Ibran sound changes

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Sound changes from Latin to Ibran.

Common changes

(Changes to Ibran-flavored Vulgar Latin.)

  1. Word-final /m/ → ∅
    In some function words (e.g. meum, iam) this /m/ |M| → /n/ |N|
  2. /mn/ → /nn/
  3. Final /t/ → ∅
  4. /h/ → ∅
  5. /e/ or /i/ in hiatus in unstressed penult → /j/ |I| (transcribed as |j|)
  6. V in unstressed penult → ∅
  7. /tk/ → /tʃ/ |Z|
  8. Word-stress vowels:
    /aː a/ → /ɑ/ |A|
    /e aj/ → /ɛ/ |E| (tr. |ę|)
    /i eː oj/ → /e/ |E| (tr. ||)
    /iː/ → /i/ |I|
    /o/ → /ɔ/ |O| (tr. |ǫ|)
    /u oː aw/ → /o/ |O| (tr. ||)
    /uː/ → /u/ |V| (tr. |u|)
  9. Unstressed vowels:
    /aː a/ → /ɑ/ |A|
    /i eː e oj aj/ → /ɛ/ |E|
    /iː/ → /i/ |I|
    /u oː o aw/ → /ɔ/ |O|
    /uː/ → /u/ |V| (tr. |u|)

Verb endings

Latin verbs in -ere generally merge with those in -ēre. The following are the ancestral forms of the Ibran verb endings.

Verbs in -āre (-áre)

  • Present: -o, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
  • Imperfect: -á, -ás, -á, -ámos, -átes, -án.
  • Preterite: -ái, -ásti, -áe, -ámos, -ástes, -áron.
  • Present subjunctive: -e, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
  • Imperfect subjunctive: -ásse, -ásses, -ásse, -assẹ́mos, -assẹ́tes, -ássen.

Verbs in -ēre and -ĕre (-ẹ́re)

  • Pres. -jo/-o, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
  • Impf. -ẹ́a, -ẹ́as, -ẹ́a, -eámos, -eátes, -ẹ́an.
  • Pret. -i, -ẹ́sti, -e, -ímos, -ístes, -ẹ́ron.
  • Pr.subj. -a, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
  • Impf.subj. -ẹ́sse, -ẹ́sses, -ẹ́sse, -essẹ́mos, -essẹ́tes, --ẹ́ssen.

Verbs in -īre (-íre)

  • Pres. -jo, -is, -e, -ímos, -ítes, -jon.
  • Impf. -jẹ́a, -jẹ́as, -jẹ́a, -jeámos, -jeátes, -jẹ́an.
  • Pret. -í, -ísti, -íe, -ímos, -ístes, -iẹ́ron.
  • Pr.subj. -ja, -jas, -ja, -jámos, -játes, -jan.
  • Impf.subj. -ísse, -ísses, -ísse, -issẹ́mos, -issẹ́tes, -íssen.

Early changes

  1. /[voiced consonant]j/ → /dʒ/ |I| (tr. |j|)
  2. /[unvoiced cons.]j/ → /tʃ/ |Z|
  3. /j/ → /dʒ/ (V)_V
    Occasionally any of these /dʒ/ will reduce entirely to /j/ |Y| (by dialectal influence?)
  4. /nn nj/ → /ɲ/ |NH|
  5. /ll lj/ → /ʎ/ |LL|
  6. /d ɡ/ → ∅ V_V
  7. /b/ → /v/ |V| V_V
  8. /ɑi ɑɛ ɛɛ/ → /ɛj/ |EI| (tr. |ęj|)
  9. /eɛ ei/ → /ej/ |EI| (tr. |ẹj|)
  10. /ɔi oi/ → /ɔj oj/ |OI| (tr. |ǫj ọj|)
    These three rules do not take effect if the second vowel is stressed.
  11. /k ɡ kʷ/ → /tʃ dʒ kʲ/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[V+front]
  12. /k ɡ kʷ/ → /kʲ ɡʲ k/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[a]
  13. /k ɡ kʷ/ → /k ɡ k̠/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[V+back]
  14. /p f t s k kʲ k̠/ → /b v l z ɡ ɡʲ ɡ̄/ |B V L S G G GV| (|gu|) V_V
    An original /l ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /d ... l/ (oblitare*obdilare)
    An original /t ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /l ... d/ (veritatem*verilade)
  15. /p t k/ → /b d ɡ/ |B D G| V_[r,l]
  16. /f/ → /v/ |V| _[r,l]
  17. /tt kk ss rr/ → /t k s r/ |T C SS R|
  18. /ɑ[velar] e[velar] i[velar] o[velar] u[velar] → /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|ae ęj ẹj oe ọj|) [stressedV]_[dental,nasal]
    • the [velar] may be a lateral
  19. /ɑ[velar,dental] e[velar,dental] i[velar,dental] o[velar,dental] u[velar,dental] → /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|ae ęj ẹj oe ọj|) [stressedV]_[sibilant]
    But /i[velar,dental][sibilant] u[velar,dental][sibilant]/ → /i[sibilant+long] u[sibilant+long]/
    (complicated... but basically:
    aKT aKN aKS/aTS → aeT aeN aeS
    eKT eKN eKS/eTS → eiT eiN eiS
    iKT iKN iKS/iTS → éiT éiN iSS
    oKT oKN oKS/oTS → oeT oeN oeS
    uKT uKN uKS/uTS → óiT óiN uSS)
    The eKT... ond oKT... rules go into effect whichever quality of E vowel is involved. In unstressed syllables—I won't bother writing the rule here—the element assimilates:
    aKT aKN aKS/aTS → aTT aNN aSS
    eKT eKN eKS/eTS → eTT eNN eSS
    iKT iKN iKS/iTS → iTT iNN iSS
    oKT oKN oKS/oTS → oTT oNN oSS
    uKT uKN uKS/uTS → uTT uNN uSS
  20. /o u/[-stress] → /a œ/ |A EV| (|à eu|) _C[V+front]
  21. /ɑ e o/ → /a i œ/ |A I EV| (|à i eu|) _/ɲ,ʎ/
  22. /ɑrj erj orj/ → /aːr ɛːr œːr/ |AIR EIR EUR|
  23. /ɑ/ → /a/ r_ (unless _r or _[velar])
  24. /ɛ e ɔ o/ → /jɛ je ɔj/wɛ uː/o/ |IE IE OI/UE UO/O| when stressed.
    ɔj/wɛ — wɛ in syllables closed by sonorants, ɔj elsewhere
    uː/o — uː in open syllables, o in closed ones. (The spelling |uo| comes from an intermediate /wo/ stage)
    e/ɛ — do not palatalize after shibilants
  25. /f/ → /h/ |h| _[V+round]
  26. final V (including /a/ but not /ɑ/), and V before final /s/ ← ∅ (unless restored by analogy)
  27. final /ɑ/ → /ə/ |e|
  28. /ɑ/ between the initial syllable and the stressed syllable reduces to /ə/ |a|
  29. other vowels between the initial syllable and the stressed syllable drop if the syllable structure allows it, or reduce to /ə/ |e| if not
  30. plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es| (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
  31. initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.
  32. /m/ → /w̃/ |ũ| _C
  33. [labial,lateral] → /w/ |u| _C
  34. /aw ɑw əw ʌw/ → /oː/
  35. /ɛw ew iw/ → /œː øː yː/
  36. /ɔw ow uw/ → /oː oː uː/

About this point (the beginning of the Old Ibran period) the orthography stabilizes, including the introduction of some accent marks to alleviate homography.

Later changes

  1. Nasalized vowels denasalize
  2. /Vn/ → /V~/ finally and before consonants
  3. Neutralization of voicing in fricatives (which assimilate in voicing to the following phoneme, or voiceless when final)
  4. /u/ → /y/
  5. /ʎ/ → /j/ (/iʎ/ → /iː/ finally or before consonants)
  6. /ɡl/ → /lː/
  7. /tʃ tʃː dʒ dʒː/ → /ç tʃ ʝ dʒ/
  8. /i/ in hiatus → /ji/


Roesan changes

  1. /õ ã/ → /ũ ɐ̃/
  2. syllable-initial /j/ → /ʝ/; /dj tj sj/ → /ɟʝ cç ç/
  3. /s/ assimilates to following consonants
  4. /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
  5. /w/ → ∅ _[V+rounded]
  6. /kʲ/ → /tʃ/
  7. /k/ → /kʲ/
  8. /k̠/ → /k/
  9. final stops devoice
  10. loss of schwa in final syllables
  11. loss of /h/
  12. /ɔɛ ɑɛ/ → /ɔː aː/
  13. /ej ɛj/ → /ɛj/
  14. /oj ɔj/ → /œj/

Paysan changes

  1. /ĩ õ ỹ/ → /ɛ̃ ɔ̃ œ̃/
  2. /a (ã)/ → /æ (æ̃)/
  3. /s/ → ∅ before following consonants (/esC osC/ → /ɛC ɔC/)
  4. /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
  5. Unstressed short vowels → /ə/ (even in diphthonɡs, thus /əj/)
  6. /kʲ/ → /tʃ/
  7. /k̠/ → /k/
  8. /ɔɛ̃ ɑɛ̃/ /ɔ̃ː æ̃ː/
  9. /ɔɛ oj ɑɛ/ → /ɔj ɔj ɑj/
  10. /ɡ/ → /x/