Ibran sound changes

Sound changes from Latin to Ibran.

Common changes

(Changes to Ibran-flavored Vulgar Latin.)

1. Word-final /m/ → ∅

   In some function words (e.g. meum, iam) this /m/ |M| → /n/ |N|

2. /mn/ → /nn/
3. Final /t/ → ∅
4. /h/ → ∅
5. /e/ or /i/ in hiatus in unstressed penult → /j/ |I| (transcribed as |j|)
6. V in unstressed penult → ∅
7. /tk/ → /tʃ/ |Z|
8. Word-stress vowels:

   /aː a/ → /ɑ/ |A|

   /e aj/ → /ɛ/ |E| (tr. |ę|)

   /i eː oj/ → /e/ |E| (tr. |ẹ|)

   /iː/ → /i/ |I|

   /o/ → /ɔ/ |O| (tr. |ǫ|)

   /u oː aw/ → /o/ |O| (tr. |ọ|)

   /uː/ → /u/ |V| (tr. |u|)

9. Unstressed vowels:

   /aː a/ → /ɑ/ |A|

   /i eː e oj aj/ → /ɛ/ |E|

   /iː/ → /i/ |I|

   /u oː o aw/ → /ɔ/ |O|

   /uː/ → /u/ |V| (tr. |u|)

Verb endings

Latin verbs in -ere generally merge with those in -ēre. The following are the ancestral forms of the Ibran verb endings.

Verbs in -āre (-áre)

• Present: -o, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
• Imperfect: -á, -ás, -á, -ámos, -átes, -án.
• Preterite: -ái, -ásti, -áe, -ámos, -ástes, -áron.
• Present subjunctive: -e, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
• Imperfect subjunctive: -ásse, -ásses, -ásse, -assẹ́mos, -assẹ́tes, -ássen.

Verbs in -ēre and -ĕre (-ẹ́re)

• Pres. -jo/-o, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
• Impf. -ẹ́a, -ẹ́as, -ẹ́a, -eámos, -eátes, -ẹ́an.
• Pret. -i, -ẹ́sti, -e, -ímos, -ístes, -ẹ́ron.
• Pr.subj. -a, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
• Impf.subj. -ẹ́sse, -ẹ́sses, -ẹ́sse, -essẹ́mos, -essẹ́tes, --ẹ́ssen.

Verbs in -īre (-íre)

• Pres. -jo, -is, -e, -ímos, -ítes, -jon.
• Impf. -jẹ́a, -jẹ́as, -jẹ́a, -jeámos, -jeátes, -jẹ́an.
• Pret. -í, -ísti, -íe, -ímos, -ístes, -iẹ́ron.
• Pr.subj. -ja, -jas, -ja, -jámos, -játes, -jan.
• Impf.subj. -ísse, -ísses, -ísse, -issẹ́mos, -issẹ́tes, -íssen.

Early changes

1. /[voiced consonant]j/ → /dʒ/ |I| (tr. |j|)
2. /[unvoiced cons.]j/ → /tʃ/ |Z|
3. /j/ → /dʒ/ (V)_V

   Occasionally any of these /dʒ/ will reduce entirely to /j/ |Y| (by dialectal influence?)

4. /nn nj/ → /ɲ/ |NH|
5. /ll lj/ → /ʎ/ |LL|
6. /d ɡ/ → ∅ V_V
7. /b/ → /v/ |V| V_V
8. /ɑi ɑɛ ɛɛ/ → /ɛj/ |EI| (tr. |ęj|)
9. /eɛ ei/ → /ej/ |EI| (tr. |ẹj|)
10. /ɔi oi/ → /ɔj oj/ |OI| (tr. |ǫj ọj|)

    These three rules do not take effect if the second vowel is stressed.

11. /k ɡ kʷ/ → /tʃ dʒ kʲ/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[V+front]
12. /k ɡ kʷ/ → /kʲ ɡʲ k/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[a]
13. /k ɡ kʷ/ → /k ɡ k̠/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[V+back]
14. /p f t s k kʲ k̠/ → /b v l z ɡ ɡʲ ɡ̄/ |B V L S G G GV| (|gu|) V_V

    An original /l ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /d ... l/ (oblitare → *obdilare)

    An original /t ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /l ... d/ (veritatem → *verilade)

15. /p t k/ → /b d ɡ/ |B D G| V_[r,l]
16. /f/ → /v/ |V| _[r,l]
17. /tt kk ss rr/ → /t k s r/ |T C SS R|
18. /ɑ[velar] e[velar] i[velar] o[velar] u[velar] → /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|ae ęj ẹj oe ọj|) [stressedV]_[dental,nasal]
19. /ɑ[velar,dental] e[velar,dental] i[velar,dental] o[velar,dental] u[velar,dental] → /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|ae ęj ẹj oe ọj|) [stressedV]_[sibilant]

    But /i[velar,dental][sibilant] u[velar,dental][sibilant]/ → /i[sibilant+long] u[sibilant+long]/

    (complicated... but basically:

    aKT aKN aKS/aTS → aeT aeN aeS

    eKT eKN eKS/eTS → eiT eiN eiS

    iKT iKN iKS/iTS → éiT éiN iSS

    oKT oKN oKS/oTS → oeT oeN oeS

    uKT uKN uKS/uTS → óiT óiN uSS)

    The eKT... ond oKT... rules go into effect whichever quality of E vowel is involved. In unstressed syllables—I won't bother writing the rule here—the element assimilates:

    aKT aKN aKS/aTS → aTT aNN aSS

    eKT eKN eKS/eTS → eTT eNN eSS

    iKT iKN iKS/iTS → iTT iNN iSS

    oKT oKN oKS/oTS → oTT oNN oSS

    uKT uKN uKS/uTS → uTT uNN uSS

20. /o u/[-stress] → /a œ/ |A EV| (|à eu|) _C[V+front]
21. /ɑ e o/ → /a i œ/ |A I EV| (|à i eu|) _/ɲ,ʎ/
22. /ɑrj erj orj/ → /aːr ɛːr œːr/ |AIR EIR EUR|
23. /ɑ/ → /a/ r_ (unless _r or _[velar])
24. /ɛ e ɔ o/ /jɛ je ɔj/wɛ uː/o/ |IE IE OI/UE UO/O| when stressed.

    ɔj/wɛ — wɛ in syllables closed by sonorants, ɔj elsewhere

    uː/o — uː in open syllables, o in closed ones. (The spelling |uo| comes from an intermediate /wo/ stage)

25. /f/ → /h/ |h| _[V+round]
26. final V (including /a/ but not /ɑ/), and V before final /s/ ← ∅ (unless restored by analogy)
27. final /ɑ/ → /ə/ |e|
28. /ɑ/ before the stressed syllable reduces to /ə/ |a|
29. other vowels before the stressed syllable drop if the syllable structure allows it, or reduce to /ə/ |e| if not
30. plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es| (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
31. initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.
32. /m/ → /w̃/ |ũ| _C
33. [labial,lateral] → /w/ |u| _C
34. /aw ɑw əw ʌw/ → /oː/
35. /ɛw ew iw/ → /œː øː yː/
36. /ɔw ow uw/ → /oː oː uː/

About this point (the beginning of the Old Ibran period) the orthography stabilizes, including the introduction of some accent marks to alleviate homography.

Later changes

1. Nasalized vowels denasalize
2. /Vn/ → /V~/ finally and before consonants
3. Neutralization of voicing in fricatives (which assimilate in voicing to the following phoneme, or voiceless when final)
4. /u/ → /y/
5. /ʎ/ → /j/ (/iʎ/ → /iː/ finally or before consonants)
6. /ɡl/ → /lː/
7. /tʃ tʃː/ → /ç tʃ/
8. /i/ in hiatus → /ji/

Roesan changes

1. /õ ã/ → /ũ ɐ̃/
2. syllable-initial /j/ → /ʝ/; /dj tj sj/ → /ɟʝ cç ç/
3. /s/ assimilates to following consonants
4. /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
5. /w/ → ∅ _[V+rounded]
6. /kʲ/ → /tʃ/
7. /k/ → /kʲ/
8. /k̠/ → /k/
9. final stops devoice
10. loss of schwa in final syllables
11. loss of /h/
12. /ɔɛ ɑɛ/ → /ɔː aː/
13. /ej ɛj/ → /ɛj/
14. /oj ɔj/ → /œj/

Paysan changes

1. /ĩ õ ỹ/ → /ɛ̃ ɔ̃ œ̃/
2. /a (ã)/ → /æ (æ̃)/
3. /s/ → ∅ before following consonants (/esC osC/ → /ɛC ɔC/)
4. /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
5. Unstressed short vowels → /ə/ (even in diphthonɡs, thus /əj/)
6. /kʲ/ → /tʃ/
7. /k̠/ → /k/
8. /ɔɛ̃ ɑɛ̃/ /ɔ̃ː æ̃ː/
9. /ɔɛ oj ɑɛ/ → /ɔj ɔj ɑj/
10. /ɡ/ → /x/