Phonological and Morphological Changes from Proto-Rajo-Faraneit to Hana
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Phonological Changes: circa 250 - circa 400
- Faraneit Substratum
- Vowel Shift *ɛ > *æ > ɑ
- Vowel Shift *ɒ > ə > X
- Phonemic Stress > Initial (actually more extreme than Faraneit)
- Independent Development
- ˈu > y (prior to stress shift)
- No Epenthesis following deletion of *ɒ (unlike Faraneit)
- Resultant /mb) nd) ŋg) ɴɢ)/ initially phonemic (possibly Mbathu substrata)
- /tθ) θ ts) s/ voice between vowels or voiced consonants
- pf) bv) f v > pɸ) bβ) ɸ β
- tθ) dð) θ ð > pf) bv) f v
- ɭ ɻ > ɺ finally
Phonological Changes: circa 400 - circa 550
- Various Mbathu substrata
- pɸ) bβ) pf) bv) ts) dz) > pʰ bʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ
- k q + fricative > kʰ qʰ
- Independent Development
- f > ɸ > h, v > β > h
- ts) dz) + i e > tʃ) dʒ) (vowel only incorporated when followed by another vowel)
- kʰ > kx) > tʃ)
- qʰ > kʰ
- ɭ ɻ + voiced fricative, + voiceless fricative > ʃ, ʒ
- fricative + ɺ > ʃ
- ɭ ɻ > l r (where remaining)
- ɑ æ > a
Phonological Changes: circa 550 - 732
- Torsion, assimilation, and epenthetic a produce phonotactics
- Onsets - any consonant, corresponding fricative + plosive, corresponding fricative + nasal/approximant, corresponding plosive + nasal/approximant
- Epenthetic t between VVV+ clusters
- Codas - any consonant, corresponding fricative + plosive, corresponding nasal/approximant + fricative or plosive)
- Otherwise
- Where affixation has produced medial mp) nd) ŋg) ɴɢ), they become m n ŋ ɴ
- Transfer from retroflexive approximants to post-alveolar is hypercorrected, along with other post-alveolar consonants
- tʂ) dʐ) > ʈ ɖ
- dʰ bʰ kʰ > z v x
- Nasal + a + Consonant > Nasal (at the consonants POA) when unaccented syllable
- q > k', ɴɢ) > ŋɠ), ɴ > ŋ'
- Fricative + l, l + fricative > ɬ