Phonological and Morphological Changes from Proto-Rajo-Faraneit to Hana

Phonological Changes: circa 250 - circa 400

• Faraneit Substratum
  • Vowel Shift *ɛ > *æ > ɑ
  • Vowel Shift *ɒ > ə > X
  • Phonemic Stress > Initial (actually more extreme than Faraneit)
• Independent Development
  • ˈu > y (prior to stress shift)
  • No Epenthesis following deletion of *ɒ (unlike Faraneit)
  • Resultant /mb) nd) ŋg) ɴɢ)/ initially phonemic
  • /tθ) θ ts) s/ voice between vowels or voiced consonants
  • pf) bv) f v > pɸ) bβ) ɸ β
  • tθ) dð) θ ð > pf) bv) f v
  • ɭ ɻ > ɺ finally

Phonological Changes: circa 400 - circa 550

• Various Mbathu substrata
  • pɸ) bβ) pf) bv) ts) dz) > pʰ bʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ
  • k q + fricative > kʰ qʰ
• Independent Development
  • f > ɸ > h, v > β > h
  • ts) dz) + i e > tʃ) dʒ) (vowel only incorporated when followed by another vowel)
  • kʰ > kx) > tʃ)
  • qʰ > kʰ
  • ɭ ɻ + voiced fricative, + voiceless fricative > ʃ, ʒ
  • fricative + ɺ > ʃ
  • ɭ ɻ > l r (where remaining)
  • ɑ æ > a

Phonological Changes: circa 550 - 732

• Where affixation has produced medial mp) nd) ŋg) ɴɢ), they become m n ŋ ɴ
• Transfer from retroflexive approximants to post-alveolar is hypercorrected, along with other post-alveolar consonants
• tʂ) dʐ) > ʈ ɖ
• Nasal + a + Consonant > Nasal (at the consonants POA) when unaccented syllable
• q > k', ɴɢ) > ŋɠ), ɴ > ŋ'
• Fricative + l, l + fricative > ɬ