Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet

From FrathWiki
Revision as of 08:12, 14 January 2013 by Qwynegold (talk | contribs) (Added Catalan)
Jump to navigationJump to search

This article is a work in progress.
The contents may be tentative, incomplete, inaccurate, in need of elaboration, subject to later revision, or just plain sketchy.

As a courtesy, if you are not the author of the article, please do not make edits to this article while this message is displayed.

This page will list different uses of diacritical marks that have natlang precedence. Conlangers can use this to find inspiration for their own conlang romanizations.
Note that in this article combining diacritics are attached to a ◌. Diacritics without a ◌, like ¨ for example, are non-combining. Non-combining diacritics are sometimes called modifier letters in Unicode. The non-combining forms may for example be used when writing about a conlang's orthography, when one wants to refer to a diacritic without using any base letter with it.
When a letter is referred to without concerning about case, it is displayed like so: Ťť. This is for clarity's sake because some diacritics may look different depending on the letter's case.

Templates

Precomposed Letters with ***
U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+
Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter
U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+
Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter
Uses of ***
Usage Language Letters Notes

Acute Accent

Precomposed Letters with Acute Accent
´ ˊ ◌́ ◌́ Á á Ǻ ǻ Ấ ấ Ắ ắ Ǽ
U+00B4 U+02CA U+0301 U+0341 U+00C1 U+00E1 U+01FA U+01FB U+1EA4 U+1EA5 U+1EAE U+1EAF U+01FC
Acute Accent Modifier Letter Acute Accent Combining Acute Accent Combining Acute Tone Mark Latin Capital Letter A With Acute Latin Small Letter A With Acute Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Acute Latin Capital Letter Ae With Acute
Note: May be confused with Apostrophe, ' (U+0027); Modifier Letter Prime, ʹ (U+02B9); Modifier Letter Turned Comma, ʻ (U+02BB); Modifier Letter Apostrophe, ʼ (U+02BC); Modifier Letter Vertical Line, ˈ (U+02C8); Right Single Quotation Mark, ’ (U+2019); or Prime, ′ (U+2032). Note: May be confused with Combining Turned Comma Above, ◌̒ (U+0312).
ǽ Ć ć Ḉ ḉ É é Ḗ ḗ Ế ế Ǵ ǵ
U+01FD U+0106 U+0107 U+1E08 U+1E09 U+00C9 U+00E9 U+1E16 U+1E17 U+1EBE U+1EBF U+01F4 U+01F5
Latin Small Letter Ae With Acute Latin Capital Letter C With Acute Latin Small Letter C With Acute Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute Latin Capital Letter E With Acute Latin Small Letter E With Acute Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter G With Acute Latin Small Letter G With Acute
Í í Ḯ ḯ Ḱ ḱ Ĺ ĺ Ḿ ḿ Ń ń Ó
U+00CD U+00ED U+1E2E U+1E2F U+1E30 U+1E31 U+0139 U+013A U+1E3E U+1E3F U+0143 U+0144 U+00D3
Latin Capital Letter I With Acute Latin Small Letter I With Acute Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Capital Letter K With Acute Latin Small Letter K With Acute Latin Capital Letter L With Acute Latin Small Letter L With Acute Latin Capital Letter M With Acute Latin Small Letter M With Acute Latin Capital Letter N With Acute Latin Small Letter N With Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Acute
ó Ṓ ṓ Ố ố Ṍ ṍ Ớ ớ Ǿ ǿ Ṕ ṕ
U+00F3 U+1E52 U+1E53 U+1ED0 U+1ED1 U+1E4C U+1E4D U+1EDA U+1EDB U+01FE U+01FF U+1E54 U+1E55
Latin Small Letter O With Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Stroke And Acute Latin Capital Letter P With Acute Latin Small Letter P With Acute
Ŕ ŕ Ś ś Ṥ ṥ Ú ú Ǘ ǘ Ṹ ṹ Ứ
U+0154 U+0155 U+015A U+015B U+1E64 U+1E65 U+00DA U+00FA U+01D7 U+01D8 U+1E78 U+1E79 U+1EE8
Latin Capital Letter R With Acute Latin Small Letter R With Acute Latin Capital Letter S With Acute Latin Small Letter S With Acute Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above Latin Capital Letter U With Acute Latin Small Letter U With Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Acute
ứ Ẃ ẃ Ý ý Ź ź
U+1EE9 U+1E82 U+1E83 U+00DD U+00FD U+0179 U+017A
Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Acute Latin Capital Letter W With Acute Latin Small Letter W With Acute Latin Capital Letter Y With Acute Latin Small Letter Y With Acute Latin Capital Letter Z With Acute Latin Small Letter Z With Acute

The acute accent comes from a Latin diacritic called apex.[1]

Uses of Acute Accent
Usage Language Letters Notes
Long vowel Czech Áá /aː/, Éé /ɛː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/ Íí and Ýý both represent the same phoneme in Standard Czech, but Íí may mark that the previous consonant is palatal, which Ýý does not.[2]
Hungarian Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/ See also Double Acute Accent.
Slovak Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Ĺĺ /l̩ː/, Óó /oː/, Ŕŕ /r̩ː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/
Slovene (orthography with dynamic accentuation) Áá /ˈaː/, Éé /ˈeː/, Íí /ˈiː/, Óó /ˈoː/, Ŕŕ /ˈəɾ/, Úú /ˈuː/ The acute accent marks that the vowel is stressed and long, and that Éé and Óó are mid-close rather than mid-open. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[3]
Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) Áá /áː/, Éé /ɛ́ː/, Ẹ́ẹ́ /éː/, Íí /íː/, Óó /ɔ́ː/, Ọ́ọ́ /óː/, Úú /úː/ The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have high pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[4]
Rising tone Vietnamese Áá /aː˧˥/, Ắắ /a˧˥/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Éé /ɛ˧˥/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Íí /i˧˥/, Óó /ɔ˧˥/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ớớ /əː˧˥/, Úú /u˧˥/, Ứứ /ɨ˧˥/, Ýý /i˧˥/ There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters.[5]
Stress Catalan Éé /ˈe/, Íí /ˈi/, Óó /ˈo/, Úú /ˈu/ The rules for when stress is to be marked in Catalan are quite complex. The acute accent also distinguishes stressed /e o/ from /ɛ ɔ/,[6] see Grave Accent, Catalan section on Uses of Grave Accent.
Swedish Éé /ˈeː/ Éé is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but it is used in many loanwords and surnames. It denotes a long, stressed /e/ that is found in an unexpected position of a word.

Bar

Precomposed Letters with Bar
◌̶ ◌̵ ƻ Ꜻ ꜻ Ƀ ƀ ᴃ Đ đ Ð ð Ɖ
U+0336 U+0335 U+01BB U+A73A U+A73B U+0243 U+0180 U+1D03 U+0110 U+0111 U+00D0 U+00F0 U+0189
Combining Long Stroke Overlay Combining Short Stroke Overlay Latin Letter Two With Stroke Latin Capital Letter Av With Horizontal Bar Latin Small Letter Av With Horizontal Bar Latin Capital Letter B With Stroke Latin Small Letter B With Stroke Latin Letter Small Capital Barred B Latin Capital Letter D With Stroke Latin Small Letter D With Stroke Latin Capital Letter Eth Latin Small Letter Eth Latin Capital Letter African D
Note: These combining diacritics rarely render well with their base character. Note: In Americanist orthographies, the bar goes through the bowl instead of the ascender.[7] Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: The capital versions of these letters may be confused with each other. Latin Small Letter D With Stroke and Latin Small Letter Eth may be confused with each other. The lower case version of Latin Capital Letter African D is Latin Small Letter D With Tail, ɖ (U+0256).
Ǥ ǥ Ħ ħ Ɨ ɨ ᶤ ᵻ ᶧ ᵼ Ɉ ɉ ɟ
U+01E4 U+01E5 U+0126 U+0127 U+0197 U+0268 U+1DA4 U+1D7B U+1DA7 U+1D7C U+0248 U+0249 U+025F
Latin Capital Letter G With Stroke Latin Small Letter G With Stroke Latin Capital Letter H With Stroke Latin Small Letter H With Stroke Latin Capital Letter I With Stroke Latin Small Letter I With Stroke Modifier Letter Small I With Stroke Latin Small Capital Letter I With Stroke Modifier Letter Small Capital I With Stroke Latin Small Letter Iota With Stroke Latin Capital Letter J With Stroke Latin Small Letter J With Stroke Latin Small Letter Dotless J With Stroke
Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Its use in IPA is non-standard.[8] Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used by Russianists.[9] Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography.
ᶡ Ꝁ ꝁ Ƚ ƚ Ꝉ ꝉ Ⱡ ⱡ Ɵ ɵ Ꝋ ꝋ
U+1DA1 U+A740 U+A741 U+023D U+019A U+A748 U+A749 U+2C60 U+2C61 U+019F U+0275 U+A74A U+A74B
Modifier Letter Small Dotless J With Stroke Latin Capital Letter K With Stroke Latin Small Letter K With Stroke Latin Capital Letter L With Bar Latin Small Letter L With Bar Latin Capital Letter L With High Stroke Latin Small Letter L With High Stroke Latin Capital Letter L With Double Bar Latin Small Letter L With Double Bar Latin Capital Letter O With Middle Tilde Latin Small Letter Barred O Latin Capital Letter O With Long Stroke Overlay Latin Small Letter O With Long Stroke Overlay
Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: Despite their different names, these two letters are case variants of each other.
Ᵽ ᵽ Ꝑ ꝑ Ꝗ ꝗ Ɍ ɍ ẝ ʄ Ŧ ŧ Ꝥ
U+2C63 U+1D7D U+A750 U+A751 U+A756 U+A757 U+024C U+024D U+1E9D U+0284 U+0166 U+0167 U+A764
Latin Capital Letter P With Stroke Latin Small Letter P With Stroke Latin Capital Letter P With Stroke Through Descender Latin Small Letter P With Stroke Through Descender Latin Capital Letter Q With Stroke Through Descender Latin Small Letter Q With Stroke Through Descender Latin Capital Letter R With Stroke Latin Small Letter R With Stroke Latin Small Letter Long S With High Stroke Latin Small Letter Dotless J With Stroke And Hook Latin Capital Letter T With Stroke Latin Small Letter T With Stroke Latin Capital Letter Thorn With Stroke
Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography.
ꝥ Ꝧ ꝧ Ʉ ʉ ᶶ ᵿ Ɏ ɏ Ƶ ƶ
U+A765 U+A766 U+A767 U+0244 U+0289 U+1DB6 U+1D7F U+024E U+024F U+01B5 U+01B6
Latin Small Letter Thorn With Stroke Latin Capital Letter Thorn With Stroke Through Descender Latin Small Letter Thorn With Stroke Through Descender Latin Capital Letter U Bar Latin Small Letter U Bar Modifier Letter Small U Bar Latin Small Letter Upsilon With Stroke Latin Capital Letter Y With Stroke Latin Small Letter Y With Stroke Latin Capital Letter Z With Stroke Latin Small Letter Z With Stroke
Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Its use in IPA is non-standard.[10]

This diacritic with a horizontal line, and the one with a diagonal line, are both variously called bar and stroke, among other things, in Unicode. For clarity's sake, the former one is treated separately in this article. There are several currency symbols with a bar, but those are excluded here.

Uses of Bar
Usage Language Letters Notes
Implosive consonant Vietnamese Đđ /ɗ/

Breve

Precomposed Letters with Breve
˘ ◌̆ Ă ă Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ặ
U+02D8 U+0306 U+0102 U+0103 U+1EAE U+1EAF U+1EB0 U+1EB1 U+1EB2 U+1EB3 U+1EB4 U+1EB5 U+1EB6
Breve Combining Breve Latin Capital Letter A With Breve Latin Small Letter A With Breve Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Acute Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Grave Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Grave Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Hook Above Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Tilde Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Tilde Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Dot Below
ặ Ĕ ĕ Ḝ ḝ Ğ ğ Ĭ ĭ Ŏ ŏ Ŭ ŭ
U+1EB7 U+0114 U+0115 U+1E1C U+1E1D U+011E U+011F U+012C U+012D U+014E U+014F U+016C U+016D
Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter E With Breve Latin Small Letter E With Breve Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla And Breve Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla And Breve Latin Capital Letter G With Breve Latin Small Letter G With Breve Latin Capital Letter I With Breve Latin Small Letter I With Breve Latin Capital Letter O With Breve Latin Small Letter O With Breve Latin Capital Letter U With Breve Latin Small Letter U With Breve

Note that the breve is easily confused with the similar looking caron ˇ, especially in small font sizes.

Uses of Breve
Usage Language Letters Notes
Short vowel Vietnamese Ăă /a˧/, Ắắ /a˧˥/, Ằằ /a̤˨˩/, Ẳẳ /a˧˩˧/, Ẵẵ /aˀ˧˥/, Ặặ /a̰ʔ˨˩/ Unaccented Aa generally stands for /aː/.[11]

Caron

Precomposed Letters with Caron
ˇ ◌̌ Ǎ ǎ Č č Ď ď DŽ Dž dž Ě ě
U+02C7 U+030C U+01CD U+01CD U+010C U+010D U+010E U+010F U+01C4 U+01C5 U+01C6 U+011A U+011B
Caron Combining Caron Latin Letter Capital A With Caron Latin Letter Small A With Caron Latin Capital Letter C With Caron Latin Small Letter C With Caron Latin Capital Letter D With Caron Latin Small Letter D With Caron Latin Capital Letter Dz With Caron Latin Capital Letter D With Small Letter Z With Caron Latin Small Letter Dz With Caron Latin Capital Letter E With Caron Latin Small Letter E With Caron
Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Down Arrowhead ˅ (U+02C5). Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the d.
Ǧ ǧ Ȟ ȟ Ǐ ǐ ǰ Ǩ ǩ Ľ ľ Ň ň
U+01E6 U+01E7 U+021E U+021F U+01CF U+01D0 U+01F0 ​ U+01E8 U+01E9 U+013D U+013E U+0147 U+0148
Latin Capital Letter G With Caron Latin Small Letter G With Caron Latin Capital Letter H With Caron Latin Small Letter H With Caron Latin Capital Letter I With Caron Latin Small Letter I With Caron Latin Small Letter J With Caron Latin Capital Letter K With Caron Latin Small Letter K With Caron Latin Capital Letter L With Caron Latin Small Letter L With Caron Latin Capital Letter N With Caron Latin Small Letter N With Caron
Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the Ll.
Ǒ ǒ Ř ř Š š Ṧ ṧ Ť ť Ǔ ǔ Ǚ
U+01D1 U+01D2 U+0158 U+0159 U+0160 U+0161 U+1E66 U+1E67 U+0164 U+0165 U+01D3 U+01D4 U+01D9
Latin Capital Letter O With Caron Latin Small Letter O With Caron Latin Capital Letter R With Caron Latin Small Letter R With Caron Latin Capital Letter S With Caron Latin Small Letter S With Caron Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above Latin Capital Letter T With Caron Latin Small Letter T With Caron Latin Capital Letter U With Caron Latin Small Letter U With Caron Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron
Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the t.
ǚ Ž ž Ǯ ǯ
U+01DA U+017D U+017E U+01EE U+01EF
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron Latin Capital Letter Z With Caron Latin Small Letter Z With Caron Latin Capital Letter Ezh With Caron Latin Small Letter Ezh With Caron

Caron is also known as háček or haček. It originated from dot above in Czech orthography.[12] Note that the caron is easily confused with the similar looking breve ˘, especially in small font sizes.

Uses of Caron
Usage Language Letters Notes
Change of manner of articulation Czech Řř /r̝/ This is a raised non-sonorant trill. Unaccented Rr stands for /r/.[13]
Palatal phoneme Czech Ďď /ɟ/, Ěě /(j)ɛ/, Ňň /ɲ/, Ťť /c/ Ěě stands for an /ɛ/ that makes a previous Dd, Nn, Tt be /ɟ, ɲ, c/, a previous Bb, Ff, Pp, Vv be /bj, fj, pj, vj/, and a previous Mm /mɲ/. This letter is not found in other positions.[14]
Slovak Ďď /ɟ/, Ľľ /ʎ/, Ňň /ɲ/, Ťť /c/ In Slovak handwriting ď, ľ and ť have an actual caron instead of an apostrophe.[15]
Postalveolar consonant Czech, Latgalian, Latvian Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Czech, Latvian and Latgalian.
Livonian Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
Slovak Čč /tʃ/, DŽdž /dʒ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/

Cedilla

Precomposed Letters with Cedilla
¸ ◌̧ Ç ç Ḉ ḉ Ḑ ḑ Ȩ ȩ Ḝ ḝ Ģ
U+00B8 U+0327 U+00C7 U+00E7 U+1E08 U+1E09 U+1E10 U+1E11 U+0228 U+0229 U+1E1C U+1E1D U+0122
Cedilla Combining Cedilla Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute Latin Capital Letter D With Cedilla Latin Small Letter D With Cedilla Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla And Breve Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla And Breve Latin Capital Letter G With Cedilla
ģ Ḩ ḩ Ķ ķ Ļ ļ Ņ ņ Ŗ ŗ Ş ş
U+0123 U+1E28 U+1E29 U+0136 U+0137 U+013B U+013C U+0145 U+0146 U+0156 U+0157 U+015E U+015F
Latin Small Letter G With Cedilla Latin Capital Letter H With Cedilla Latin Small Letter H With Cedilla Latin Capital Letter K With Cedilla Latin Small Letter K With Cedilla Latin Capital Letter L With Cedilla Latin Small Letter L With Cedilla Latin Capital Letter N With Cedilla Latin Small Letter N With Cedilla Latin Capital Letter R With Cedilla Latin Small Letter R With Cedilla Latin Capital Letter S With Cedilla Latin Small Letter S With Cedilla
Note: The diacritic is placed on top of the letter to avoid the descender of the g. ​ Note: May be confused with Latin Capital Letter S With Comma Below, Ș (U+0218). Note: May be confused with Latin Small Letter S With Comma Below, ș (U+0219).
Ţ ţ
U+0162 U+0163
Latin Capital Letter T With Cedilla Latin Small Letter T With Cedilla
Note: May be confused with Latin Capital Letter T With Comma Below, Ț (U+021A). Note: May be confused with Latin Small Letter T With Comma Below, ț (U+021B).

Cedilla originates from a cursive form of Z.[16] Note that the cedilla may be confused with ogonek ˛ or comma below ◌̦. In some fonts, the cedilla together with some letters may look identical to the comma. In Romanian, the letters Șș and Țț are actually supposed to have a comma below and not a cedilla, while in most other languages Şş and Ţţ are supposed to have cedillas.

Uses of Cedilla
Usage Language Letters Notes
Disambiguation of letter with several uses Catalan Çç /s/ Çç is used before Aa, Oo, Uu, or word-finally, and stands for /s/. Cc without cedilla would stand for /k/ in those positions. Intervocalic Çç is pronunced [s], while intervocalic Ss is [z].[17]
Palatal consonant Latgalian, Latvian Ģģ /ɟ/, Ķķ /c/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/
Livonian Ḑḑ /ɟ/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/, Ţţ /c/
Palatalized consonant Livonian Ŗŗ /rʲ/

Circumflex

Precomposed Letters with Circumflex
^ ˆ ◌̂ Â â Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẩ ẩ Ẫ ẫ
U+005E U+02C6 U+0302 U+00C2 U+00E2 U+1EA4 U+1EA5 U+1EA6 U+1EA7 U+1EA8 U+1EA9 U+1EAA U+1EAB
Circumflex Accent Modifier Letter Circumflex Accent Combining Circumflex Accent Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Grave Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Grave Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde
Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Up Arrowhead ˄ (U+02C4), Combining Inverted Breve ◌̑ (U+0311) or Up Arrowhead ⌃ (U+2303).
Ậ ậ Ĉ ĉ Ê ê Ế ế Ề ề Ể ể Ễ
U+1EAC U+1EAD U+0108 U+0109 U+00CA ​ U+00EA U+1EBE U+1EBF U+1EC0 U+1EC1 U+1EC2 U+1EC3 U+1EC4
Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter C With Circumflex Latin Small Letter C With Circumflex ​ Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Grave Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Grave Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde
ễ Ệ ệ Ĝ ĝ Ĥ ĥ Î î Ĵ ĵ Ô ô
U+1EC5 U+1EC6 U+1EC7 U+011C U+011D U+0124 U+0125 U+00CE U+00EE U+0134 U+0135 U+00D4 U+00F4
Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter G With Circumflex Latin Small Letter G With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter H With Circumflex Latin Small Letter H With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter I With Circumflex Latin Small Ltter I With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter J With Circumflex Latin Small Letter J With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex
Ố ố Ồ ồ Ổ ổ Ỗ ỗ Ộ ộ Ŝ ŝ Û
U+1ED0 U+1ED1 U+1ED2 U+1ED3 U+1ED4 U+1ED5 U+1ED6 U+1ED7 U+1ED8 U+1ED9 U+015C U+015D U+00DB
Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Grave Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Grave Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter S With Circumflex Latin Small Letter S With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter U With Circumflex
û Ŵ ŵ Ŷ ŷ Ẑ ẑ
U+00FB ​ U+0174 U+0175 U+0176 U+0177 U+1E90 U+1E91
Latin Small Letter U With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter W With Circumflex Latin Small Letter W With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter Y With Circumflex Latin Small Letter Y With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter Z With Circumflex Latin Small Letter Z With Circumflex

The circumflex comes from the Greek alphabet where it marked pitch. It was originally a combination of acute and grave accent.[18]

Uses of Circumflex
Usage Language Letters Notes
Diphthong Slovak Ôô /u̯o/
Long vowel with low pitch Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) Ââ /àː/, Êê /ɛ̀ː/, Ệệ /èː/, Îî /ìː/, Ôô /ɔ̀ː/, Ộộ /òː/, Ûû /ùː/ Inverted breve may be used instead of circumflex. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[19]
Raised vowel Slovene (orthography with dynamic accentuation) Êê /ˈeː/, Ôô /ˈoː/ The circumflex marks that these vowel are stressed, long, and mid-close instead of mid-open. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[20]
Vietnamese Ââ /ə˧/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Ầầ /ə̤˨˩/, Ẩẩ /ə˧˩˧/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ậậ /ə̰ʔ˧˨/, Êê /e˧/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Ềề /e̤˨˩/, Ểể /e˧˩˧/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ệệ /ḛʔ˧˨/, Ôô /o˧/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ồồ /o̤˨˩/, Ổổ /o˧˩˧/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ộộ /o̰ʔ˧˨/ Generally, unaccented Aa, Ee, Oo stand for /aː, ɛ, ɔ/. There are many exceptions to the phonemic value of all these letters though.[21]

Diaeresis/Umlaut

Precomposed Letters with Diaeresis/Umlaut
¨ ◌̈ Ä ä Ǟ ǟ Ë ë Ḧ ḧ Ï ï Ḯ
U+00A8 U+0308 U+00C4 U+00E4 U+01DE U+01DF U+00CB U+00EB U+1E26 U+1E27 U+00CF ​ U+00EF U+1E2E
Diaeresis Combining Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Capital Letter E With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter E With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter H With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter H With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute
ḯ Ö ö Ȫ ȫ Ṏ ṏ ẗ Ü ü Ǖ ǖ Ǘ
U+1E2F U+00D6 U+00F6 ​ U+022A U+022B U+1E4E U+1E4F U+1E97 U+00DC ​ U+00FC U+01D5 U+01D6 U+01D7
Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute ​ Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis ​ Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter T With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron ​ Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute
ǘ Ǚ ǚ Ǜ ǜ Ṻ ṻ Ẅ ẅ Ẍ ẍ Ÿ ÿ
U+01D8 U+01D9 U+01DA U+01DB U+01DC U+1E7A U+1E7B U+1E84 U+1E85 U+1E8C U+1E8D U+0178 U+00FF
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter W With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter W With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter X With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter X With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter Y With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter Y With Diaeresis

Diaeresis (known as tréma in French) and umlaut both employ the same character. But there is a difference of use between diaeresis and umlaut. Letters with umlaut stand for completely different sounds than their non-accented counterparts. For example in Swedish Oo represents /u/ while Öö represents /ø/. Diaeresis on the other hand does not change the sound value of a letter, but instead marks that a vowel is not part of a diphthong or digraph.
The diaeresis and umlaut characters have different origins. Diaeresis was borrowed from the Greek alphabet,[22] while umlaut began as a small e placed on top of Aa, Oo or Uu. This e then later evolved into the same shape as diaeresis.[23]

Uses of Diaeresis or Umlaut
Usage Language Letters Notes
Front version of back vowel (this includes Ää even though its unaccented version is not a back vowel in all of these languages) Estonian Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
Finnish Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/ Usage borrowed from Swedish.
Livonian Ää /æ/, Ǟǟ /æː/
Hungarian Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
Slovak Ää /æ~ɛ/ /æ/ is archaic or dialectal pronunciation.[24]
Swedish Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/ The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae[25] and oe[26]. Üü is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but is used in some loanwords and in many surnames.
Hiatus Catalan Ïï /i/, Üü /u/ Diaeresis on an Ii or Uu following another vowel marks that the two vowels are in different syllables. Without diaresis, the Ii or Uu would stand for a semivowel.[27]
French Ëë, Ïï, Üü, Ÿÿ
Non-silent vowel Catalan Üü /w/ Diaresis on an Uu that is between Gg or Qq and a front vowel marks that this letter stands for /w/. Otherwise it would be a part of the digraph Gu gu /g/ or Qu qu /k/ that is used before front vowels.[28]
Raised vowel Hungarian Ëë /e/ Unaccented Ee stands for /ɛ/. Ëë is not really a part of the Hungarian alphabet however; it is used when writing down spoken or sung language in a dialect that has this phoneme.

Dot Above

Precomposed Letters with Dot Above
˙ ◌̇ Ȧ ȧ Ǡ ǡ Ḃ ḃ Ċ ċ Ḋ ḋ Ė
U+02D9 U+0307 U+0226 U+0227 U+01E0 U+01E1 U+1E02 U+1E03 U+010A U+010B U+1E0A U+1E0B U+0116
Dot Above Combining Dot Above Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron Latin Capital Letter B With Dot Above Latin Small Letter B With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter C With Dot Above Latin Small Letter C With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter D With Dot Above Latin Small Letter D With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter E With Dot Above
ė Ḟ ḟ Ġ ġ Ḣ ḣ İ i Ṁ ṁ Ṅ ṅ
U+0117 U+1E1E U+1E1F U+0120 U+0121 U+1E22 U+1E23 U+0130 U+0069 ​ U+1E40 U+1E41 U+1E44 U+1E45
Latin Small Letter E With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter F With Dot Above Latin Small Letter F With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter G With Dot Above Latin Small Letter G With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter H With Dot Above Latin Small Letter H With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Above Latin Small Letter I Latin Capital Letter M With Dot Above Latin Small Letter M With Dot Above ​ Latin Capital Letter N With Dot Above Latin Small Letter N With Dot Above
Note: In most languages i is the lower case version of I, but in Turkish İ and i resp. I and ı go together. If Turkish case is used, you need to make sure that various software handles that correctly. For example dictionaries need to sort the letters in the right order.
Ȯ ȯ Ȱ ȱ Ṗ ṗ Ṙ ṙ Ṡ ṡ ẛ Ṥ ṥ
U+022E U+022F U+0230 U+0231 U+1E56 U+1E57 U+1E58 U+1E59 U+1E60 U+1E61 U+1E9B U+1E64 U+1E65
Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron Latin Capital Letter P With Dot Above Latin Small Letter P With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Above Latin Small Letter R With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Dot Above Latin Small Letter Long S With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above
Ṧ ṧ Ṩ ṩ Ṫ ṫ Ẇ ẇ Ẋ ẋ Ẏ ẏ Ż
U+1E66 U+1E67 U+1E68 U+1E69 U+1E6A U+1E6B U+1E86 U+1E87 U+1E8A U+1E8B U+1E8E U+1E8F U+017B
Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above Latin Capital Letter T With Dot Above Latin Small Letter T With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter W With Dot Above Latin Small Letter W With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter X With Dot Above Latin Small Letter X With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter Y With Dot Above Latin Small Letter Y With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter Z With Dot Above
ż
U+017C
Latin Small Letter Z With Dot Above
Uses of Dot Above
Use Language Letters Notes
Raised vowel Livonian Ȯȯ /ʊ/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/

Dot Below

Precomposed Letters with Dot Below
◌̣ Ạ ạ Ậ ậ Ặ ặ Ḅ ḅ Ḍ ḍ Ẹ ẹ
U+0323 U+1EA0 U+1EA1 U+1EAC U+1EAD U+1EB6 U+1EB7 U+1E04 U+1E05 U+1E0C U+1E0D U+1EB8 U+1EB9
Combining Dot Below Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Below Latin Small Letter A With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Dot Below Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter B With Dot Below Latin Small Letter B With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter D With Dot Below Latin Small Letter D With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter E With Dot Below Latin Small Letter E With Dot Below
Ệ ệ Ḥ ḥ Ị ị Ḳ ḳ Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ Ṃ
U+1EC6 U+1EC7 U+1E24 U+1E25 U+1ECA U+1ECB U+1E32 U+1E33 U+1E36 U+1E37 U+1E38 U+1E39 U+1E42
Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter H With Dot Below Latin Small Letter H With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Below Latin Small Letter I With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter K With Dot Below Latin Small Letter K With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below And Macron Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below And Macron Latin Capital Letter M With Dot Below
ṃ Ṇ ṇ Ọ ọ Ộ ộ Ợ ợ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ
U+1E43 U+1E46 U+1E47 U+1ECC U+1ECD U+1ED8 U+1ED9 U+1EE2 U+1EE3 U+1E5A U+1E5B U+1E5C U+1E5D
Latin Small Letter M With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter N With Dot Below Latin Small Letter N With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Below Latin Small Letter O With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Dot Below Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below And Macron Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below And Macron
Ṣ ṣ Ṩ ṩ Ṭ ṭ Ụ ụ Ự ự Ṿ ṿ Ẉ
U+1E62 U+1E63 U+1E68 U+1E69 U+1E6C U+1E6D U+1EE4 U+1EE5 U+1EF0 U+1EF1 U+1E7E U+1E7F U+1E88
Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above Latin Capital Letter T With Dot Below Latin Small Letter T With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter U With Dot Below Latin Small Letter U With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Dot Below Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter V With Dot Below Latin Small Letter V With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter W With Dot Below
ẉ Ỵ ỵ Ẓ ẓ
U+1E89 U+1EF4 U+1EF5 U+1E92 U+1E93
Latin Small Letter W With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter Y With Dot Below Latin Small Letter Y With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter Z With Dot Below Latin Small Letter Z With Dot Below

The dot below is also known as underdot.

Uses of Dot Below
Usage Language Letters Notes
Creaky voice Vietnamese Ạạ /a̰ːʔ˨˩/, Ặặ /a̰ʔ˨˩/, Ậậ /ə̰ʔ˨˩/, Ẹẹ /ɛ̰ʔ˨˩/, Ệệ /ḛʔ˨˩/, Ịị /ḭʔ˨˩/, Ọọ /ɔ̰ʔ˨˩/, Ộộ /o̰ʔ˨˩/, Ợợ /ə̰ːʔ˨˩/, Ụụ /ṵʔ˨˩/, Ựự /ɨ̰ʔ˨˩/, Ỵỵ /ḭʔ˨˩/ The dot below stands for low falling tone with creaky voice and a following glottal stop.[29] There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[30]
Lowered vowel Yoruba (Crowther's alphabet) Ẹẹ /ɛ̙/, Ọọ /ɔ̙/ In Yoruba these vowels are also accompanied by retracted tongue root. These letters were used in older forms of Yoruba orthography. See Vertical Line Below.
Raised vowel Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) Ẹẹ /e/, Ẹ́ẹ́ /éː/, Ẹ̀ẹ̀ /é/, Ẹ̏ẹ̏ /è/, Ẹ̑ẹ̑ or Ệệ /èː/, Ọọ /o/, Ọ́ọ́ /óː/, Ọ̀ọ̀ /ó/, Ọ̏ọ̏ /ò/, Ọ̑ọ̑ or Ộộ /òː/ These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[31]

Double Acute Accent

Precomposed Letters with Double Acute Accent
˝ ˶ ◌̋ Ő ő Ű ű
U+02DD U+02F6 U+030B U+0150 U+0151 U+0170 U+0171
Double Acute Accent Modifier Letter Middle Double Acute Accent ​ Combining Double Acute Accent Latin Capital Letter O With Double Acute Latin Small Letter O With Double Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Double Acute Latin Small Letter U With Double Acute
Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Double Prime ʺ (U+02BA), Modifier Letter Double Apostrophe ˮ (U+02EE), Left Double Quotation Mark “ (U+201C), Right Double Quotation Mark ” (U+201D), or Double Prime ″ (U+2033).

The double acute accent (also known as Hungarumlaut) originates from Hungarian orthography. Őő and Űű were introduced to the Hungarian alphabet in the 19th century to replace earlier Ö́ö́ and Ǘǘ.[32]

Uses of Double Acute Accent
Usage Language Letters Notes
Long front version of back vowel Hungarian Őő /øː/, Űű /yː/

Double Grave Accent

Precomposed Letters with Double Grave Accent
˵ ◌̏ Ȁ ȁ Ȅ ȅ Ȉ ȉ Ȍ ȍ Ȑ ȑ Ȕ
U+02F5 U+030F U+0200 U+0201 U+0204 U+0205 U+0208 U+0209 U+020C U+020D U+0210 U+0211 U+0214
Modifier Letter Middle Double Grave Accent Combining Double Grave Accent Latin Capital Letter A With Double Grave Latin Small Letter A With Double Grave Latin Capital Letter E With Double Grave Latin Small Letter E With Double Grave Latin Capital Letter I With Double Grave Latin Small Letter I With Double Grave Latin Capital Letter O With Double Grave Latin Small Letter O With Double Grave Latin Capital Letter R With Double Grave Latin Small Letter R With Double Grave Latin Capital Letter U With Double Grave
ȕ
U+0215
Latin Small Letter U With Double Grave

The double grave accent is not part of the orthography of any language, but it is used in language learning materials of and linguistic publications about Serbian, Croatian and Slovene.[33]

Uses of Double Grave Accent
Usage Language Letters Notes
Short vowel with pitch accent or tone Croatian, Serbian Ȁȁ /â/, Ȅȅ /ê/, Ȉȉ /î/, Ȍȍ /ô/, Ȑȑ /r̩̂/, Ȕȕ /û/ The double grave accent marks here a short vowel with falling pitch.[34]
Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) Ȁȁ /à/, Ȅȅ /ɛ̀/, Ẹ̏ẹ̏ /è/, Ȉȉ /ì/, Ȍȍ /ɔ̀/, Ọ̏ọ̏ /ò/, Ȑȑ /ə̀ɾ/, Ȕȕ /ù/ The double grave accent marks that the vowels are short and have low tone. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[35]

Grave Accent

Precomposed Letters with Grave Accent
` ˋ ˴ ◌̀ ◌̀ À à Ầ ầ Ằ ằ È è
U+0060 U+02CB U+02F4 U+0300 U+0340 U+00C0 U+00E0 U+1EA6 U+1EA7 U+1EB0 U+1EB1 U+00C8 U+00E8
Grave Accent Modifier Letter Grave Accent Modifier Letter Middle Grave Accent Combining Grave Accent Combining Grave Tone Mark Latin Capital Letter A With Grave Latin Small Letter A With Grave Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Grave Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Grave Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Grave Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Grave Latin Capital Letter E With Grave Latin Small Letter E With Grave
Ḕ ḕ Ề ề Ì ì Ǹ ǹ Ò ò Ṑ ṑ Ồ
U+1E14 U+1E15 U+1EC0 U+1EC1 U+00CC U+00EC U+01F8 U+01F9 U+00D2 U+00F2 U+1E50 U+1E51 U+1ED2
Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Grave Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Grave Latin Capital Letter I With Grave Latin Small Letter I With Grave Latin Capital Letter N With Grave Latin Small Letter N With Grave Latin Capital Letter O With Grave Latin Small Letter O With Grave Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Grave
ồ Ờ ờ Ù ù Ǜ ǜ Ừ ừ Ẁ ẁ Ỳ ỳ
U+1ED3 U+1EDC U+1EDD U+00D9 U+00F9 U+01DB U+01DC U+1EEA U+1EEB U+1E80 U+1E81 U+1EF2 U+1EF3
Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Grave Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Grave Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Grave Latin Capital Letter U With Grave Latin Small Letter U With Grave Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Grave Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Grave Latin Capital Letter W With Grave Latin Small Letter W With Grave Latin Capital Letter Y With Grave Latin Small Letter Y With Grave
Uses of Grave Accent
Use Language Letters Notes
Falling tone Vietnamese Àà /a̤ː˨˩/, Ằằ /a̤˨˩/, Ầầ /ə̤˨˩/, Èè /ɛ̤˨˩/, Ềề /e̤˨˩/, Ìì /i̤˨˩/, Òò /ɔ̤˨˩/, Ồồ /o̤˨˩/, Ờờ /ə̤ː˨˩/, Ùù /ṳ˨˩/, Ừừ /ɨ̤˨˩/, Ỳỳ /i̤˨˩/ The grave accent stands for low falling tone with breathy voice. There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[36]
Short vowel Slovene (orthography with dynamic accentuation) Àà /ˈa/, Èè /ˈɛ/, Ìì /ˈi/, Òò /ˈɔ/, R̀r̀ /ˈəɾ/, Ùù /ˈu/ The grave accent marks that these vowels are stressed and short, and that Èè and Òò are mid-open vowels rather than mid-close. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[37]
Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) Àà /á/, Èè /ɛ́/, Ẹ̀ẹ̀ /é/, Ìì /í/, Òò /ɔ́/, Ọ̀ọ̀ /ó/, R̀r̀ /ə́ɾ/, Ùù /ú/ The grave accent marks that these vowels are short and have high pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[38]
Stress Catalan Àà /ˈa/, Èè /ˈɛ/, Òò /ˈɔ/ The rules for when stress is to be marked in Catalan are quite complex. The grave accent also distinguishes stressed /ɛ ɔ/ from /e o/,[39] see Acute Accent, Catalan section on Uses of Acute Accent.

Hook Above

Precomposed Letters with Hook Above
◌̉ Ả ả Ẩ ẩ Ẳ ẳ Ẻ ẻ Ể ể Ỉ ỉ
U+0309 U+1EA2 U+1EA3 U+1EA8 U+1EA9 U+1EB2 U+1EB3 U+1EBA U+1EBB U+1EC2 U+1EC3 U+1EC8 U+1EC9
Combining Hook Above Latin Capital Letter A With Hook Above Latin Small Letter A With Hook Above Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Hook Above Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter E With Hook Above Latin Small Letter E With Hook Above Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter I With Hook Above Latin Small Letter I With Hook Above
Ỏ ỏ Ổ ổ Ở ở Ủ ủ Ử ử Ỷ ỷ
U+1ECE U+1ECF U+1ED4 U+1ED5 U+1EDE U+1EDF U+1EE6 U+1EE7 U+1EEC U+1EED U+1EF6 U+1EF7
Latin Capital Letter O With Hook Above Latin Small Letter O With Hook Above Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Hook Above Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter U With Hook Above Latin Small Letter U With Hook Above Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Hook Above Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter Y With Hook Above Latin Small Letter Y With Hook Above

The hook above (or dấu hỏi) is only used in the Vietnamese Quốc Ngữ orthography, where it marks a tone. Note that this diacritic can be hard to see or discern from other diacritics, especially in small font sizes. When it is stacked on top of another diacritic, it may be cut off in some applications, especially when it appears on a capital letter.

Uses of Hook Above
Usage Language Letters Notes
Falling-rising (dipping) tone Vietnamese Ảả /aː˧˩˧/, Ẳẳ /a˧˩˧/, Ẩẩ /ə˧˩˧/, Ẻẻ /ɛ˧˩˧/, Ểể /e˧˩˧/, Ỉỉ /i˧˩˧/, Ỏỏ /ɔ˧˩˧/, Ổổ /o˧˩˧/, Ởở /əː˧˩˧/, Ủủ /u˧˩˧/, Ửử /ɨ˧˩˧/, Ỷỷ /i˧˩˧/ There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters.[40]

Horn

Precomposed Letters with Horn
◌̛ Ơ ơ Ớ ớ Ờ ờ Ở ở Ỡ ỡ Ợ ợ
U+031B U+01A0 U+01A1 U+1EDA U+1EDB U+1EDC U+1EDD U+1EDE U+1EDF U+1EE0 U+1EE1 U+1EE2 U+1EE3
Combining Horn Latin Capital Letter O With Horn Latin Small Letter O With Horn Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Grave Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Grave Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Hook Above Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Tilde Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Tilde Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Dot Below Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Dot Below
Ư ư Ứ ứ Ừ ừ Ử ử Ữ ữ Ự ự
U+01AF U+01B0 U+1EE8 U+1EE9 U+1EEA U+1EEB U+1EEC U+1EED U+1EEE U+1EEF U+1EF0 U+1EF1
Latin Capital Letter U With Horn Latin Small Letter U With Horn Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Acute Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Grave Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Grave Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Hook Above Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Tilde Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Tilde Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Dot Below Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Dot Below

The horn diacritic (or dấu móc) is only used in the Vietnamese Quốc Ngữ orthography, where it is used for discerning different vowel qualities.

Uses of Horn
Usage Language Letters Notes
Unrounded central vowel Vietnamese Ơơ /əː˧/, Ớớ /əː˧˥/, Ờờ /ə̤ː˨˩/, Ởở /əː˧˩˧/, Ỡỡ /əˀː˧˥/, Ợợ /ə̰ːʔ˨˩/, Ưư /ɨ˧/, Ứứ /ɨ˧˥/, Ừừ /ɨ̤˨˩/, Ửử /ɨ˧˩˧/, Ữữ /ɨˀ˧˥/, Ựự /ɨ̰ʔ˨˩/

Inverted Breve

Precomposed Letters with Inverted Breve
U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+
Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter
U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+
Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter Latin Capital Letter Latin Small Letter
Uses of Inverted Breve
Usage Language Letters Notes
Long vowel with low pitch Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) Ȃȃ /àː/, Ȇȇ /ɛ̀ː/, Ẹ̑ẹ̑ /èː/, Ȋȋ /ìː/, Ȏȏ /ɔ̀ː/, Ọ̑ọ̑ /òː/, Ȗȗ /ùː/ Circumflex may be used instead of inverted breve. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[41]

Macron

Precomposed Letters with Macron
¯ ˉ ◌̄ Ā ā Ǟ ǟ Ǡ ǡ Ǣ ǣ Ē ē
U+00AF U+02C9 U+0304 U+0100 U+0101 U+01DE U+01DF U+01E0 U+01E1 U+01E2 U+01E3 U+0112 U+0113
Macron Modifier Letter Macron Combining Macron Latin Capital Letter A With Macron Latin Small Letter A With Macron Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron Latin Capital Letter Ae With Macron Latin Small Letter Ae With Macron Latin Capital Letter E With Macron Latin Small Letter E With Macron
Note: May be confused with Overline, ‾ (U+203E); Combining Double Macron, ◌͞ (U+035E); or Superscript Minus, ⁻ (U+207B).
Ḕ ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ḡ ḡ Ī ī Ḹ ḹ Ō ō Ǭ
U+1E14 U+1E15 ​ U+1E16 U+1E17 U+1E20 U+1E21 U+012A U+012B U+1E38 U+1E39 U+014C ​ U+014D U+01EC
Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute Latin Capital Letter G With Macron Latin Small Letter G With Macron Latin Capital Letter I With Macron Latin Small Letter I With Macron Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below And Macron Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below And Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Macron Latin Small Letter O With Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek And Macron
ǭ Ṑ ṑ Ṓ ṓ Ȫ ȫ Ȭ ȭ Ȱ ȱ Ṝ ṝ
U+01ED U+1E50 U+1E51 U+1E52 U+1E53 U+022A U+022B U+022C U+022D U+0230 U+0231 U+1E5C U+1E5D
Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek And Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below And Macron Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below And Macron
Ū ū Ṻ ṻ Ǖ ǖ Ȳ ȳ
U+016A U+016B U+1E7A U+1E7B U+01D5 U+01D6 U+0232 U+0233
Latin Capital Letter U With Macron Latin Small Letter U With Macron Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Capital Letter Y With Macron Latin Small Letter Y With Macron
Uses of Macron
Use Language Letters Notes
Long vowel Latgalian Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/
Latvian Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/ and /æː/, Īī /iː/, Ūū /uː/
Livonian Āā /ɑː/, Ǟǟ /æː/, Ēē /ɛː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/, Ūū /u/

Middle Dot

Precomposed Letters with Middle Dot
· Ŀ ŀ
U+00B7 U+013F U+0140
Middle Dot Latin Capital Letter L With Middle Dot Latin Small Letter L With Middle Dot
Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Half Triangular Colon, ˑ (U+02D1); Bullet, • (U+2022); Bullet Operator, ∙ (U+2219); Dot Operator, ⋅ (U+22C5); or Hyphenation Point, ‧ (U+2027).

The middle dot is also known by the names interpunct, interpoint, centered (centred) dot and space dot. The dot operator ⋅ (U+22C5) may also be called middle dot.[[42]
In ancient Latin and several other scripts, the middle dot was used instead of space for separating words.[43]

Uses of Middle Dot
Usage Language Letters Notes
Digraph disambiguation Catalan Ŀl ŀl /lː/ Ll ll without middle dot stands for /ʎ/.

Ogonek

Precomposed Letters with Ogonek
˛ ◌̨ Ą ą Ę ę Į į Ǫ ǫ Ǭ ǭ Ų
U+02DB U+0328 U+0104 U+0105 U+0118 U+0119 U+012E U+012F U+01EA U+01EB U+01EC U+01ED U+0172
Ogonek Combining Ogonek Latin Capital Letter A With Ogonek Latin Small Letter A With Ogonek Latin Capital Letter E With Ogonek Latin Small Letter E With Ogonek Latin Capital Letter I With Ogonek Latin Small Letter I With Ogonek Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek And Macron Latin Capital Letter U With Ogonek
ų
U+0173
Latin Small Letter U With Ogonek

In European languages the ogonek is attached to the right side of Aa, Ee and u, but in Native American languages it is supposed to be placed directly under the letter if technically possible.[44] There are no separate Unicode poins for these variants. Note that the ogonek may be confused with cedilla ¸.

Uses of Ogonek
Usage Language Letters Notes

Retroflex Hook

Precomposed Letters with Retroflex Hook
◌̢ ɖ ʯ ɭ ᶩ ɳ ᶯ Ɽ ɽ ɻ ʵ ʂ ᶳ
U+0322 U+0256 U+02AF U+026D U+1DA9 U+0273 U+1DAF U+2C64 U+027D U+027B U+02B5 U+0282 U+1DB3
Combining Retroflex Hook Below Latin Small Letter D With Tail Latin Small Letter Turned H With Fishhook And Tail Latin Small Letter L With Retroflex Hook Modifier Letter Small L With Retroflex Hook Latin Small Letter N With Retroflex Hook Modifier Letter Small N With Retroflex Hook Latin Capital Letter R With Tail Latin Small Letter R With Tail Latin Small Letter Turned R With Hook Modifier Letter Small Turned R With Hook Latin Small Letter S With Hook Modifier Letter Small S With Hook
Note: It is not recommended that this combining diacritic is used with letters to create new characters.[45] Note: Upper case of this letter is Latin Capital Letter African D, Ɖ (U+0189). Note: Phonetic character used by sinologist to denote [ʐ̩ʷ].[46] Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.
Ʈ ʈ ʐ ᶼ
U+01AE U+0288 U+0290 U+1DBC
Latin Capital Letter T With Retroflex Hook Latin Small Letter T With Retroflex Hook Latin Small Letter Z With Retroflex Hook Modifier Letter Small Z With Retroflex Hook
Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.

The retroflex hook is variously also called just a hook, or a tail, in Unicode. They all have in common that it is a hook turning towards the right, attached to the bottom of a letter. The majority of these letters are used in IPA to represent retroflex consonants.
Note that the retroflex hook is easily confused with the similar looking Palatalized Hook ◌̡. There are also letters with other hooks, such as Ɓɓ, Ƈƈ, Ɗɗ, Ƒƒ, Ɠɠ, ʛ, ɦ, ɧ, Ƙƙ, ɱ, Ɲɲ, Ɋɋ, ʠ, Ƥƥ, Ƭƭ, Ʋʋ, Ƴƴ, Ȥȥ.

Uses of Retroflex Hook
Usage Language Letters Notes

Ring Above

Precomposed Letters with Ring Above
˚ ◌̊ Å å Ǻ ǻ Ů ů ẘ ẙ
U+02DA U+030A U+00C5 U+00E5 U+01FA U+01FB U+016E U+016F U+1E98 U+1E99
Ring Above Combining Ring Above Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Ring Above Latin Small Letter U With Ring Above Latin Small Letter W With Ring Above Latin Small Letter Y With Ring Above
Note: May be confused with the Degree Sign ° (U+00B0) Note: May be confused with the Ångström Sign Å (U+212B).
Uses of Ring Above
Use Language Letters Notes
Back version of front vowel. Often also rounded. Chamorro Åå /ɑ/
Danish, Norwegian Åå /ɔ/ From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[47]
Swedish Åå /o/ From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[48]
Long vowel Czech Ůů /uː/ This comes from a diphthong /uo/, where the o was sometimes written as a ring above the u. A sound change then turned /uo/ into /uː/.[49]

Stroke

Precomposed Letters with Stroke
◌̸ ◌̷ Ⱥ ⱥ Ȼ ȼ Ɇ ɇ Ł ł ᴌ ƛ Ø
U+0338 U+0337 U+023A U+2C65 U+023B U+023C U+0246 U+0247 U+0141 U+0142 U+1D0C U+019B U+00D8
Combining Long Solidus Overlay Combining Short Solidus Overlay Latin Capital Letter A With Stroke Latin Small Letter A With Stroke Latin Capital Letter C With Stroke Latin Small Letter C With Stroke Latin Capital Letter E With Stroke Latin Small Letter E With Stroke Latin Capital Letter L With Stroke Latin Small Letter L With Stroke Latin Letter Small Capital L With Stroke Latin Small Letter Lambda With Stroke Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke
Note: May be confused with Cedi Sign, ₵ (U+20B5). Note: May be confused with Cent Sign, ¢ (U+00A2). ​ Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: May be confused with Empty Set, ∅ (U+2205).
ø ᴓ Ǿ ǿ ẜ Ⱦ ⱦ ᵺ
U+00F8 U+1D13 U+01FE U+01FF U+1E9C U+023E U+2C66 U+1D7A
Latin Small Letter O With Stroke Latin Small Letter Sideways O With Stroke Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Stroke And Acute Latin Small Letter Long S With Diagonal Stroke Latin Capital Letter T With Diagonal Stroke Latin Small Letter T With Diagonal Stroke Latin Small Letter Th With Strikethrough
Note: May be confused with Diameter Sign, ⌀ (U+2300). Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used in some American dictionaries.[50] Not used in any orthography.

This diacritic, and the one consisting of a horizontal bar, may both be called stroke in Unicode. In this article they are treated as two separate diacritics. Latin Small Letter Eth, ð, is found is listed under the bar diacritic. There are several currency symbols and mathematical symbols with strokes, but they are not included here.

Uses of Stroke
Usage Language Letters Notes
Letter extension Sahaptin ƛ /t͡ɬ/, ƛ’ /t͡ɬʼ/ According to Wikipedia, it is "used in transcribing Sahaptin".[51]

Tilde

Precomposed Letters with Tilde
~ ˜ ​ ◌̃ Ã ã Ẫ ẫ Ẵ ẵ Ẽ ẽ Ễ ễ
U+007E U+02DC U+0303 ​ U+00C3 U+00E3 ​ U+1EAA U+1EAB U+1EB4 U+1EB5 U+1EBC U+1EBD U+1EC4 U+1EC5
Tilde Small Tilde Combining Tilde Latin Capital Letter A With Tilde Latin Small Letter A With Tilde Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Tilde Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Tilde Latin Capital Letter E With Tilde Latin Small Letter E With Tilde Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde
Note: May be confused with swung dash ⁓ (U+2053).
Ĩ ĩ Ñ ñ Õ õ Ȭ ȭ Ṍ ṍ Ṏ ṏ Ỗ
U+0128 U+0129 ​ U+00D1 U+00F1 U+00D5 U+00F5 U+022C U+022D U+1E4C U+1E4D U+1E4E U+1E4F U+1ED6
Latin Capital Letter I With Tilde Latin Small Letter I With Tilde Latin Capital Letter N With Tilde Latin Small Letter N With Tilde Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde Latin Small Letter O With Tilde Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde
ỗ Ỡ ỡ Ũ ũ Ṹ ṹ Ữ ữ Ṽ ṽ Ỹ ỹ
U+1ED7 U+1EE0 U+1EE1 U+0168 U+0169 U+1E78 U+1E79 U+1EEE U+1EEF U+1E7C U+1E7D U+1EF8 U+1EF9
Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Tilde Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Tilde Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde Latin Small Letter U With Tilde Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Tilde Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Tilde Latin Capital Letter V With Tilde Latin Small Letter V With Tilde Latin Capital Letter Y With Tilde Latin Small Letter Y With Tilde
Uses of Tilde
Use Language Letters Notes
Glottalized vowel Vietnamese Ãã /aˀː˧˥/, Ẵẵ /aˀ˧˥/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ẽẽ /ɛˀ˧˥/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ĩĩ /iˀ˧˥/, Õõ /ɔˀ˧˥/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ỡỡ /əˀː˧˥/, Ũũ /uˀ˧˥/, Ữữ /ɨˀ˧˥/, Ỹỹ /iˀ˧˥/ The tilde stands for mid rising tone interrupted by a glottal stop.[52] There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[53]
Unrounded vowel Estonian Õõ /ɤ/
Other Livonian Õõ /ɨ/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/

Vertical Line Below

Precomposed Letters with Vertical Line Below
ˌ ◌̩
U+02CC U+0329
Modifier Letter Low Vertical Line Combining Vertical Line Below
Note: Whether this can be said to be the non-combining version of vertical line below is open to debate. This character is used for marking secondary stress in IPA, while combining vertical line below is used for marking syllabic consonants in IPA.

No actual precomposed letters with this diacritic actually exist.

Uses of Vertical Line Below
Usage Language Letters Notes
Lowered vowel with retracted tongue root Yoruba (current Nigerian alphabet) E̩e̩ /ɛ̙/, O̩o̩ /ɔ̙/ The vertical line below replaced an earlier dot below. This is because the dots get covered when a word is underlined. In Benin, a different alphabet is used for Yoruba.[54]
Postalveolar consonant Yoruba (current Nigerian alphabet) S̩s̩ /ʃ/
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet&oldid=72167"