Zefāzh

Zefāzh is a language developped in the early-mid twenty-first century, spoken at first primarily by devoted followers of the World-Maker Zef; within a decade, it had become the lingua franca for those from all over the world immigrating to Zefasja, a nation founded on a partially esoteric philosophical movement referred to varyingly as "Zefism," "Poetic Imperialism" or "Trinitism."

It is notable among European languages for a few features, mainly its large number of fricatives and the fact that verbs do not agree in number or person with the subject, or any other part of speech.

Vocabulary

The first occurence of the Zefāzh language was the Endese Zauka ("The Last Days"), a text reportedly written by Zef after he emerged from a coma of several months. While Zef himself understood the language, it was months before it was analysed by linguists with his help, and when the major analysis was complete, the vocabulary of the language was broken down into its origins.

The largest group of words appear to be generic Germanic derivatives, though no pattern for derivation has been detected; German plays the largest role, but germanic English words also appear, and often words show up which are halfway between their German and English cognates; this might be explained by the fact that Zef himself spoke only English and German with great fluency. The second largest group of nouns appear to have little or no relation to natural languages, and their origins are for the most part a mystery.

A smaller group of nouns is derived from Russian, potentially due to the relatively large presence of Russians in the Exile in the last year before Zef's coma. A few of the nouns are also from other Slavic languages, or appear to be Slavic without any particular link to any known words. Many of these Slavic words are less recognizable than the germanic terms, because Slavic words with complexe consonant clusters are extremely watered-down, to the point where some completely lose half their consonants.

Finally, there are a handful of words derived from Mandarin Chinese (Yishū, art; zhintī, today; etc.), and an extremely small number of terms (the most often cited figure is seven words) are derived from Ancient Greek, or their modern international derivatives. The most well-known of these is Xeishon, meaning "harmonic chaos" and derived from the word chaos, itself of Greek origin.

Phonology

Stress

Zefāzh is a stress-timed language, and stress in a word is always found on the ultimate syllable of the root, so Zagacá, "mystery," but Féngthayēon, "prison," because -tha and -ēon are suffixes (-tha builds the past participle and -ēon indicates place, so the word literally means "caught-(people)-place").

Consonants

Consonants
	Bilabial		Labiod.		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Coarticulated
Nasal		m						n						ŋ
Plosive	p	b					t	d					k	g
Fricative			f	v	θ	ð	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ç	ʝ			χ		ɕ	ʑ
Approximant												j
Tap								ɾ
Trill								r							ʀ
Lateral Approximant							l	ɫ

Vowels

Vowels
	Front	Near-front	Near-back	Back
Close	i			u
Near-Close		ɪ	ʊ
Close-Mid	e			o
Open-mid	ɛ			ɔ
Open	a			ɑ

Romanization

The various phonemes are represented with the Latin Alphabet as they are in English, with the following additions/exceptions:

/θ/ - th

/ð/ - dh

/ʃ/ - sh

/ʒ/ - zh

/ç/ - c

/ʝ/ - j

/χ/ - x

/ɕ/ - ś, or sj

/ʑ/ - ź, or zj

/ɾ/ - r

/r/ - rr

/ʀ/ - rh

/l/ - l

/ɫ/ - ll

/ɪ/ - i

/i/ - ī, or ii

/ɛ/ - e

/e/ - ē, or ee

/a/ - a

/ɑ/ - ā, or aa

/ɔ/ - o

/o/ - ō, or oo

/ʊ/ - u

/u/ - ū, or uu

The following diphthongs may be found, and are written thus:

/aj/ - ai

/ɛj/ - ei

/ɔj/ - oi

/ʊj/ - ui

/aw/ - au

/ɔj/ - ou

Syllable Structure

Zefāzh has a rather restrictive syllable structure, where the most complicated possibility is CCVC. While any consonant can form the onset and coda in a (C)V(C) syllable, only the following clusters are permitted at syllable onsets:

/f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ç, ʝ/ + /n, m, ŋ/

Any plosive or fricative + /ɾ, l, ɫ, j/

Mutation

In addition, when certain phonemes meet up at syllable boundaries (such as with affixes, inflection or conjugation), certain mutations may occur. The following mutations occur during inflection of nouns and adjectives:

Dative Case

/ɾr/ - /r/

/ʀr/ - /ʀ/

/χr/ - /ʀ/

/θr/ - /θɾ/

/ðr/ - /ðɾ/

Genitive Case

/zs/ - /s/

/ʃs/ - /ɕ/

/ʒs/ - /ʑ/

/ɕs/ - /θ/

/ʑs/ - /ð/

Instrumental Case

/ʒʃ/ - /ʃ/

/ɕʃ/ - /ʃ/

/ʑʃ/ - /ʒ/

Grammar

Zefāzh is an inflecting langauge with a grammar mostly derived from German, with Russian influences and certain features whose origins or reasons for inclusion remain uncertain. It is particularly notable for being the only major spoken language to have a fully-fledged Dual.

Number

There are three numbers in Zefāzh: Singular, Dual and Plural, which is used for all numbers above 2.

There is a complete set of pronouns exclusively within the dual, most notably two separate first person pronouns which vary according to familiarity and intimacy of the two in question. Dual is formed by adding certain vowels to the end of the word, depending on the last vowel to be found within the word; it is formed such that the new vowel is never the same as the last vowel; long and short a, o, u recieve a long i, while long and short e and i recieve a short a.

Plural is also notable in that it is formed by repeating the short form of the immediately preceding vowel, whichever vowel that might be. In both cases, the vowel indicating number comes immediately after the vowel indicating case. If the last sound in a word is a vowel, a /j/ is inserted between the two vowels (e.g. rrasta "plant;" rrastaya "plants")

Case

There are six cases in full use in Zefāzh: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Genitive, Instrumental and Associative. Each case (except Nominative and Accusative) is marked by the insertion of a consonant at the end of the word, but before any number markers. When the addition of the consonant would create an impossible consonnant cluster (in practice, all words ending in a consonant), a vowel is also added after the consonant in the singular. In the case of Accusative, the vowel only appears in the singular, and the accompanying /j/ acts as a buffer between two vowels. The inflection is as follows:

Nominative: no declension

Accusative: [y]ō

Dative: rr[ī]

Genitive: s[ē]

Instrumental: sh[ē]

Associative: t[ū]

Verbs

Despite the fact that verbs to not agree with the subject, they nevertheless conjugate to express a variety of moods and tenses. There are in total five moods in Zefāzh: Indicative, Conditional, Reported, Imperative and Indefinite. Indicative is used for statements of fact or opinion; conditional is used for hypothetical situations; reported is used for conveying indirect speech, rumour or hearesay; imperative is used for giving orders; and indefinite is used to describe things with great emphasis, or to comment events taking place at that very instant.

The first three of these moods have past, present and future, and the last two two have only one tense which might be called present. In addition, there are particles and partially defective verbs that add to complexity. Verbs are conjugated by removing the -en ending and adding set suffixes instead, as follows.

Indicative

Past: -all

Present: -ūt

Future: -ra

Conditional

Past: -[z]gī*

Present: -gai

Future: -kā

Reported

Past: -zhe

Present: -co

Future: -xā

Imperative

Present: -fū

Indefinite

Present: -ē

• The conditional -zgi ending only holds the z if the verb root ends on a vowel.

Further, there are two particles that aid in specifying the specific nature of an action:

bē expresses the continuous, or the progressive, compare: "Bi pēcūt" (He/she speaks) and "Bi bē pēcūt" (He/she is speaking)

ce expresses the perfect, compare: "Ya llaupūt" (I run) and "Ya ce llaupūt" (I have run)