Proto-Uralic/new
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Two newly proposed vowels for PU.
- *ê produces Finnic *e/*ü, Samic *ɤ, Mordvinic *e, Permic *oo; Mansi *i, Khanty *e, Samoyedic *ê > *i elsewhere, Nganasan /ɨ/
- *ô produces Finnic *o/*i, Samic *o, Mordvinic *o;
Again, bold marks vocalic irregularities (except in Permic), red consonantal.
*ê
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ê_i (std. *e_i ?) | ||||||||||
| "to fear" | *pel-kä- | *pɤlɤ- | peĺe- | - | *pool- | feel- | *pil- | *pel- | *pêj- | |
| "blood" | *veri | *vɤrɤ | veŕ | *wʏr | *vir | veer | *wiɣər | *wer | - | |
| "water" | *veci | - | veď | *wʏt | *voo | viiz | *wit | - | *wêt | ← IE? |
| "to go" | *mene- | *mɤnɤ- | - | *mije- | *mun(ɨ)- | mën- | *min- | *men- | *mên- | Ma. cf. Kar. mäne- |
| "to do" | *teke- | *tɤkɤ- | teje~tije- | - | - | tëv- | *tij- | *tej- | - | ← IE |
| "lip" | - | *pɤŋsɤm | - | - | - | - | *piťem | *peɬem | *peptän | -ms- ? |
| "to take" | *vee- | *vīkɤ- | vije- | - | *vaj(ɨ)- | vi- | *wi- | *we- | *ü- | *êx > *ix in S/Mo?? |
| "owl" | *hüüp- | *ɤpɤkē | - | - | - | - | *jipəɣ | *jepəɣ | - | Onomatopoetics in F.? |
| "warm" | E. eha | NS áccagas | eže- | - | - | - | *iš- | - | - | |
| "bee" | *mehi- | - | mekš | *mükš | *mooš | meex | - | - | - | ← II |
| "honey" | *meci | - | meď | *müj | *moo | meez | - | - | - | ← II |
| "skin" | *keri | *kɤrɤ | keŕ | *kʏr | *koor | keerëg | *kiir | *käär | - | ObU *kEr |
| "skin" | *keci | *kɤtɤ | keď | - | - | - | - | - | *kêt | Cf. prev; also *käðʲi → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən |
| "to must" | - | *kɤlkɤ- | keĺge- | Me. küle- ~ Hi. kele- | *kool- | kell- | - | - | - | Cf. IE. Check if not *i? |
| "young tree, twig" | - | - | - | *nörɣə | *ńɤr | ńiir | *ńir ~ TJ ńär |
*nér | - | Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë? |
| "exchange" | *vero | - | veŕe-nc | *werć- | U. vur | - | - | *weer | - | |
| "handle" | - | *nɤvtɤ | - | - | *nud | - | - | - | - | *-ŋt-. Check if not *i |
| "middle" | *keski | *kɤskɤ | keska | - | *koos | - | - | - | - | |
| "throat" | *kero | *kɤrɤs | - | - | *goor | - | - | - | - | |
| "to wash" | *pese- | *pɤsɤ- | pezo- | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "to stretch" | *venü- | *vɤnɤ- | veńeme- | - | - | - | - | - | *wênä | Smy "rope" |
| "boat" | *veneh | *vɤnɤs | veńeš | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to be in time" | *ehti- | *ɤstɤ- | - | *əšte- | K. eštɨ- | - | - | - | - | K. ← F? |
| "leaf" | *lehti | *lɤstɤ | - | *ləštaš | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "work" | *töö | - | ťev | - | - | - | - | - | - | *têwi; cf. *têki |
| "lime, bast" | *lehmus | - | ĺevos | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "dove" | F metti- ~ E meikka- | - | meče | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "pestle" | *petkel | - | peťkeĺ | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "feather" | *hewhen | *sɤvsɤm | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match |
| "to tear" | *repe- | *rɤpɤ- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "next" | *enti | *ɤvtɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *-ŋt- |
| *e_i in *ê-system (all old cases long or difthongal? see also *äx, *e_a) | ||||||||||
| "to cook" | - | - | pije- | - | K. pu- | (föö-) | *pääj- | - | *pi- | *pexi-; cf. *pEsa- ! |
| "matter" | - | *sējɤ | sij | *šü | *śiś | eev | *säj | *ɬöj | *tiəj | *sexji |
| "7" | *sejcem | *čēčɤm | śiśem | *səm | *śiźɨm | - | - | - | - | ← IE? |
| "round" | *kehkerä | - | kičkere | *kəškär | - | - | - | - | ||
| "to drink" | *seemV- | - | śime- | - | - | - | - | - | - | (check if a loan) |
| "lichen on trees" | - | *jēvjɤmē | - | - | - | - | - | *jej | *jüjə | Pre-Smy *ew → *ü ? |
| "to sell" | *möö- | *mēkɤ- | mije- | - | *med | - | *miɣ- | *me- | *mi- | *mexi |
| "dog" | *penVj | *peanɤk | pińe | *pij ~ *pʊni | *poon(ɨ) | (fene) | - | - | - | Short! *e_a with Finnic *-j, Samic *-ik? H. "wild" may not belong |
| "brother" | *velji | *vēljɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Short! ← IE? |
| "clear" | *selke- | *čēlkɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid." |
| "to boil" | *kee-, *kei- | *kí- | - | *küa- | - | köve- | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| *E_i (generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri) | ||||||||||
| "mushroom" | *seeni | *čānā | - | *šeen | U. śeńki | - | *šiinəɣ | *säänəɣ | - | *śExni ? |
| "to cut" | *vejci | - | - | - | K. vɤź- | vees- | - | *wäänť- | - | K. delabzn / loss of *ŋ? F. "knife" |
| "girl" | *nejtVj | *nējtɤ | ni | - | *nɨl | - | *nii | *niiŋ | *nê | Wrt. S (& Mo?) cf. difthong |
| "to eat" | *söö- | - | śeve- | - | *śooj | ëv- | *tii-, *tääj- | *ɬii- | *ti-mä | Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch! |
| "soul, breath, steam" | *lewlü | *lēvlɤ | - | - | *lool | leelek | *liil | *ɬiiɬ | - | Wrt. S, cf. difthong |
| "front" | *eti | - | - | - | - | elöö | *iil | *iiɬ | *ê/ir- | Smy. "row" |
| "edge" | - | - | - | - | - | seel | *siil | *siiɬ | - | |
| *E_a | ||||||||||
| "2" | (*kakti) | (*kōktē) | (kavta) | (kok) | *kɨk | keet | *kit | *kiit, käät | *kêtä | Ms. *i before a cluster? FV *kakta |
| "price" | - | - | - | - | *doon | - | *tin | *tään | - | (no evidence for a cluster) |
| "to dodge" | - | *kɤrvē- | - | - | - | kerül- | *kir- | *käärəɣ- | - | Ms. *i before a cluster? |
| "to cook" | - | *pɤsē- | - | - | *pɤɤž- | - | *piit- | *pääɬ- | - | P. delabzn!? Cf. *pexi- |
| "(to) thin" | - | *keancē | - | - | - | keskëń | - | *käänť- | - | Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh. |
| Finnic *öö is confusing | ||||||||||
| "to hit" | *löö- | - | - | *lüje- | K. lɨj- | löv- | *li- | - | *jöw- | *lêxi? *lêwi? |
*ô
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ô_i > F & Mo. *o, Ma. *a | ||||||||||
| "3" | *kolmi | *kolmɤ | kolmo | *kʊm | #kuuiŋ | haarom | *kuurəm | *kooɬəm | - | *-rm- ? -ðm- ?? Wanderwort?! |
| "minor river" | *joki | *jokɤ | jov | *joɣə | *juu | joo | *jɯɯɣɯɯ | - | - | |
| "major river" | *juka | - | - | *jooɣən | *jəka | for comparision | ||||
| "dry" | *koski | *koškɤ- | kośke- | *kaškə- | *k(w)ååś | - | - | - | *kåsə- | F. meaning "rapids", → S. *kóškɤ ibid. |
| "birch bark vessel" | *kosja | "Ko. S" kočēk | - | - | - | - | *kus | *koťək | - | F. → NS guošši |
| "bow" | *jouci | *jōksɤ | joŋks | *jaŋež | - | iij | *jaɣət | *jooɣəɬ | *jïntə | *-ŋs- |
| "to pursue" | *nou-ta- | - | - | - | - | - | *ńåwt- | *ńååɣəɬ- | *ńo- | close to *u |
| "bosom" | *povi | *pōŋɤ | Er. poŋgo ~ Mk. pov |
Hi. poŋgəš ~ Me. poməš |
*pi | - | *puut | *poɣəɬ | - | Hang on, it's *uu ~ *o again |
| "snot" | *nolki | *snōlkɤ | nolga | - | - | ńaal | - | - | - | Or *o with Mo. irregular |
| "stick" | *ponci | - | ponda | *panðə | U. pud ~ K. bed | - | - | - | - | |
| "to sieve" | *pohtVj- | - | ponžavto- | - | *poož- | - | - | - | - | |
| "straw" | *olki | - | olgo | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "corner; to hide" | *soppi | - | śopo- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "bear" | *okci | - | ovto | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. IE! |
| "to sink" | *lonteh | - | londado- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| *ô_a type 1 (substratal?) | ||||||||||
| "wet" | *loppa | - | lopa-vto- | *lʊp | K. lap | - | - | - | - | |
| "valley" | *lotma | - | ložmo | - | - | - | - | - | - | Phonotax non-Uralic |
| "shameful; lazy" | *nolo | - | nola | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| *ô_a type 2 | ||||||||||
| "I" | *minä | *mon | mon | *məń | *mö(n) | een | *äm | *mä | *mən | Two allomorphs may exist of each: *m/tina, *m/tun. |
| "thou" | *cinä | *ton | ton | *tiń | *tö(n) | te | - | - | *tən | |
| "bird" | *lintu | *lontē | - | *lʊðə | - | luud | *luuntə | *låånt | - | |
| "sleeve" | *hija | *soajē | *sooj | ujj | *tɯɯjət | *ɬɯɯt | *tüəj | |||
| "sleeve" | *hiha | *sɤsē | oža | sokš | F. / S. *h- by contam. with the prev. | |||||
| "phloem" | *nila | *ńɤlɤ | nola | Me. nolo | U. ńɤl ~ K. ńɯla | - | *ńål | *ńaɬ | - | |
| "to curse" | *kiro- | *kɤrō- | kor- | - | - | - | *kår- | *koorəm | *kərä- | close to *u |
| "to wash" | *liko- | - | - | - | - | - | *låwt- | *loɣɯɯt- | - | |
| "to thro" | *viska- | - | - | - | - | - | *wåśkə- | *wośkə- | - | close to *u |
| "to scrape" | *vito- | *vɤcō- | - | - | *vuušt- | vaasik- | *ašeɣ- | *wooč- | - | |
| "skin" | *iho | *ɤsē | jožo | Hi. juž | K. ež | - | - | - | - | ← II *iza- ?! |
| "green, yellow, poison, hate" |
*viha, *viherä | - | ožo | *ʊžar | *vöž | - | - | - | - | NS vâšše ← F. Ultimately ← II |
| "to sharpen" | *hijo- | *sɤjē- | šova- | *šʊme- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "yeast; foam" | *hiiva | - | *šoŋ | *šoŋ | - | - | - | - | - | F. ← B. *šiiva- "white"? |
| "to pluck" | *kitke/o- | *kɤckē- | kočko- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. *kiske- |
| "to sit" | *istu- | (*i(š)tɤ-) | oza- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Unclear medial. S. ← F. |
| "price" | *hinta | - | čonda | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "pig" | *cika | - | tuvo | - | - | - | - | - | - | Mo. raising before -v-? |
| "surface, body" | *pinta | - | ponda | - | U. ped | - | - | - | - | Dubious semantics, F may be ← Gmc. |
| "ski" | *sipakka | *sɤpēkkē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to stretch" | *piŋko- | *pɤŋkē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Or *i_a. |
| "brest" | *rinta | *rɤntē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "rapid" | *niva | *ńɤvē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | If not F. ← S. |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
