Ibran sound changes
From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
Sound changes from Latin to Ibran.
Common changes
Latin to Ibran-flavored Vulgar Latin.
№ | Phonetic Rule | Orthographic Rule | Example | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | m > ∅ / __# | m > ∅ / __# | causam | ˈkau.sam | > | causa | ˈkau.sa |
m > n / __# | m > n / __# | jam | ˈjam | > | jan | ˈjan | |
The latter change applies in some function words and probably all monosyllables. | |||||||
2 | { m, ŋ } > n / __n | { m, g } > n / __n | cognoscere | koŋ.nosˈkeːre | > | connoscere | kon.nosˈkeːre |
3 | { t, k, d } > ∅ / __# | { t, c, d } > ∅ / __# | potit | ˈpo.tit | > | poti | ˈpo.ti |
4 | h > ∅ | h > ∅ | habere | haˈbeːre | > | abere | aˈbeːre |
5 | { e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V | { e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V | perdiu | ˈper.di.uː | > | perdju | ˈper.djuː |
6 | V[-stress][+penult] > ∅ | V[-stress][+penult] > ∅ | genere | ˈɡe.ne.re | > | genre | ˈɡen.re |
7 | tk > tʃ | tc > ç | portcu | ˈport.ku | > | porçu | ˈpor.tʃu |
*|ç| should be that 'Visigothic Z' |ꝣ| in actuality | |||||||
8 | { a, aː }[+stress] > ɑ | no change | parte | ˈpar.te | > | parte | ˈpɑr.te |
{ e, aj }[+stress] > ɛ | ae[+stress] > e | gente caecu |
ˈɡen.te ˈkaj.ku |
> > |
gente cecu |
ˈɡɛn.te ˈkɛ.ku | |
{ i, eː, oj }[+stress] > e | { i, e, oe }[+stress] > é | spissu jacere foedu |
ˈspis.su jaˈkeːre ˈfoj.du |
> > > |
spéssu jacére fédu |
ˈspes.su jaˈke.re ˈfe.du | |
iː[+stress] > i | no change | audire | auˈdiːre | > | audire | auˈdi.re | |
o[+stress] > ɔ | no change | ovu | ˈo.vu | > | ovu | ˈɔ.vu | |
{ u, oː, au }[+stress] > o | { u, o, au }[+stress] > ó | muttu totu paucu |
ˈmut.tu ˈtoːtu ˈpau.ku |
> > > |
móttu tótu pócu |
ˈmot.tu ˈto.tu ˈpo.ku | |
uː[+stress] > u | no change | unu | ˈuːnu | > | unu | ˈu.nu | |
9 | { a, aː }[-stress] > ɑ | no change | marritu | marˈri.tu | > | marrito | mɑrˈri.tɔ |
{ i, eː, e, oj, aj }[-stress] > ɛ | { i, oe, ae }[-stress] > e | bibére | biˈbe.re | > | bebére | bɛˈbe.rɛ | |
iː[-stress] > i | no change | ficatu | fiːˈkɑ.tu | > | ficato | fiˈkɑ.tɔ | |
{ u, oː, o, au }[-stress] > ɔ | { u, au }[-stress] > o | audire | auˈdi.re | > | odire | ɔˈdi.rɛ | |
uː[-stress] > u | no change | tutare | tuːˈtɑ.re | > | tutare | tuˈtɑ.rɛ |
Verb endings
Latin verbs in -ere generally merge with those in -ēre. The following are the ancestral forms of the Ibran verb endings.
Verbs in -āre (-áre)
- Present: -o, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
- Imperfect: -á, -ás, -á, -ámos, -átes, -án.
- Preterite: -ái, -ásti, -áe, -ámos, -ástes, -áron.
- Present subjunctive: -e, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
- Imperfect subjunctive: -ásse, -ásses, -ásse, -assẹ́mos, -assẹ́tes, -ássen.
Verbs in -ēre and -ĕre (-ẹ́re)
- Pres. -jo/-o, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
- Impf. -ẹ́a, -ẹ́as, -ẹ́a, -eámos, -eátes, -ẹ́an.
- Pret. -i, -ẹ́sti, -e, -ímos, -ístes, -ẹ́ron.
- Pr.subj. -a, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
- Impf.subj. -ẹ́sse, -ẹ́sses, -ẹ́sse, -essẹ́mos, -essẹ́tes, --ẹ́ssen.
Verbs in -īre (-íre)
- Pres. -jo, -is, -e, -ímos, -ítes, -jon.
- Impf. -jẹ́a, -jẹ́as, -jẹ́a, -jeámos, -jeátes, -jẹ́an.
- Pret. -í, -ísti, -íe, -ímos, -ístes, -iẹ́ron.
- Pr.subj. -ja, -jas, -ja, -jámos, -játes, -jan.
- Impf.subj. -ísse, -ísses, -ísse, -issẹ́mos, -issẹ́tes, -íssen.
Early changes
№ | Phonetic Rule | Orthographic Rule | Example | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | { [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > dʒ | { [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > j | perdju | ˈpɛr.dju | > | perju | ˈper.dʒu |
2 | { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > tʃ | { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > ç | propjo | ˈprɔ.pjɔ | > | proço | ˈprɔ.tʃɔ |
* Should be spelled the same way as the outcome of VL#7 above. | |||||||
3 | j > dʒ / { #, V }__V | no change | jocare | jɔˈkɑ.rɛ | > | jocare | dʒɔˈkɑ.rɛ |
* Sometimes #1 or #3 may result in |y| /j/ instead. | |||||||
4 | { nn, nj } > ɲ | { nn, nj } > nh | connoscére | kɔn.nɔsˈke.rɛ | > | conhoscére | kɔ.ɲɔsˈke.rɛ |
5 | { ll, lj } > ʎ | { ll, lj } > ll[confirm] | stella | ˈstɛl.lɑ | > | stella | ˈstɛ.ʎɑ |
* Why isn't this |lh|, parallel with |nh| from #4? | |||||||
6 | { d, ɡ } > ∅ / V__V | { d, g } > ∅ / V__V | vedére | vɛˈde.rɛ | > | veére | vɛˈe.rɛ |
7 | b > v / V__V | b > v / V__V | abére | ɑˈbe.rɛ | > | avére | ɑˈve.rɛ |
8 | { ɑ, ɛ }{ i, ɛ }[-stress] > ɛj | { a, e }{ i, e }[-stress] > ei | pee | ˈpɛ.ɛ | > | pei | ˈpɛj |
9 | { ɛ, i }[-stress] > j / e__ | e[-stress] > i / é__ | fée | ˈfe.ɛ | > | féi | ˈfej |
10 | { i }[-stress] > j / { ɔ, o }__ | no change | ói | ˈo.i | > | ói | ˈoj |
11 | k > tʃ / __V[+front] | no change | dicére | diˈke.rɛ | > | dicére | diˈtʃe.rɛ |
ɡ > dʒ / __V[+front] | no change | gente | ˈɡɛn.tɛ | > | gente | ˈdʒɛn.tɛ | |
kʷ > kʲ / __V[+front] | no change | porque | pɔrˈkʷɛ | > | porque | pɔrˈkʲɛ | |
ɡʷ > ɡʲ / __V[+front] | no change | anguélla | ɑnˈɡʷe.ʎɑ | > | anguélla | ɑnˈɡʲe.ʎɑ | |
12 | k > kʲ / __ɑ | no change | locale | lɔˈkɑ.lɛ | > | locale | lɔˈkʲɑ.lɛ |
ɡ > ɡʲ / __ɑ | no change | galbino | ɡɑlˈbi.nɔ | > | galbino | ɡʲɑlˈbi.nɔ | |
kʷ > k / __ɑ | no change | qualqué | ˈkʷɑl.ke | > | qualqué | ˈkɑl.ke | |
ɡʷ > ɡ / __ɑ | no change | léngua | ˈlen.ɡʷɑ | > | léngua | ˈlen.ɡɑ | |
13 | kʷ > k̠ / __V[+back] | no change | quómdo | ˈkʷom.dɔ | > | quómdo | ˈk̠om.dɔ |
ɡʷ > ɡ̠ / __V[+back] | no change | exténguo | ɛksˈten.ɡʷɔ | > | exténguo | ɛksˈten.ɡ̠ɔ | |
14 | p > b / V__V | p > b / V__V | sapére | sɑˈpe.rɛ | > | sabére | sɑˈbe.rɛ |
f > v / V__V | f > v / V__V | proféta | prɔˈfe.tɑ | > | provéla | prɔˈve.lɑ | |
l > d / V__VtV | l > d / V__VtV | oblitare | ɔb.liˈtɑ.rɛ | > | obdilare | ɔb.diˈlɑ.rɛ | |
t > d / VtV__V | t > d / VtV__V | veretate | vɛ.rɛˈtɑ.tɛ | > | verelade | vɛ.rɛˈlɑ.dɛ | |
t > l / V__V | t > l / V__V | pote | ˈpɔ.tɛ | > | pole | ˈpɔ.lɛ | |
s > z / V__V | no change | cósa | ˈko.sɑ | > | cósa | ˈko.zɑ | |
k > ɡ / V__V | { c, q } > g / V__V | veraco | vɛˈrɑ.ko | > | verago | vɛˈrɑ.ɡɔ | |
kʲ > ɡʲ / V__V | { c, q } > g / V__V | locale | lɔˈkʲɑ.lɛ | > | logale | lɔˈɡʲɑ.lɛ | |
k̠ > ɡ̠ / V__V | qu > gu / V__V | sequo | ˈsɛ.k̠ɔ | > | seguo | ˈsɛ.ɡ̠ɔ | |
15 | p > b / V__{ r, l } | p > b / V__{ r, l } | Aprile | ɑˈpri.lɛ | > | Abrile | ɑˈbri.lɛ |
t > d / V__{ r, l } | t > d / V__{ r, l } | matre | ˈmɑ.trɛ | > | madre | ˈmɑ.drɛ | |
k > ɡ / V__{ r, l } | c > g / V__{ r, l } | oclo | ˈɔk.lɔ | > | oglo | ˈɔɡ.lɔ | |
16 | f > v / __{ r, l } | f > v / __{ r, l } | flóre | ˈflo.rɛ | > | vlóre | ˈvlo.rɛ |
17 | pp > p | pp > p | scuppire | skupˈpi.re | > | scupire | skuˈpi.re |
tt > t | tt > t | mótto | ˈmot.tɔ | > | móto | ˈmo.tɔ | |
kk > k | cc > c | toccare | tɔkˈkʲɑ.rɛ | > | tocare | tɔˈkʲɑ.rɛ | |
ss > s | no change | passare | pɑsˈsɑ.rɛ | > | passare | pɑˈsɑ.rɛ | |
rr > r | rr > r | marrilo | mɑrˈri.lɔ | > | marilo | mɑˈri.lɔ | |
18 | { a, ɑ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɑɛ̯ / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] |
{ à, a }{ c, g, l } > ae / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] |
facto | ˈfɑk.tɔ | > | faeto | ˈfɑɛ̯.tɔ |
{ e, ɛ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɛj / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] |
{ e, é }{ c, g, l } > ei / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] |
pecto | ˈpɛk.tɔ | > | peito | ˈpɛj.tɔ | |
i[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ej / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] |
i{ c, g, l } > éi / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] |
coniglo | kɔˈniɡ.lɔ | > | conéilo | kɔˈnej.lɔ | |
{ o, ɔ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɔɛ̯ / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] |
{ o, ó }{ c, g, l } > oe / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] |
oglo | ˈɔɡ.lɔ | > | oelo | ˈɔɛ̯.lɔ | |
u[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > oj / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] |
u{ c, g, l } > ói / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] |
buglo | ˈbuɡ.lɔ | > | bóilo | ˈboj.lɔ | |
* And the rules for what makes a lateral [+back] are...? | |||||||
19 | { a, ɑ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɑɛ̯ / __[+sibilant] | { à, a }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ae / __[+sibilant] | laxo | ˈlɑk.sɔ | > | laesso | ˈlɑɛ̯.sɔ |
{ e, ɛ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɛj / __[+sibilant] | { e, é }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ei / __[+sibilant] | méxto | ˈmeks.tɔ | > | meisto | ˈmɛjs.tɔ | |
i[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > iC[+sibilant][+long] / __ | i{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > isC[+sibilant] / __ | salsiço | sɑlˈsi.tʃɔ | > | salsisço | sɑlˈsiʃ.ʃɔ | |
{ o, ɔ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɔɛ̯ / __[+sibilant] | { o, ó }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > oe / __[+sibilant] | coxa | ˈkɔk.sɑ | > | coessa | ˈkɔɛ̯.sɑ | |
u[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > uC[+sibilant][+long] / __ | u{ [+velar], [+dental]C[+sibilant] } > usC[+sibilant] / __ | duce | ˈdu.tʃɛ | > | dusce | ˈduʃ.ʃɛ | |
* |ss| is probably used for both /s/ and any /sː/ that might occur. Unless some monstrosity like |sß| begins to appeal to me... | |||||||
19b | C[+velar]C2{ [+dental], [+nasal] } > C2[+long] / V[-stress]__ | C[+velar]C2{ [+dental], [+nasal] } > C2C2 / V[-stress]__ | eccésto | ɛkˈtʃes.tɔ | > | eccésto | ɛtˈtʃes.tɔ |
C{ [+dental], [+velar] }C2[+sibilant] > C2[+long] / V[-stress]__ | C{ [+dental], [+velar] }C2[+sibilant] > sC2 / V[-stress]__ | pensare | pɛnˈsɑrɛ | > | pessare ?pesßare |
pɛsˈsɑrɛ | |
20 | ɔ[-stress] > a / __CV[+front] | o > à / __CV[+front] | volére | vɔˈle.rɛ | > | vàlére | vaˈle.rɛ |
u[-stress] > œ / __CV[+front] | u > eu / __CV[+front] | scupire | skuˈpi.rɛ | > | squeupire ?squèpire |
skœˈpi.rɛ | |
* My urge for symmetry is making me want to use |è| instead of |eu| now... | |||||||
21 | ɑ > a / __{ ɲ, ʎ } | a > à / __{ nh, ll } | montanha | mɔnˈtɑ.ɲɑ | > | montànha | mɔnˈta.ɲɑ |
{ ɛ, e } > i / __{ ɲ, ʎ } | { e, é } > i / __{ nh, ll } | éllo | ˈe.ʎɔ | > | illo | ˈi.ʎɔ | |
{ ɔ, o } > œ / __{ ɲ, ʎ } | { o, ó } > eu / __{ nh, ll } | collo | ˈkɔ.ʎɔ | > | queullo ?quèllo |
ˈkœ.ʎɔ | |
22 | { ɑ, a }rj > aːr | { a, à }ri > àir | caldarja | kʲɑlˈdɑrjɑ | > | caldàira | kʲɑlˈdaːrɑ |
{ e, ɛ }rj > ɛːr | { é, e }ri > eir | emperjo | ɛmˈpɛrjɔ | > | empeiro | ɛmˈpɛːrɔ | |
{ o, ɔ }rj > œːr | { ó, o }ri > eur | glórja | ˈɡlorjɑ | > | gleura ?glèura |
ˈɡlœːrɑ | |
23 | ɑ > a / r__{ [-velar], -r } | a > à / r__{ [-velar], -r } | grande | ˈɡrɑn.dɛ | > | grànde | ˈɡrandɛ |
24 | ɛ[+stress] > jɛ / [-sibilant]__ | e[+stress] > ie / [-sibilant]__ | tempos | ˈtɛmpɔs | > | tiempos | ˈtjɛmpɔs |
e[+stress] > je / [-sibilant]__ | é[+stress] > ié / [-sibilant]__ | sabére | sɑˈbe.rɛ | > | sabiére | sɑˈbje.rɛ | |
ɔ[+stress] > wɛ / __[+sonorant]C | o[+stress] > ue / __[+sonorant]C | longo | ˈlɔnɡɔ | > | luengo | ˈlwɛnɡɔ | |
ɔ[+stress] > ɔj / __ | o[+stress] > oi / __ | debos | dɛˈbɔs | > | debois | dɛˈbɔjs | |
o[+stress] > uː / [open syllables] | ó[+stress] > uo / [open syllables] | cósa | ˈkozɑ | > | cuósa | ˈkuːzɑ | |
25 | f > h / __V[+round] | f > h / __V[+round] | fórno | ˈfornɔ | > | hórno | ˈhornɔ |
26 | V[-low-back][-stress] > ∅ / __{ #, s } | V[-low-back][-stress] > ∅ / __{ #, s } | uno | ˈunɔ | > | un | ˈun |
* If the final syllable started in a consonant cluster, a prop vowel /ə/ appears, spelled |e|. | |||||||
27 | ɑ[-stress] > ə / __# | a > e / __# | cuosa | ˈkuːzɑ | > | cuose | ˈkuːzə |
28 | ɑ[-stress] > ə / __[-initial syllable] | a > e / __[-initial syllable] | ornamient | ˌɔrnɑˈmjɛnt | > | ornemient | ˌɔrnəˈmjɛnt |
29 | V[-stress] > ∅ / __{[-initial syllable], [-final syllable]} | V[-stress] > ∅ / __{[-initial syllable], [-final syllable]} | verelad | ˌvɛrɛˈlɑd | > | verlad | ˌvɛrˈlɑd |
* Certain consonant clusters (which?) also require the prop vowel /ə/, still spelled |e|. |
- plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es| (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
- initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.
- /m/ → /w̃/ |ũ| _C
- [labial,lateral] → /w/ |u| _C
- /aw ɑw əw ʌw/ → /oː/
- /ɛw ew iw/ → /œː øː yː/
- /ɔw ow uw/ → /oː oː uː/
About this point (the beginning of the Old Ibran period) the orthography stabilizes, including the introduction of some accent marks to alleviate homography.
Later changes
- Nasalized vowels denasalize
- /Vn/ → /V~/ finally and before consonants
- Neutralization of voicing in fricatives (which assimilate in voicing to the following phoneme, or voiceless when final)
- /u/ → /y/
- /ʎ/ → /j/ (/iʎ/ → /iː/ finally or before consonants)
- /ɡl/ → /lː/
- /tʃ tʃː dʒ dʒː/ → /ç tʃ ʝ dʒ/
- /i/ after a hiatus → /ji/
Roesan changes
- /õ ã/ → /ũ ɐ̃/
- syllable-initial /j/ → /ʝ/; /dj tj sj/ → /ɟʝ cç ç/
- /s/ assimilates to following consonants
- /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
- /w/ → ∅ _[V+rounded]
- /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
- /k ɡ/ → /kʲ ɡʲ/
- /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
- final stops devoice
- loss of schwa in final syllables
- loss of /h/
- /ɔɛ ɑɛ/ → /ɔː aː/
- /ej ɛj/ → /ɛj/
- /oj ɔj/ → /œj/
Paysan changes
- /ĩ õ ỹ/ → /ɛ̃ ɔ̃ œ̃/
- /a (ã)/ → /æ (æ̃)/
- /s/ → ∅ before following consonants (/esC osC/ → /ɛC ɔC/)
- /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /i(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
- Unstressed short vowels → /ə/ (even in diphthonɡs, thus /əj/)
- /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
- /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
- /ɔɛ̃ ɑɛ̃/ /ɔ̃ː æ̃ː/
- /ɔɛ oj ɑɛ/ → /ɔj ɔj ɑj/
- /ɡ/ → /x/