ŋ/
  • r~ʀ l /r l/
  • j w /y w/

Vowels

  • iː uː /í ú/
  • eː oː /é ó/
  • ɛː ɔː /ê ô/
  • äː /a/
  • ɪ ʊ /i u/
  • ɘ ɵ /e o/
  • ɜ ɞ /è ò/
  • ä /a/

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(ː)(R/s)(C)

Accent

  • Acute accent on initial syllable.

Grammar

Nouns

  • nominative-accusative alignment with marked nominative
  • 3A secundative alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative, P/R = Accusative, T = Instrumental)
  • 8 cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Accusative, Instrumental, Genitive, Ablative, Allative, Benefactive
  • noun class system (suffixal): Animate, Inanimate
  • number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural
  • definiteness (articles): Gnomic, Indefinite, Definite proper, Definite distant
  • nominal tense (suffixal): past, present, future

Verbs

  • aspects (suffixal): Perfective-Imperfective + Frequentative, Momentane
  • voices (infixal): Active, Reflexive vs Causative
  • three subjective and objective persons (suffixal)
  • three moods (cliticized): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive
  • negative verb

Adjectives

  • adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and describing nouns.
  • degrees of intensify are instead degrees of comparison.

Pronouns

  • clusivity in 1. person
  • obviative

Adpositions

  • prepositions

Syntax

  • SOV
  • head-final