Phonological and Morphological Changes from Proto-Rajo-Faraneit to Hana

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Phonological Changes: circa 250 - circa 400

  • Faraneit Substratum
    • Vowel Shift *ɛ > *æ > ɑ
    • Vowel Shift *ɒ > ə > X
    • Phonemic Stress > Initial (actually more extreme than Faraneit)
  • Independent Development
    • ˈu > y (prior to stress shift)
    • No Epenthesis following deletion of *ɒ (unlike Faraneit)
    • Resultant /mb) nd) ŋg) ɴɢ)/ initially phonemic (possibly Mbathu substrata)
    • /tθ) θ ts) s/ voice between vowels or voiced consonants
    • pf) bv) f v > pɸ) bβ) ɸ β
    • tθ) dð) θ ð > pf) bv) f v
    • ɭ ɻ > ɺ finally

Phonological Changes: circa 400 - circa 550

  • Various Mbathu substrata
    • pɸ) bβ) pf) bv) ts) dz) > pʰ bʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ
    • k q + fricative > kʰ qʰ
  • Independent Development
    • f > ɸ > h, v > β > h
    • ts) dz) + i e > tʃ) dʒ) (vowel only incorporated when followed by another vowel)
    • kʰ > kx) > tʃ)
    • qʰ > kʰ
    • ɭ ɻ + voiced fricative, + voiceless fricative > ʃ, ʒ
    • fricative + ɺ > ʃ
    • ɭ ɻ > l r (where remaining)
    • ɑ æ > a

Phonological Changes: circa 550 - 732

  • Torsion, assimilation, and epenthetic a produce phonotactics
    • Onsets - any consonant, corresponding fricative + plosive, corresponding fricative + nasal/approximant, corresponding plosive + nasal/approximant
    • Epenthetic t between VVV+ clusters
    • Codas - any consonant, corresponding fricative + plosive, corresponding nasal/approximant + fricative or plosive)
  • Otherwise
    • Where affixation has produced medial mp) nd) ŋg) ɴɢ), they become m n ŋ ɴ
    • Transfer from retroflexive approximants to post-alveolar is hypercorrected, along with other post-alveolar consonants
    • tʂ) dʐ) > ʈ ɖ
    • dʰ bʰ kʰ > z v x
    • Nasal + a + Consonant > Nasal (at the consonants POA) when unaccented syllable
    • q > k', ɴɢ) > ŋɠ), ɴ > ŋ'
    • Fricative + l, l + fricative > ɬ