Proto-Uralic/O
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Std. PU *o_i
F. *o_i, Smy. *å(_ə)
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *o_i proper (S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. *u, Ms. *aa, Kh. *ooCC) | ||||||||||
| "hollow, cavity" | *o/?nci | *vōmtɤ | *undə | - | U. udur | odur | *aantər | *oontər | - | *omti(-rV) |
| "hole in wood" | - | *vōwtɤ | - | - | - | - | - | *ooŋət | - | *oŋti, cf. prev. |
| "to wash" | *mo/õske- | - | *muśkə- | *mʊška- | *mɨśk- | moš- | - | - | *måsə- | |
| "to scorch" | *ko/?rpe- | *kōrpɤ- | *kurva- | - | - | - | - | - | *kårpə- | |
| "to chew" | - | *sōskɤ- | *suskə- | - | *sɤɤsk- | - | *taɣt- | *ɬooɣəɬ- | #tutə- | |
| "hole" | *o/?ŋka | *vōŋkō | - | - | - | - | *waaŋkaa | *wooŋk | *wåŋkə | |
| "dawn" | *koi | - | - | K. kɨa | - | haj | *kuuj | - | - | Or cf. *kaja "sun" |
| "male" | - | *kōjɤ |
- | - | *koom |
hiim |
*kuj, *kum |
*kuuj |
- | *koji(-ma) |
| "to bring" | *too- | *tōkɤ- | *tujə- | - | - | toj- | *tuul- | *tuu- | *tå- / *tə- | |
| "to sound" | *so/?i- | *čōjɤ- | - | *ša-ktə- | - | zaj- | *suj- | *söj- | ||
| "tin, lead" | - | - | - | *wulnə | - | oon | *ålən | *oolnə | ||
| "knee" | *po/õlvi | *pōlvɤ | *pul- | *pʊl | - | - | - | - | *puəj | |
| "to go thru" | - | *sōŋɤ- | Er. sova- ~ Mo. suva- |
- | U. zum- ~ K. sun- | av- | *tuw- | *ɬaŋ- | *tüj- | |
| "netstring" | - | *cōncɤ | - | - | - | - | - | *čoončəɣ | - | |
| "(to) knot" | *so/õlmu/i- | *čōlmɤ | *śulma | - | - | čomoo | - | - | - | |
| "to touch" | NF *koske- | *kōskɤ- | - | *kuške- | K. kos- | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | *jo- | *jō- | E. ju- | *ju- | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE? |
| "worm" | - | *sōksɤ | *suks | *šukš | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "to be sick" | *po/õte- | *pōcɤ- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "true" | *to/õci | *tōtɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "to cut" | - | - | - | - | - | farag | *paar | - | *pərå- | Smy. "to scrape", may not belong |
| "to dry" | - | - | - | - | - | asoo | *taaš | *soos | ||
| "net needle" | F. sohi- ? | *čōpsēmē | - | *šapš | - | - | *taas | *soopəs | - | Note irregular sibilants in OU |
| with Ms. *ɤɤ | ||||||||||
| "cheek" | *po/õski | - | - | - | - | - | *pɤɤjət | #puɣɬəm | *påtə | |
| "minor river" | *jo/õki | *jokɤ | jov | *joɣə | *juu | joo | *jɤɤɣɤɤ | - | - | |
| "major river" | *juka | - | - | *jooɣən | *jəka | for comparision | ||||
| *ô_i (S. *o_ɤ, Mo. *o, Ma. *a?, | ||||||||||
| "dry" | *koski | *koškɤ- | *kośkə- | *kaškə- | *kwååś | - | - | - | *kåsə- | F. meaning "rapids", → S. *kóškɤ ibid. |
| "birch bark vessel" | *ko/?sja | "Ko. S" kočēk | - | - | - | - | *kus | *koťək | - | F. → NS guošši |
| "bow" | *jo/?uci | *jōksɤ | joŋks | *jaŋež | - | iij | *jaɣət | *jooɣəɬ | *jïntə | *-ŋs- |
| "to pursue" | *no/õu-ta- | - | - | - | - | - | *ńåwt- | *ńååɣəɬ- | *ńo- | close to *u |
| "to experience" | *koke- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ko- | |
| "bosom" | *po/õvi | *pōŋɤ | Er. poŋgo ~ Mk. pov |
Hi. poŋgəš ~ Me. poməš |
*pi | - | *puut | *poɣəɬ | - | Hang on, it's *uu ~ *o again |
| "snot" | *no/?lki | *snōlkɤ | *nolgə | - | - | ńaal | - | - | - | Or *o with Mo. irregular |
| "stick" | *po/?nci | - | Mk. ponda | *panðə | U. pud ~ K. bed | - | - | - | - | |
| "vessel" | - | - | *očkə | *wačkɤ | U. vɨčkɨ | - | - | - | - | |
| "to sieve" | *pohtVj- | - | ponžavto- | - | *poož- | - | - | - | - | |
| "straw" | *o/õlki | - | *olgə | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "corner; to hide" | *so/?ppi | - | *śopə- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "bear" | *o/?kci | - | *ovtə | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. IE *arktos |
| "to sink" | *lo/?nteh | - | londado- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| *ox: IE loans | ||||||||||
| "salt" | suola | - | sal | Hi cal ~ Me ćal | U. sɨlal ~ K. sol | - | - | - | - | ← IE, multiple loans? Mari affricated prenasally? (#sÖnćAl) |
| "butter" | voi | *vōjɤ | *vaj | *ü | *vɤɤj | vaj | *waaj | *wooj | - | ← IA *āǵja ? No explicit evidence for length; looks like regular *o, save retention of *v-. |
| "intestine" | suoli | *čoalē | śula | *šol | *śuul | - | - | *sol | - | Type 1. ← IA ? |
| "year" | vuosi | *vōtɤ | - | - | U. va ~ K. u | vaĺ | - | *ål ? | - | ~ IA *vataḥ |
| "streak" | juoni | *jōnɤ | jan | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IA *jaana |
| "protection" | suoja, hoi-va | *sōjē, šōjē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← II *sḱaajaa |
| "" | ||||||||||
| std. PU *ox type 1 | ||||||||||
| "to sweep" | huosi- | - | - | - | U. čuž- | - | *šaaš- | *čaač- | Se čuuč-← *čåəč- | |
| "to be" | *ole- | - | *ulə- | *ʊlə- | *vɤɤl- | vol-, val- | *aal- | *wal- | *åə- | |
| "mountain" | vuori | - | - | - | *vɤɤr | - | *waar | *woor | - | Cf. *wara? ← II *aras ?! |
| "drape" | *uudim | - | - | - | *ɤɤn(m-) | - | *aaməl | *ooɬəw | - | |
| "to die" | kuole- | - | kulo- | *kole- | *kuul- | hal- | *kaal- | *kal- | *kåə- | Cf. "death" |
| "to hack" | kuokki- | - | - | - | *kook- | - | - | - | - | Coincidental? |
| "pit" | kuoppa | U. gop | ||||||||
| std. PU *ox type 2? | ||||||||||
| "to lick" | nuole- | *noalō- | nola- | *nʊle- | *ńuul- | ńal- | *ńal- | *ńal- | *ńåə- | Check Kh. forms. Eastern palzn? |
| "those" | nuo | *nō- | nonat | *nʊnə | K. nɨ- | - | - | - | Se. na | |
| "that" | tuo | *tō | to- | *tʊ | U. tu ~ K. tɨ | ta-, taa- | *tuu-, *tu- | *to- | *tå- | |
| "berry" | puola | - | - | K. pul | boĺoo, boɟoo ? |
*pul | - | *pål- | ||
| "crust" | kuori | - | kaŕ | - | K. kɨrś | - | *kur- | *kor- | - | For Se. ker- cf. *kêri |
| "side" | puoli | - | pola | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "pole" | vuoli | - | - | - | - | - | *ula | *wol | - | |
| "pole" | ulku | *holkɤ | olga | - | K. ɨl | *aawla | *oɣəl | *uj | for comparision | |
| std. PU *ox but looks more like *ux | ||||||||||
| "spruce" | kuusi | *kōsɤ | kuz | *kož | U. kɨz ~ K. koz | - | *kawt | *kooɬ | *kåət | |
| Messy stuff | ||||||||||
| "3" | *kolmi | *kolmɤ | *kolmə | *kʊm | #kuuińm | haarom | *kuurəm | *kooɬəm | - | *-rm- ? -ðm- ?? Wanderwort?! |
| "aspen" | - | - | *poj | - | *pi | - | - | *paaj | #pij | |
| "to flay" | - | *ńōvɤ- | - | - | *ńij- | ńuuz- | *ńuuj- | H- *ńowi-ta-? | ||
| "(to) patch" | - | *tōŋɤ- | - | *tuməš | K. dɤm | - | - | - | - | ŋ/m? |
| "swan" | *jo/?uccen | *ńūkčɤ | *lokś- | *jükšə | *juuśk- | - | - | - | - | |
| "pole" | - | *čōlčɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | *səlčə | Bad |
| "to say" | *hoke- | - | - | - | *šuu- | - | - | - | - | |
| "lake" | - | - | - | - | *tɨ | tav- | *taa | *tøɣ | *to | |
| "to sew" | - | - | - | *wʊrge- | *vurɨ- | var- | - | - | - | |
| "straight" | *oikeda | - | *vijəďɜ | *wij- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to feed" | - | - | - | *wurde- | *vördɨ- | - | - | - | - | Cf. IE *werdʰ- |
| "to throw" | *loo | *lū | *ĺijə- | *loŋa- | *lɤd- | loog- | WTF is this shit | |||
| "to sink" | - | - | - | - | - | rokkan- | *rowt-, N. räɣ- | *raak- | - | |
| "brittle" | NF *rohka | - | - | *račka | *ruuž; K. rɨšk- | - | - | - | - | *roši, *roš-ka? OU ris etc. ← K. Don't see how H. ruš- "slow" compares |
| "brittle" | - | - | - | #rot | - | ruut, rot- | - | *ratək | - | |
| "mitten" | - | - | - | *piž | K. pɨś | - | *pɤɤsɣə | *paas | - | |
| "barley" | - | - | *čuž | *šož | *čuž | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
Std. PU *o_a
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F. *o_a, S. *oa_ē, Mo. *u_ə, Ma. *u, P. *Cuu / *(k)wåå, H. a/aa, Ms. *uu, Smy. *å_å | ||||||||||
| "to sleep" | - | *oaðē- | *udə- | - | - | al- | - | *aɬ- | - | |
| "sleep" | - | - | *udəmə | *omə | *uunm | - | *uuləm | *ooɬəm | - | *oða-ma (or *-ima?); cf. "to sleep" |
| "to dry" | - | - | - | - | *śuur- | saar- | *šuur- | *saar- | - | Or *a₂ |
| "jaw" | - | *oalōl | *ulə | - | - | aall | *uuləć | - | - | |
| "part; flesh" | *osa | *oańčē | Me. ü/užas | - | aaɟek, ost- | *uunć | - | - | ← II? | |
| "fish trap" | *ota- | *oacē | - | - | K. vodž | - | *wuuš | *waač | *wåčå | Mo. *oš "city" probably doesn't belong |
| "bend" | - | NS moagge | - | - | *mög | - | *muuɣəl | *maɣəɬ | - | |
| similar but Ms *aa | ||||||||||
| "raft" | *parvi | *poarē(vē) | - | - | *puur | - | *paaraa | *par | *pårV | |
| "flock" | *parvi | - | - | - | - | - | *parə | - | Same root as prev.? | |
| "horn" | *sarvi | *čoarvē | *śurə | *šur | *śuur | sarv | *saarəp | *ćärpə | - | ← II |
| "group" | *konta ~ *kunta |
*kontē | Mk. kuńďä | - | - | had | *kaant | *kantəɣ | *kåntə | S & NF contam. with Gmc *hundra? |
| "elbow" | *o/õlka | *oalkē | - | - | K. volɨs | vaall | *waaɣləp | - | *wajk- | ~ BSl. *olkuti ? Ms. "shoulderband" |
| "to spread, bed" | - | - | - | - | *wååĺ- | aaɟ | *aaĺ | - | - | F. ← vuota ← B, Mo. *aca ← Miš. |
| indistinct | ||||||||||
| "house" | *ko/?ta | *koatē | *kudə | *kuðɤ | *kwåå | haaz | - | *kaat | - | ← II? |
| "ear; leaf" | *ko/õrva | *koarvē | - | - | *kwåår | harap | - | - | *kåw | |
| "head" | *oiva | *oajvē | Mk. uj- | *wuj | - | - | - | - | *åjwå | |
| "to bring" | - | *toalvō- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *tåjwå- | |
| "wedge" | - | - | *tulə | - | - | *tajwA | Check AASmy. | |||
| "hare" | - | *ńoamēlē | *numələ | - | K. ńimal | ńuul | - | - | *ńåmå | ← *ńoxi-ma(-la)? H. *m-lenition |
| "war" | *so/õta | - | *śudə- | *šuðə- "curse" |
- | - | *såjə | S. *soattē ← F. Check AASmy. | ||
| "quarrel" | *to/?ra | *toarō | *tuŕə- | Hi. torle- | - | - | - | *tårə- | ||
| "aunt" | - | *koaskē | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kåtå | |
| "awl" | *ora | *oarē | *urə | - | - | aar | - | - | - | ← II *ārā (Vo õra) |
| "orphan" | *orpa- | *oarpēs | *urəs | - | - | aarva | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "squirrel" | *orava | *oarē | *ur | *ur | K. ur | - | - | - | - | (Vo õrava) |
| "to vomit" | *oksenta- | *vōksē- | *uksəndə- | *ukšənz/ća- | U. ɤskɨ- ~ K. vos- |
- | - | - | - | |
| "twig" | *oksa | *oaksē | - | *ukš | *oosɨ | - | - | - | - | |
| "reindeer" | *poro | *poačōj | - | Hi. pučə ~ Me. püčö |
U. pudžej | - | - | - | - | ← II *paču-; Ms *pääš ~ Kh *peeč indep. |
| "eagle" | *kotka | *koackēmē | *kućkan | *kučkəž | *kuuč | - | - | - | - | |
| "shaman" | *no/õjta | *noajtē | - | - | - | - | *ńääjt | - | - | cf. prev? |
| "sleigh" | - | *čoanē "last sleigh" |
- | - | - | - | *šun | - | - | |
| "spirit" | - | - | - | - | *kuuĺ | haɟ | *kuĺ- | - | *kåjkə | *-ðʲk-. F. *koljoi ← Gmc |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| West *o_a, Mari *ʊ, East *ë (P ambiguous) | ||||||||||
| "man, male animal" | *ko/?ira(s) | - | - | - | K. kɨr | here | *kɤɤr | *kaar | *kora | *kojra ← *koji-ra |
| "duck" | *so/õtka | *čoaðkē | *śulgə | *šooe | *šuul | - | *sɤɤĺ | *saaj | - | *ś-l → *ś-ĺ in Ug. |
| "ware"' | *os-ta- "to buy" |
*oasē | - | *wʊža | *vuuz | - | *wɤɤtaa | - | - | ← IE *wosā; Ms via II? |
| "to peel" | - | - | - | *kʊðaša- | *kuuĺ- | - | *kɤɤĺ- | - | - | |
| "to take, to pluck" | *vo/õtta- | - | - | - | U. vɨt- ~ K. vot- | - | *wɤɤt- | - | - | |
| TBS | ||||||||||
| "lid" | *kanci | *koamtē | *kundə | *komdəš | K. kud | - | - | - | - | |
| "soft" | - | *loančē | - | "lënzë-" | - | laaɟ | *lanćəŋ | *loonćə | - | |
| "cleft" | *kolo | *koalō | - | - | *kwåål- | halok | *kal | *kååɭ | - | FS possibly ← Gmc |
| "slave" | *orja | *oarjē | *uŕɜ | - | U. war ~ K. ver | - | - | - | - | |
| "vessel" | F. purnu | *pōrnē | - | - | U. bɤrńo ~ K. burńa |
- | - | - | - | |
| "stick" | *sompa | *soampē | - | šo/umba? | K. *zɨb | - | - | - | - | F. ← S. ← II? |
| "dung" | *sonta | - | - | *šandə | U. zud "mud" | - | - | - | - | |
| "wild; animal" | - | - | - | - | K. vɤj | - | *wuj | *waajəɣ | - | |
| "pig" | *po/õrsas | - | *purćis | - | *påårś | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "to prick" | F. tokkaa- | - | - | Hi. loɣe- | - | ɟak- | - | - | - | |
| "small fly" | - | - | - | *lʊmej | U. ĺum | - | *ĺaaməj | - | - | |
| "shallow; to dry" | - | *coakē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Sk. ča/ëkka- | |
| "thick; many" | - | - | - | *čaka(-ta) | K. čɤk | šok | *šaw | - | - | Ug. cf. Turkic *čok |
| "yellow" | - | - | *ťuža | - | U. čuž | - | - | - | - | Fairly bad |
| "" | ||||||||||
