Proto-Uralic/E
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Std. PU *e_ə
Finnic *e_i, Permic *oo, Khanty *e
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ê_ə (S. *ɤ_ɤ, Mo. *e, Ms. *i, Smy *ê → Ng. /ɨ/, *i elsewhere) | Old cases mostly open syllables | |||||||||
| "to fear" | *pel-kä- | *pɤlɤ- | *peĺə- | - | *pool- | feel- | *pil- | *peL- | *pêj- | |
| "blood" | *veri | *vɤrɤ | *veŕ | *wʏr | *vir | veer | *wiɣər | *wer | - | |
| "water" | *veci | - | *veď | *wʏt | *voo | viiz ~ vize- |
*wit | - | *wêt | ← IE? |
| "to go" | *mene- | *mɤnɤ- | - | *mije- | *munɨ- | mën- | *min- | *men- | *mên- | Ma. cf. Kar. mäne- |
| "to do" | *teke- | *tɤkɤ- | Er. ťeje- | - | - | tëv- | *tij- | *tej- | - | ← IE. Mk. ťijə-. Source for OU?? |
| "lip" | - | *pɤŋsɤm | - | - | - | - | CMs *piťem | *peLem | *peptän | -ms- ? |
| "to take" | *vee- | *vīkɤ- | *vijə- | - | *vajɨ- | vë-, vi- | *wiɣ-/*wäj- | *we- | *ü- | *êx > *ix in S/Mo?? H "take"/""carry" |
| "owl" | *hüüp- | *ɤpɤkē | - | - | - | - | *jipəɣ | *jepəɣ | - | Onomatopoetics in F.? Compatible with WU *je → *ji |
| "warm" | E. eha | NS áccagas | *ežə- | - | - | - | *iš- | - | - | |
| "bee" | *mehi- | - | *mekš | *mükš | *mooš | meex | - | - | - | ← preII |
| "honey" | *meci | - | meď | *müj | *moo | meez | - | - | - | ← preII. Ma. cf. Kh. *määɣ |
| "skin" | *keri | *kɤrɤ | keŕ | *kʏr | *koor | keerëg | *keer | *käär | - | ObU *kEr. Cf. IE *(s)ker- |
| "skin" | *keci | *kɤtɤ | keď | - | - | - | - | - | *kêt | Cf. prev; also *käðʲə → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən |
| "to must" | - | *kɤlkɤ- | keĺge- | Me. küle- ~ Hi. kele- |
*kool- | kell- | - | - | - | Cf. IE. Check if not *i? |
| "to shake" | - | - | - | *rʏze- | - | rësk | *risɣ- ~ N rasɣ- |
*reńć- | - | |
| "young tree, twig" | - | - | - | *nörɣə | *ńɤr | ńiir | *ńir | *nér | - | Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë? |
| "to search" | - | - | - | *kəčälä- | *koošC- | - | *kinš- | *kenč- | - | MaP *keččə- ~ OU *kenčə-? |
| "to fly" | - | - | - | - | K šɨlgɨ- | - | *tiɣl- | *ɬeɣəL- | #tiC- | |
| "exchange" | *vero | - | veŕe-nc | *werć- | U. vur | - | - | *weer | - | |
| "handle" | - | *nɤvtɤ | - | - | *nud | - | - | - | - | *-ŋt-. Check if not *i |
| "middle" | *keski | *kɤskɤ | keska | - | *koos | - | - | - | - | |
| "throat" | *kero | *kɤrɤs | - | - | *goor | - | - | - | - | |
| "elder" | - | - | *čev-- | - | U. šu ~ K. žo |
- | - | - | - | - |
| "to wash" | *pese- | *pɤsɤ- | pezo- | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "to stretch" | *venü- | *vɤnɤ- | veńeme- | - | - | - | - | - | *wênä | Smy "rope" |
| "boat" | *veneh | *vɤnɤs | veńeš | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to be in time" | *ehti- | *ɤstɤ- | - | *əšte- | K. eštɨ- | - | - | - | - | K. ← F? |
| "leaf" | *lehti | *lɤstɤ | - | *ləštaš | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "work" | *töö | - | ťev | - | - | - | - | - | - | *têwə; cf. *têkə- |
| "lime, bast" | *lehmus | - | ĺevos | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "dove" | F metti-- ~ E meikas |
- | *mečə | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "pestle" | *petkel | - | peťkeĺ | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "feather" | *hewhen | *sɤvsɤm | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match |
| "to tear" | *repe- | *rɤpɤ- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "next" | *enti | *ɤvtɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *-ŋt- |
| "berry" | - | - | - | - | *mooĺɨ | mëɟɟ | - | *-məĹ | - | preP → Ma *mooðə? |
| *e_ə (S. *ē_ɤ, Mo. *i, Smy. *i; cf. *äx) | all old cases long or difthongal? | |||||||||
| "to cook" | - | - | *pijə- | - | K. pu- | (föö-) | *pääj- | - | *pi- | *pexə-; cf. *pEsa- ! |
| "matter" | - | *sējɤ | sij | *šü | *śiś | eev | *säj | *ɬöj | *tiəj | *se(x)jə |
| "to sell" | *möö- | *mēkɤ- | *mijə- | - | *med | - | *miɣ- | *me- | *mi- | *mexə. P. "loan" |
| "to boil" | *kee-, *kei- | *kī- | - | *küa- | - | köve- | - | - | - | |
| "7" | *sejcem Võ. säice |
*čēčɤm | *śiśəm | *səm | *śiźɨm | - | - | - | - | ← IE? |
| "meat" | - | - | *sivəĺ | *šəl | *sil | - | - | - | - | *sewə-lɜ? |
| "round" | *kehkerä | - | *kičkərə | *kəškär | - | - | - | - | ||
| "brother" | *velji | *vēljɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Short! ← IE? |
| "clear" | *selke- | *čēlkɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid." |
| "" | ||||||||||
| *E_ə (as per *e_ə but Ms *ee, Kh *ii) | generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri | |||||||||
| "mushroom" | *seeni | *čānā | - | *šeen | U. śeńki | - | *šeenəɣ | *säänəɣ | - | *śE(x)nə? Maybe better *ä? H. seen ~ sene- "coal, fire" |
| "to eat" | *söö- | - | *śevə- | - | *śooj | ëv- | *tee-, *tääj- |
*ɬii₂- | *ti-mä | Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch! |
| "soul, breath, steam" | *lewlü | *lēvlɤ | - | - | *lool | leelëk ~ lëlk- |
#li/el | *ɬii₁L | - | Wrt. S, cf. difthong |
| "soul" | *iccek | *jēčɤ | *eś | *əške | K aćim | iis | *jis | *ii₁s | - | *jEćə, F. *je → *i? Kh *je → *ii?? |
| "night" | - | - | - | *jʏt | - | - | *jeet | *äät, *ii₂tən | S #(ń)ütə | cf. F. *ilta; *lt → *t outside West?! |
| "front" | *eti | - | - | - | - | elöö | *eel | *ii₂L | *ê/ir- | Smy. "row" |
| "rope" | - | - | *piks | - | - | fiu | - | *pii₁ɣəL | - | |
| "smoke; fog" | - | - | - | - | *čɨŋ | - | *šeeŋkʷ- | *čii₁ɣ | ||
| "(to) swear" | *irvɜ- | - | - | - | *joo₂r-- | - | *jeer- | - | - | F. *je- → *(j)i- |
| "edge" | - | - | - | - | - | seel | *seel | *sii₁L | - | |
| "short; to cut" | - | - | - | - | - | rövid | - | Trj riiɣ- | - | |
Std. PU *e_a
Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_ē, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Permic *oo, Samoyedic *e (not **i!)
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *e_ä type 1: Ms *ä, Kh *e/*öɣ | ||||||||||
| "to liv" | *elä- | *ealē- | - | *ɪle- | *ool- | eel- | *jäl- | *jeL- | *elä- | Is ObU *j- original? Mo. *era-? |
| "big, uncle" | *enä | *eanē | *ińɜ | - | *uuna | - | *jänə | *enə | *enä | |
| "ear" | - | *pealjē | *piĺɜ | *pələš | *peĺ | fül | *päĺ | *peL | - | |
| "uncle" | *setä | *čeacē | Er. čiče | *čʏčə | *čoož | - | CMs *šäša | - | *čečä | Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož |
| "uncle" | - | *eakē | - | - | - | - | CMs *äkii | *ii₁kii | Ne. ńeekka? | |
| "to serch" | - | - | - | *kə/ɪčälä- | *kooč-k/j- | - | *känš- | *kenč- | - | |
| *e_ä type 2: similar except Ms *i | more common than "regular" *ê_ä | |||||||||
| "ring" | *kehä | *kēsɤ | (či) | *keče | *kɨč | keeɟ | Tv küš ~ CMs *kiš |
*köč | *keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong | |
| "neck" | *sepä | *čeapē | *śivɜ | *šüj | *śil | - | CMs *šip | *sääpəL | - | Ma. *-epV → *-əw → *-ü ?? |
| "nest" | *pesä | *peasē | *pizə | *pəžäš | *pooz | feesek | *pit | *peL | *petä | |
| "4" | *neljä | *ńealjē | *ńiĺɜ | *nəl | *ńooĺ | neeɟ | *nilə | *ńeLää | - | |
| "catfish, burbot" |
*säkä | - | *śijɜ | *šij | - | - | *šiɣ | *seɣ | - | Ma. *-ekV → *-əɣ → *-i ?? |
| indistinct between *e₁_ä and *e₂_ä | ||||||||||
| "to beg" | *kerjät- | - | - | - | *koor- | keer- | - | - | - | ~ F. *kerät- "to collect" |
| "skillful" | *seppä | *čeappē | - | - | - | seep | - | - | - | |
| "blade" | *terä | *tearē | - | *tʏr | - | töör | - | - | - | |
| "dog" | *penVj | *peanɤk | *pińɜ | *pij ~ *pʊni | *poon(ɨ) | (fene) | - | - | - | Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong |
| "pine" | *petäkä | *peacē | *pičɜ | *pʏnće | *poožɨm | - | - | - | - | |
| "ring" | E. kets | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kösə | - | Cf. *kesrä |
| "brook" | - | - | - | - | *šoo₁r | eer | - | - | - | |
| "back" | *selkä ~ *sälkä |
*čēlkē | - | *šɪle | - | - | - | - | - | …*säälkä ?? |
| "to get free" | - | *meanō- | mäńe- | K. mɨn- | ment- | - | - | Ne. mina- | Cf. *menə- | |
| "tip" | *kasa | *keačē | - | hëɟ | - | - | - | F. "pile" may not belong | ||
| "a fish" | *keso | L. kääčuk | - | - | K. gɨć | keseg | *kääsəŋ | *kosə | - | or F. ← kesä |
| "to scrape" | - | *neaskē- | - | *nʏžä- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| *ê_a & such (FSM per *ü, Ma. *ü?, Ms *i; see also *ü_a) | ||||||||||
| "heart" | *sütäm | *čɤðēm | *śeďeŋ | *šüm | U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm |
siiv(e-) | *šim | *sem | *säjə | |
| "night" | *öö | *ījɤ | *vej | - | *ooj | eej | *jiɣ | *jej | - | *(j)êjä, F. *üjä → *öö? |
| "brother-in-law" | *kütü | - | - | - | - | - | CMs *kil | *küüLi ? | - | or ~ *kälü? |
| "to be born" | *süntü- | - | - | - | K. sod- | †edl- | - | - | - | ← preIr *dzen- + *tä- |
| "to plow" | *küntä- | - | - | *künče- | - | - | - | - | - | F. could be a later derivation from *künčə |
| "tail" | *häntä | S. câcka ~ P. ciskes | - | - | - | - | *šiš | *čenč ~ V. čönč |
- | |
| "to hit" | *peksä- | - | *piksə- | - | *pös- | - | - | - | *petV- | 2ndary length in F. pieksä- |
| "thumb" | - | *pealkē | *päĺka | - | U. pɤlɨ ~ K. pel |
- | - | - | *pej | F. *pewka- ← Gmc. |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "light" | *kep-edä | *keappē | - | - | U. kapći | keveeš | - | - | *käjpɜ | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "oar" | *mela | *mealē | *miĺɜ | - | K. maĺ? | - | - | - | - | Looks newer per F. -a, |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| *E_a (Ms. *ee, Kh. *ää) | ||||||||||
| "2" | (*kakti) | (*kōktē) | (kavta) | (kok) | *kɨkt | keet | *kit | *käät | *ketä | Ms. *i before a cluster? Kh also *kii₁tənti "both". FV *kakta |
| "price" | - | - | - | - | *doon | - | CMs *tin | *tään, *tii₁n |
- | (no evidence for a cluster) |
| "duck" | - | - | - | - | *goordaa | - | *kirtəɣ | N. kaartaŋ | - | Ms. *i before a cluster? |
| "to dodge" | - | *kɤrvē- | - | - | - | kerül- | CMs *kir- | *käärəɣ- | - | Ms. *i before a cluster? |
| "to cook" | - | *pɤsē- | - | - | *pɤɤž- | - | *peet- | *pääL- | - | P also cf. F paah-ta- / OU *ponča-? Cf. *pexi- |
| "to separate" | - | *peacē- (S only) |
- | - | - | fesl- | *peešt- | V pääčii- ~ Vj pečää-- |
||
| "(to) thin" | - | *keancē | - | - | - | keškëń | - | *käänć- | - | Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh. |
| "to miss" | - | *meantē- | - | - | - | - | - | Vj. miintəɣtə- | - | Or *men-tä-?? Cf. F. mene-ttä- |
| "bay, moor" | - | - | - | - | *kääl- | *keeləɣ | *kääɭəɣ ? | Sk. keeĺ, köl | ||
| "chin" | - | - | - | - | *aŋ | - | *eeŋən, Ko. iɣən |
*ääŋ/ɣəɳ | *aŋå | ← Turk. *ēŋ, Smy via Oghur? (Chuv: ana). |
| "to bind" | - | - | - | - | - | ńeek- | *neeɣ- | "Kr" neewəj- | - | Cf. Mong. *neke- "to weave"? |
| "room" | - | - | - | - | - | teer (tere-) | - | E. täär , tiir |
- | |
| similar except Kh. *(j)ii₂- (initially?) | ||||||||||
| "weather" | *ilma | *ɤlmē | - | - | U. in ~ K. jen | - | *jeeləm | *(j)ii₂Ləm | - | FS *je → *(j)i? |
| "to carve" | - | - | *inzəďə- | - | - | - | *jeen(s)- | *(j)ii₂nL- | - | |
| "to love" | - | *eaccē | - | - | - | - | - | *(j)ii₂čəɣ | - | |
| IE loans | ||||||||||
| "age" | *ikä | *ɤkē | *ij(ə) | *ij | - | eev | - | - | - | ← IE *jegʷaa, FS *je → *ji? PreH *ewə rather than *eɣə? S also *jɤkē "year" |
| "fox" | *repä | *rēp- | Er. ŕiveś | *rəwəž | *ruć(i) | ravas | ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately? | |||
| "side, rib" | - | *earttē | *irdɜ | *örðəž | *oord- | - | - | - | - | ← II *erdʰa- |
| "summer" | *kesä | *keasē | *kizɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE *h₁es-en/r-? |
| "human" | *inhimi- | - | *inžə(j) | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE *ǵnh₁-V-, with *je → F. ji? |
| "alder" | *leppä | *leapē | *ĺepɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← B; Mo. separately |
| "times" | *kerta | *keartē | *kirda | Hi. -kerðə | ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-, later than Mo. -a → -ə? | |||||
| "man" | - | - | *mirďɜ | - | *moort | - | - | - | - | ← II *mṛt- |
| "ring" | *kecrä | *kearsē | Er. *ščeŕe ~ Mk. kšťiŕ |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ← preII *kētstra? |
| "corn" | *jüvä | - | juv | - | U. ju ~ K. jɨki | - | - | - | - | ← IE *jewa/*jowa (Avestan yava etc.), F *je → *ji? |
| "ghost" | - | *šeartɤ | - | *šərt | U. šurd- | ördög | - | - | - | ~ Russian čert, Iranian? |
| Substrate loans? (Mari *i; note phonotax) | ||||||||||
| "wheat" | *vehnä | - | *viš(ɜ) | *wiśte | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "cow ~ horse" | *lehmä | - | *ĺišmɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "rope" | - | *reašmē | *riśmɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | No plzn. in Mo? Cf. B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma) |
| Junk | ||||||||||
| "bundle" | *kerä | - | *kiŕɜ | - | - | - | *käärək | *keer | West *e ~ East *ä? | |
| "to prick" | - | *peaðē- | *päĺɜ- | - | - | - | *peel- | *peeL- | - | No regularity really. E/ä? l/ð? |
| "warm" | - | - | - | - | *rög | reeg, rög | *riɣ ~ N reeɣ |
*reɣ | - | *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-? |
| "color; dawn" | - | - | - | *rʏm(b)alɣə | *romɨt | - | - | - | - | |
| "good" | - | - | - | Hi. rəž | U. dźeć | - | - | - | - | |
| "face" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *weenč | Sk. wandV | |
| "thin" | - | - | - | - | *vek- | veek- | - | - | - | |
| "time" | - | - | - | - | K. kad | kedig | - | - | - | |
| "spring, summer" | *kevät | - | - | *keŋəž | *goož(em) | - | - | - | - | P. metathesis or *ŋ-loss? Or ~ Kh *kaač "warm" |
| "moss" | - | - | - | *reɣənćə | *roojɨ | - | - | - | - | |
| "alder" | - | - | - | *lööl | *lool | - | - | - | - | |
| "grey" | - | - | - | - | *dźåår | sir | CMs *šir | - | - | Cf. Mong. *sira "yellow"?! |
| "wet" | - | - | - | - | *uuĺ | - | CMs *iĺ | - | - | Ma. iĺe ← U. Or Ms other (cf. StarLing) |
| "dust; ash" | F. pelmV- | - | - | - | U. peńm- ~ K. pɤjim | - | - | - | - | F → P? NB *ĺ |
| "bare; good; clean" | F. pelkkä | - | - | *pelkə | K. peĺk | - | - | - | - | Semantics bad. NB *ĺ |
| "to narro" | - | - | - | - | - | mere- | CMs *mär- | *mer- | - | Check Kh, O /ä/ |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "perch" | - | - | - | - | *joo(kɨ)š | - | - | *jööɣ | Ne. ńiix- | |
| "to dance" | - | - | - | - | U ektɨ- ~ K jɤktɨ- |
- | *jeekʷ- | *jœœk- | - | |
| "clear day" | - | *jealɤkkɤs | - | - | - | - | - | *jiiL | *jälä | |
| "root" | - | - | - | - | - | ɟökeer | T jükäär ~ *jeekʷar |
- | - | |
| "limb" | - | - | - | - | - | iiz | - | *jöt | - | alt etym for H: *jäsə- |
| "road" | *tee | - | - | - | K tuj, Jz tʉj |
- | - | - | - | |
| "ear of grain" | *tähkä | - | *ťikšɜ | *tʏška | *too₂šk "beard" |
- | - | - | - | |
| "to err" | - | - | - | - | - | teeved- | CMs *tip- | *tep- | - | |
| "to feed" | - | - | *ťiŕa- | - | K. tɤrśɨ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "edge" | - | - | - | *tʏr | *doo₁r | - | - | - | - | cf. "blade"? |
| "grouse" | *tetrə | - | - | - | U. tur ~ K. tar |
- | - | - | - | Onomatopoetic? |
| "us" | *mek | |||||||||
| "you" | *tek | #tīj | *ťiń | *tää | *ti | ti | - | - | #täŋ | |
| "deer" | F. teva | - | - | - | - | teheen | - | - | #täə | |
| "thick; more" | - | - | - | - | *too₁p(ɨt) | több | - | - | - | |
| "full, to fill" | - | - | - | *temə, *teme-, *tema- |
- | †tëm, temet- | - | - | - | |
| "to stick in" | NF *työ-ntä- | - | - | - | *too₂j- | töv-- | *täɣ- | *töökən- | - | Medials messy, F. cf. "work" |
| "breath; heat" | *heŋki | - | - | - | U. džog | - | - | *čeŋk | - | Ms #sääNk "hot weather" doesn't fit. U. cf. "to choke"! |
| "to run; to hurry" | - | - | Er. čije- | - | - | šiet- | - | - | - | |
| "block" | - | - | - | U džɤk ~ K džek |
čök | - | - | - | - | |
| "to darken" | - | - | - | - | - | šetët | *šät-- | W četimə- | ||
| "to sink" | - | - | - | - | - | †šeped- | šeep- | - | - | |
| "to refine; flour" | *lese- | - | - | - | - | list | - | - | - | |
| "all, whole" | - | - | *veśəj | - | *vååć | †ösve | - | - | #wAnsA | U. also viś, vɨć |
| "to sow" | - | - | *viďə- | *wüðe- | - | ve(e)t- | - | - | - | |
| "drape" | *võrho | - | #orčta | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "kidney; penis" (?!) | - | - | - | - | - | veše | *wäćəɣ | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
