Proto-Uralic/O
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PU *a_ə, per Aikio
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F. *a_i ~ *oo_i, S. *oa_ē (!), Mo. *u(CCə), Ma. *o, P. *uu, Ms. *aCC/*oo, Kh. *a (~ *oo), Smy. *å(CCə) | ||||||||||
| "to be" | *ole- | - | *ulə- | *ʊla- | *vɤɤl(ɨ)- | vol-, val- | *aal- | *waɬ- | *åə- | P. *wa- → *wo-, F. unstressed shortening? |
| "to sleep" | - | *oaðē- | *udə- | - | - | al- | *aal- | *aɬaa- | - | cf F. *vuod-ek "bed" ?? |
| "sleep" | - | - | *udəmə | *omə | *uunm | aalom | *uuləm | *aaɬəm, *wuuɬəm "dream" |
- | *aðəma; → *alma in Ug? cf. "to sleep" |
| "gadfly" | *parma | *poarō | *purəmə | *parmə | - | - | - | O. puurəm | - | *parə(ma); cf. "sleep". F. paarma (affectiv? _rN?) |
| "raft" | *parvi | *poarē(vē) | - | - | *puurj | - | *paaraa | *parə | *pårV | Smy ← OU? |
| "flock" | *parvi | - | - | - | - | - | - | *parə | - | Same root as prev.? |
| "group" | *ko/unta | *kontē | Mk. kuńďä | - | - | had | *kaant | *kantəɣ | *kåntə | S & NF contam. with Gmc *hundra? |
| "willow" | *paju | *poajōi | - | - | *baď | faɟal | - | - | *päwə | S. *oa per -o? Not to be conflated with *pojə "aspen" |
| "horn" | *sarvi | *čoarvē | *śurə | *šur | *śuur | sarv | *saarəp | *ćärpə | - | ← II, Ug. separately? |
| "bend" | - | NS moagge | - | - | *mög | - | *muuɣəl | *makəɬ | - | *maŋkə-la → *ma(ŋ)kla in pre-Ms? |
| "soft" | - | *loančē | - | "lënzë-" | - | laaɟ | *lanćəŋ | *ɭoonćə(ɣ) | - | NB no palzn. in S. |
| "to want" | *hapi-- | - | - | - | - | - | *taŋk- | *ɬaŋkaa- | - | *šaŋə- with analogical *v → p in F? |
| "lid" | *kanci | *koamtē | *kundə | *komdəš | K. kudj | - | - | - | - | |
| "oak" | *tammi | - | *tumə | *tumə | *tu | - | - | - | - | |
| "maple" | *vahtera | - | *ukštər | *waštar | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "barley" | - | - | *čuž | *šož | *čuužj | - | - | - | - | Cf. *poji "aspen" |
| similar but S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. *a, P. *oo, Smy. *a / _Ć | ||||||||||
| "butter" | *voi | *vōjɤ | *vaj | *ü | U. vɤj ~ K vɨj |
vaj | *waaj | *wooj | - | ~ IA *āǵja — but *w- ? F. via *voojə |
| "to step" | *askel, *as-tu- |
- | Er. aśkiĺa- | *aškəl- | *ooćkVl- | - | *uusəl | - | *asəl | |
| "to receive" | *saa- | NW *sākɤ- | Mk. sajə- | *šo- | K. su- | - | - | - | *tåj- | *saxə. Note assim. only in S/Mo. WMa -u- cf. *kajwa- |
| "grass, awn" | - | *kōjɤ | - | - | *kɨ | haj | *kaaj | - | Sk. *quu ← *kåə | |
| "spirit" | *vaimo | *vōjŋɤ | *vajmə | - | - | - | - | - | *wajŋə | F. & Mo. ← *vajŋ-ma-. Cf. S. *vājmō "heart"? |
| "penis" | - | *pōčɤ | - | - | - | fas | - | - | - | |
| similar but F. *oo / _Rə (= std. PU *oo/*ox) | ||||||||||
| "to lick" | *noole- | *noalō- | *nola- | *nʊle- | *ńuul- | ńal- | *ńal-aamt- | *ńaɬaa- | *ńåə- | F. also cf. *nola "slime". Check Kh. forms. Mo. analogy with *elä- "live"? |
| "to die" | *koole- | *koalō- "freeze" |
*kulə- | *kole- | *kuul- | hal- | *kaal- | *kaɬaa- | *kåə- | S. may be ← Gmc. Cf. *kal-ma "death". |
| "intestine" | *sooli | *čoalē | *śulə/a | *šolə | *śuulj | saal "thread" |
- | *sooɬ | - | ← IA ? |
| "mountain" | *voori | - | - | - | *vɤɤr | orr | *waar | *woor | Km. boor | ~ II *aras — but *w- ? P. *wa- → *wo-. Also cf. *wara |
| "crust" | *koori | *koarē | *kaŕ | - | K. kɨrś | - | *kur- | W *karə, *kuurəp |
*kar | For Se. ker- cf. *kêri |
| "to whittle, to plane" |
*voole- | *oalō- | - | - | *vɤl- | - | *walt- | *waɬt- | - | S. *vōlɤ- ← F. |
Std. PU *o_ə
F. *o_i/e-, S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. u(CCə), Smy. *å(CCə)
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *o_ə type 1 (P. *ɤɤ, Ms. *aa, Kh. *ooC) | ||||||||||
| "hollow, cavity" | *o/?nci | *vōmtɤ | *undə | - | U. udur | odur | *aantər | *oontər | - | *omtə(-rV) |
| "hole in wood" | - | *vōwtɤ | - | - | - | - | - | *ooŋət | - | *oŋtə, cf. prev. |
| "mouth" | - | *vōŋɤs | *oŋ-kst | äŋ | *(w)ɤɤm | aj "lip" | - | *ooŋ | *aŋ | F. aukko ← *aŋa- "to open", but cf. ovi? Mo. *oŋ → oŋ. K. also vom |
| "hole" | *oŋk- | *vōŋkō | - | - | - | - | *waaŋkaa | *wooŋk | *wåŋkə | F. onkalo cf. varsi : vartalo |
| "to chew" | - | *sōskɤ- | *suskə- | - | *sɤɤsk- | - | *taaɣt- | *ɬookəɬ- | #tutə- | |
| "bow" | *jo/?uci | *jōksɤ | *joŋs | *jaŋež | - | iij | *jaaɣət | *jookəɬ | *jïntə | *-ŋs-. Mo. *oŋ → oŋ |
| "tail" | *poč(ka) | *poac(kē) | - | *pač | *bɤɤž | far | *panš | *pooč | *pånčə | *-č- or *-nč-? F, S *po(n)č-ka "shin" |
| "to sweep" | F. huosi- | - | - | - | U. čuž- | - | *šaaš- | *čaač- | Se čuuč-← *čåəč- | |
| "spruce" | *kuusi | *kōsɤ | kuz | *kož | *k(w)ɤɤz | - | *kaawt | *kooɬ | *kåət | *kowtə, F. *ow → *uu? |
| "drape" | *uudim | - | - | - | *(w)ɤɤn(m-) | - | *aaməl | *ooɬəw | - | *owðəmə, F. *ow → *uu? |
| "netstring" | - | *cōncɤ | - | - | - | - | - | *čoončəɣ | - | |
| "to vomit" | *oksenta- | *vōksē- | *uksəndə- | *ukšənz/ća- | U. ɤskɨ- ~ K. *wɤɤs- |
- | - | - | - | |
| "(to) patch" | - | W *tōŋɤ- ~ E *tōvŋɤ- |
- | *tumɤš | K. *dɤɤm- | - | - | - | - | ŋ/m? Ma. per *a-stem? |
| "millet; oat" | - | - | *surə | - | *zɤɤr | - | - | - | - | |
| "woods" | - | - | - | - | - | vad | - | *woont | - | S. *vōvtē ← Gmc |
| "" | ||||||||||
| *o_ə type 2: similar except P. *(k)wåå/*ooĆ/*uu, Ms. *u(u) | ||||||||||
| "male" | - | *kōjɤ |
- | - | *koom | hiim | CMs *kuj, *kum |
*kuu₂j | - | *kojə(-ma). Ms. *uuj → *uj? |
| "to sound" | *so/õi- | *čōjɤ- | - | *ša-ktə- | - | zaj- | *suj- | *söj- | *so- | Ms. *uuj → *uj? |
| "to bring" | *too- | *tōkɤ- | *tujə- | - | - | - | *tuul- | *tuu- | *tå- / *tə- | H. *toj- "lay eggs" may be ← Trc |
| "to go thru" | - | *sōŋɤ- | Er. sova- ~ Mo. suva- |
- | U. zum- ~ K. sun- | av- | *tuu- | *ɬaŋ- | *tüj- | Mo. *oŋ → oŋ |
| "bosom" | *po/õvi | *pōŋɤ | Er. poŋgo ~ Mk. pov |
Hi. poŋgəš ~ Me. poməš |
*pi | - | *puut | E puuɣəl ~ N poxəɬ |
*påŋə (?) | Mo. *oŋ → *oŋ. Check Smy |
| "root, base" | *juuri | - | *jur | - | *jur | - | - | - | *jår | *jowrə, F. *ow → *uu? Smy not ~ F. jaaru |
| "berry" | Võ pala | - | - | K. pul | boĺoo, boɟoo ? |
*pul | - | Sk. *pəl- | Core F. *poola probably reshaped after *joo-la- "V. uliginosum" | |
| "to touch" | NF *koske- | *kōskɤ- | - | *kuške- | K. kos- | - | - | - | - | K. ← P. *kwåås- ? |
| "to say" | *hoke- | - | - | - | *šuu- | - | - | - | - | |
| "group" | *jo/õukko | - | - | - | *juuk | - | - | - | - | ← IE *jowkjo, H ɟakor something else |
| Indistinct between *o₁_ə and *o₂_ə | ||||||||||
| "to wash" | *mo/õske- | - | *muśkə- | *mʊška- | *mɨśk- | moš- | - | - | *måsə- | |
| "to scorch" | *ko/?rpe- | *kōrpɤ- | *kurva- | - | - | - | - | - | *kårpə- | |
| "knee" | *po/õlvi | *pōlvɤ | *pul- | *pʊl | - | - | - | - | *puəj | |
| "(to) knot" | *so/õlmi | *čōlmɤ | *śulma | - | - | čomoo | - | - | - | |
| demonstrativ stem | *jo- | *jō- | E. ju- | *ju- | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE? |
| "worm" | - | *sōksɤ | *suks | *šukš | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "to be sick" | *po/õte- | *pōcɤ- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "true" | *to/õci | *tōtɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "to cut" | - | - | - | - | - | farag | *paar | - | *pərå- | Smy. "to scrape", may not belong |
| "to dry" | - | - | - | - | - | asoo | *taaš | *soos | ||
| "net needle" | F. sohi- ? | *čōpsēmē | - | *šapš | - | - | *taas | *soopəs | - | Note irregular sibilants in OU |
| with Ms. *ɤɤ | ||||||||||
| "cheek" | *po/õski | - | - | - | - | - | *pɤɤjət | E puuɣləm ~ W *poxɬəm |
*påtə | |
| "tusk" | - | - | - | - | *wåådźer | aɟar | *ɤɤńćər | *eńćər | - | |
| "ghost" | - | - | *čo(v) | - | K. šɤn | - | *tɤɤw | *ɬuu₂ŋk | - | Mo. *oŋ → *oŋ, or *av → ov? Ms. labiality transfer? F. huu better ← Gmc |
| "minor river" | *jo/õki | *jokɤ | Er. jov | *joɣə | *juu | joo | *jɤɤ | *jɔɔkəɳ, *jɯɯkɯɯ |
- | *jëkV, with S *ë → *u, Er. av → ov? Cf. *jëxə- "to drink/flow?" |
| "major river" | *juka | - | - | *jååɣəɳ | *jəka | for comparision | ||||
| *ô_ə (S. *o_ɤ, Mo. *o, Ma. *a?, | ||||||||||
| "to dry; rapids" | *koski | *koškɤ- | *kośkə- | *kaške(-) | *kwååś-/k | - | *kaš (?) | - | *kåsə- | F. → S. *kōškɤ "rapids" |
| "birch bark vessel" | - | *kōššē | - | - | - | - | *kus | *koťək | - | *-śj-? F. kosio ← S. |
| "to pursue" | *no/õu-ta- | - | - | - | - | - | *ńawl- | *ńååɣəɬ- | *ńo- | Close to *u. Also cf. P. *nuu-, Ma. *nʊmala- "carry" |
| "to experience" | *koke- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ko- | |
| "snot" | *no/õlki | *snōlkɤ | *nolgə | - | - | ńaal | - | - | - | Or *o with Mo. irregular |
| "stick" | *po/?nci | - | Mk. ponda | *pandə | *pood | - | - | - | - | P. also *böd "staff" |
| "vessel" | - | - | *očkə | *wačkɤ | U. vɨčkɨ | - | - | - | - | |
| "to sieve" | *pohtVj- | - | ponžavto- | - | *poož- | - | - | - | - | ← IE *powH-(ta-), *pewH- |
| "bent" | - | - | Mk. nokəl(a) | - | *ńuuk | - | - | - | - | |
| "grain" | - | - | *norəv | - | K nur(j-) | - | - | - | - | |
| "straw" | *o/õlki | - | *olgə | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "corner; to hide" | *so/?ppi | - | *śopə- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "bear" | *o/?kci | - | *ovtə | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. late IE *arktos |
| "to sink" | *lo/?nteh | - | londado- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| *oo-a (IE loans) | ||||||||||
| "salt" | suola | - | sal | Hi cal ~ Me ćal | U. sɨlal ~ K. sol | - | - | - | - | ← IE, multiple loans? Mari affricated prenasally? (#sÖnćAl) |
| "protection" | suoja, hoi-va | *sōjē, šōjē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← II *sḱaajaa |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "to hack" | kuokki- | - | - | - | *kook- | - | - | - | - | Coincidental? |
| "pit" | kuoppa | U. gop | ||||||||
| std. PU *ox type 2? | ||||||||||
| "those" | nuo | *nō- | nonat | *nʊnə | K. nɨ- | - | - | - | Se. na | |
| "that" | tuo | *tō | to- | *tʊ | U. tu ~ K. tɨ | ta-, taa- | *tuu-, *tu- | *to- | *tå- | |
| "side" | puoli | - | pola | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "pole" | F. vuoli | - | - | - | - | - | *ula | *(w)ooɭ | - | |
| "pole" | ulku | *holkɤ | olga | - | K. ɨl | *awla | *oɣəl | *uj | for comparision | |
| Messy stuff | ||||||||||
| "3" | *kolmi | *kolmɤ | *kolmə | *kʊm | #kuuińm | haarom | *kuurəm | *kooɬəm | - | *-rm- ? -ðm- ?? Wanderwort?! |
| "aspen" | - | - | *poj | - | *pi | - | - | *paaj | #pij | |
| "to flay" | - | *ńōvɤ- | - | - | *ńij- | ńuuz- | Tv. ńooj- ~ CMs *ńuj- |
*-w-/*-j-? H. *ńoWə-ta-? | ||
| "swan" | *jo/?uccen | *ńūkčɤ | *lokś-- | *jükšə | *juuś(k-) | - | - | - | - | *joŋćə-, Mo. *oŋ → oŋ + ŋkC → kC?) |
| "pole" | - | *čōlčɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | *səlčə | Bad |
| "lake" | - | - | - | - | *tɨ | tav- | *taa | *tøɣ | *to | |
| "straight" | *o/õikeda | *vōjkɤ | *vijəďɜ | *wij- | - | - | - | - | - | S. may be ← F. |
| "buckle" | *so/õlki | *čūlkō- | *śulgamə | *šolkama | - | - | - | - | - | P. *śuul "ski" better ← *śëlka |
| "to feed" | - | - | - | *wurde- | *vördɨ- | - | - | - | - | Cf. IE *werdʰ- |
| "to throw" | *loo | *lū | *ĺijə- | *loŋa- | *lɤd- | loog- | WTF is this shit | |||
| "to sink" | - | - | - | - | - | rokkan- | *rowt-, N. räɣ- | *raak- | - | |
| "brittle" | NF *rohka | - | - | *raš/čka | *rɨž, K. rɨš(k)- | - | - | - | - | *rošə, *roš-ka? OU ris etc. ← K. Don't see how H. roš- "slow" compares. Zek "P *ruuž" |
| "brittle" | - | - | - | #rot | - | ruut, rot- | - | *ratək | - | |
| "dawn" | *koi | - | - | K. kɨa | - | - | - | - | - | H. haj, Ms. *kuuj cf. *kaja "sun" |
| "to stick" | - | - | - | - | *tooj- | †toĺ- | - | - | - | |
| "dish, chest" | - | - | - | - | *dooz | - | - | *toɬ | - | |
| "a fish" | *to/õtki | - | *tutka | *tatə | - | tat | *tåkt | - | Sk. tut | |
| "to dare" | *tohtVj- | *tōstɤ- | - | *tošta- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "cloth" | - | - | - | *tʊɣər | *te/ɤra | - | - | - | - | |
| "hill" | - | - | - | - | - | domb | *tåmp | - | - | clearly not PU |
| "birch bark" | tidoo | + OU per *tana | ||||||||
| "to knock" | - | - | Er tomba- | - | U dɨbɨrt- | †tob- | Lz tååmp- | - | - | |
| "to oppose" | *to/õrju- | *toarjō- | *tuŕə- | - | - | - | - | - | - | S. "to support". Cf. *tora |
| "many" | *mo/õni | moanɤk | - | - | *-mɨn | *-vAn | *-mən | - | - | Probly ← IE |
| "to lern; to see" | *o/õppe(j)- | - | - | - | - | - | *waapl- | *waapəɣ- | - | F. → S. *oappɤ- |
| "to be able; to fight" | *vo/õi- | - | - | - | - | viiv- | - | - | - | |
| "to see" | - | - | - | - | - | oov- | - | *wuu-/waa- | *wë(ra)- | how about *ë |
| "to reach; to spawn" | - | *joksɤ- | - | - | - | (v)iiv- | - | - | - | F. *jooksə- better from *joo- "drink, flow"? Bad without |
| "to go" | - | - | - | - | - | in-- | *jaam- | - | Ne. jaam- | |
| "middle" | F. jotka | - | *jutkə | - | - | - | *jat | - | *jotV | |
| "ski" | - | - | - | *ječe | - | - | *jašə | - | - | Bad |
| "steam, fog" | - | - | - | - | *ruu | - | - | *ruu₂ | - | |
| "weak" | - | - | - | - | K. rudź- | ross | - | - | - | |
| "soup" | *rokka | - | - | - | - | - | LU raɣt | *rook | - | |
| "to hack" | - | - | - | *rooe- | - | rov- | - | *rooɣ- | - | |
| "to tread; dam, bridge" |
*po/õlke- | - | - | - | - | - | *puwl | *pookəɬ | *pulə | East *u |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
Std. PU *o_a
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F. *o_a, S. *oa_ē, Mo. *u_ə, Ma. *u, P. *Cuu / *(k)wåå, H. a/aa, Ms. *uu, Smy. *å_å | ||||||||||
| "to dry" | - | - | - | - | *śuur- | saar- | *šuur- | *saar- | - | Or *a₂ |
| "jaw" | - | *oalōl | *ulə | - | - | aall | *uuləć | - | - | |
| "part; flesh" | *osa | *oańčē | Me. ü/užas | - | aaɟek, ost- | *uunć | - | - | ← II? | |
| "fish trap" | *ota- | *oacē | - | - | K. vodž | - | *wuuš | *waač | *wåčå | Mo. *oš "city" probably doesn't belong |
| similar but Ms *aa | ||||||||||
| "shoulder" | *o/õlka | *oalkē | - | - | K. volɨs | vaall | *waaɣləp | - | *wajk | ~ BSl. *olkuti ? Ms. "shoulderband" |
| "spear" | *ota | - | - | *umdə | *aawtaa | *ooŋtəw | *aŋtə | |||
| "river bend" | - | - | - | - | K. voĺ | völɟ | CMs *wooĺ | *wakəɬʲ | Ne. wäej | NB *ĺ?! |
| "to spread, bed" | - | - | - | - | *wååĺ- | aaɟ | *aaĺ | - | - | F. ← vuota ← B, Mo. *aca ← Miš. |
| indistinct | ||||||||||
| "house" | *kota | *koatē | *kudə | *kuðɤ | *kwåå | haaz | - | *kaat | - | ← II? |
| "ear; leaf" | *ko/õrva | *koarvē | - | - | *kwåår | harap | - | - | *kåw | |
| "head" | *oiva | *oajvē | Mk. uj- | *wuj | - | - | - | - | *åjwå | |
| "to bring" | - | *toalvō- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *tåjwå- | |
| "wedge" | *tolva | - | *tulə | - | *tuulj | - | - | - | *tajwA | F. → ?? |
| "hare" | - | *ńoamēlē | *numələ | - | K. ńimal | ńuul | - | - | *ńåmå | ← *ńoxə-ma(-la)? H. *m-lenition |
| "war" | *so/õta | - | *śudə- | *šuðə- "curse" |
- | - | - | - | *såjə | S. *soattē ← F. |
| "quarrel" | *to/õra | *toarō | *tuŕə- | Hi. torle- | - | - | - | *tåro- | ||
| "aunt" | - | *koaskē | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kåtå | |
| "to go" | - | - | juta-, Mk. jota- | - | - | - | - | - | *jåtA- | *jočə-ta-? Cf. OUg *jaač "path". S. *jotē- better ← B. *judē-. |
| "raw, meat" | - | - | - | - | *uuĺ | - | - | - | *åjå | |
| "skin" | E. kõba | - | *kuvə | *kuwə | *kuu | - | - | - | *kopå | |
| "awl" | *ora | *oarē | *urə | - | - | aar | - | - | - | ← II *ārā (Vo õra) |
| "orphan" | *orpoj | *oarpēs | *urəs | - | - | aarva | - | E. uurwɯɯ | - | ← IE |
| "squirrel" | *orava | *oarēvē | *ur | *ur | K. ur | - | - | - | "*årop ~ *oråp" | (Vo õrava) |
| "slave" | *orja | *oarjē | *uŕɜ | - | U. war ~ K. ver | - | - | - | - | ← II *ārya. S. "south" |
| "twig" | *oksa | *oaksē | - | *ukš | *oosɨ | - | - | - | - | |
| "south; day" | *lo/õuna | - | - | - | U nun, lum ~ K lun |
- | - | - | - | |
| "to gather" | *korjat- | - | - | - | *kuurjal- | - | - | - | - | may be loan F → P (-rj-!) |
| "reindeer" | *poro | *poačōj | - | Hi. pučə ~ Me. püčö |
U. pudžej | - | - | - | - | ← II *paču-; Ms *pääš ~ Kh *peeč indep. |
| "eagle" | *kotka | *koackēmē | *kućkan | *kučkəž | *kuuč | - | - | - | - | |
| "shaman" | *no/õjta | *noajtē | - | - | - | - | *ńääjt | - | - | |
| "sleigh" | - | *čoanē "last sleigh" |
- | - | - | - | *šun | - | - | |
| "spirit" | - | - | - | - | *kuuĺj | haɟ | *kuĺ- | - | *kåjkə | *-ðʲk-. F. *koljoi ← Gmc |
| "wave" | - | - | - | - | - | hab | *ku(m)p | *ko/uump | *kåmpå | Distinct from FP *kumpu "hill". |
| "cold" | - | - | - | *juž | U. juz | - | - | - | - | |
| "bent, to bend" | *no/õtko/eda | *ńoackē | *nučka- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
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| West *o_a, Mari *ʊ, East *ë (P ambiguous) | ||||||||||
| "man, male animal" | *koira(s) | - | - | - | K. kɨr | here | *kɤɤr | *kaar | *kora | *kojra ← *kojə-ra |
| "duck" | *so/õtka | *čoaðkē | *śulgə | *šooe | *šuul | - | *sɤɤĺ | *saaj | - | *ś-l → *ś-ĺ in Ug. |
| "ware"' | *os-ta- "to buy" |
*oasē | - | *wʊža | *vuuz | - | *wɤɤtaa | - | - | ← IE *wosā; Ms via II? |
| "to wait" | *odotta- | *oacōttē- | *učə- | *wʊče- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to peel" | - | - | - | *kʊðaša- | *kuuĺ- | - | *kɤɤĺ- | - | - | |
| "to sew" | - | - | - | *ʊrɣe- | *vuurɨ- | var- | - | - | - | Also Ma. *wʊrɣəm "cloth" |
| "hill" | - | - | - | *mʊčə | *muuč | - | - | - | - | |
| "to dive" | - | - | - | *šʊŋga- | *s/zuuŋ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to take, to pluck" | *vo/õtta- | - | - | - | U. vɨtɨ- ~ K. vot- | - | *wɤɤt- | - | - | *wolə-kta-? |
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| "cleft" | *kolo | *koalō | - | - | *kwåål- | halok | *kal | *kååɭ | - | FS possibly ← Gmc |
| "vessel" | F. purnu | *pōrnē | - | - | U. bɤrńo ~ K. burńa |
- | - | - | - | |
| "stick" | *sompa | *soampē | - | šo/umba? | K. *zɨb | - | - | - | - | F. ← S. ← II? |
| "dung" | *sonta | - | - | *šandə | U. zud "mud" | - | - | - | - | |
| "pig" | *po/õrsas | - | *purćis | - | *påårś | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "to prick" | F. tokkaa- | - | - | Hi. loɣe- | - | ɟak- | - | - | - | |
| "small fly" | - | - | - | *lʊmej | U. ĺum | - | *ĺaaməj | - | - | |
| "shallow; to dry" | - | *coakē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Sk. ča/ëkka- | |
| "thick; many" | - | - | - | *čaka(-ta) | K. čɤk | šok | *šaw | - | - | Ug. cf. Turkic *čok |
| "yellow" | - | - | *ťuža | - | U. čuž | - | - | - | - | Fairly bad |
| "1000" | - | - | - | - | *śuurs | - | *šåtər- | *ćorəs | ← II *ǵʰasra, independantly? | |
| "tin" | - | - | - | *wulnə | - | oon | *ålən | *ooɬnaa | - | |
| "lead" | - | - | - | - | - | oolom | *wuuləm | - | - | |
| "to peel" | - | *oalō- | E. valə- | - | U. vɤĺɨ- ~ K. voĺ- |
*wol-ćt- | - | - | - | With *ĺ. E. may be ← *wala- "pour" |
| "Labrador tea" | - | ES *olo- | - | - | - | - | *waĺ | *wääĺ | - | Bad. Note *ĺ. |
| "hole" | - | - | - | - | - | - | N. waapi | - | *wåpə | Loan from Ne. → Ms? |
| "harness" | - | *vōtɤ | - | - | - | - | *vo/ät | *wäät | Sk. *kuu | |
| "to conjure" | - | - | - | - | K. vom-- | †wima- | - | - | - | *wojmɜ-, cf. F. voima?? (should be H. *-w-) |
| "fat" | - | *jolē | - | - | - | - | - | *jaaɬ | - | *u ~ *ë/*a? |
| "friend" | - | - | - | - | *joort | - | - | - | #(*j)üruŋ | |
| "good" | - | - | - | - | - | joo, jav- | *jomaas | E. *jem, Ob. jiim | - | |
| "to stick in" | - | - | - | - | - | ɟak- | *jɤɤkʷ- | *jooɣə- | ||
| "plane (tool)" | - | - | - | - | - | ɟal(l)u, ɟarol- | *jar(ɣə-) | - | - | H. *rl → ll? |
| "friend" | - | - | - | - | - | jaat | *ji/ä/at "with" | *jöt "with" | - | |
| "to sigh" | *hooka- | SS såagedh | - | #šootVć- "to rest" | - | - | *šëëk- | - | - | Consonants bad. F, S. better ← Gmc *swogan. F. → S. *śōkkē- |
| "narrow; to worry" | - | - | - | - | *šoog | aggod- , oog- | - | - | - | Semantics bad |
| "rare" | *harva | *soarvē | *šurə | - | K. šur- | - | - | *ɬoorəp | #tïrå- | S. "dry tree", K. "to dry" |
| "lung; gills" | - | - | - | *šoðɤ | K. šɤĺ | - | - | - | - | |
| "space; warm" | *hooneh | - | - | - | *šoon- | - | - | - | - | Or F. ← B. *šānas "side" → "room" |
| "go sour" | - | - | - | Me. šua- | U. šut- ~ K. šuź- | - | - | - | - | Cf. čapp |
| "elm" | - | - | - | *nolɣɤ | U. ńulo | - | - | - | - | Prob better *ńa/ëlka |
| "to press" | - | - | - | - | - | ńom- | *ńål- | *ńoɬ- | - | Better *u? |
| "slow" | - | *ńoacē | - | - | *ńož(jV-) | - | - | - | - | |
| "club" | *nujja, *nuhja |
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| "sleigh" | - | - | *nurdə | - | *noort | - | - | - | - | |
| "bad; lazy" | F. nolo | - | Mk. nola | - | - | - | - | - | - | Better F ← S (cf AASL) |
| "diver" | - | *ńūNēl | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ńuənä | |
| "to press together" | - | - | - | *nʊmɤrge- | K. ńam- | ńom- | - | - | - | |
| "slime, phloam" | *nola, *nila | - | - | *nalɤ | U. ńɤl ~ K. ńiĺ |
- | *ńiĺ- "to peel" | *ńaɬ | Ne. nal- | Cf. *ńïla. F. also nula |
| "neck" | - | - | - | - | ńak | - | - | - | Sk. #nukV | |
| "moss" | - | *ńōrɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | #når- | Cf. *ńërə |
| "to crawl; to grab" | - | *ńoamē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ńåmå- | |
| "to crawl" | - | E *ńoallē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. ńalo- | Suspicious |
| "to tire" | - | - | - | *noje- | - | - | - | *nooj- | - | |
| "to stretch" | - | - | - | - | U nujt- ~ K ńojd- | ńuujt- | - | - | - | |
| "nettle" | - | - | - | *nuž | - | - | - | - | Ne. nāca-- | |
| "burden" | - | - | - | - | U. nɨpɨ ~ K. nop, nup |
- | *nɤɤp | - | - | |
| "healthy" | - | - | - | Hi. šu | *šååń | igen | - | - | - | H. "very". Expected P -m? |
| "piece" | - | *(s)moalō | - | - | - | - | - | - | #mAlå | Rejectable; S ← Gmc |
| "to knead" | - | - | - | *lʊɣA- | *lååj- | - | - | - | - | |
| "wet" | *loppa | - | *lop-afto- | *lʊp | K lapɨd | - | - | - | - | |
| "time" | F. kotva | *koaðvē | - | *kot | - | - | - | - | - | |
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