Senjecas - List of Conjunctions

Pronunciation table

peműko (labial)								riisűko (dental)								muitűko (alveolar)								vainűko (palatal)							ṡ̨uuše̋nos (vowels with प)								nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos (weak vowels)
p	b	f	v	m̃	m			t	d	þ	ð	ɫ	l			ṡ	ż	s	z	r	n			k	g	x	ƣ	h	ȝ			š	s̨			i	e	a	ɔ	o	u			ı	ɛ	y
प	ब	फ	भ	म़	म			त	द	थ	ध	ल़	ल			च	ज	स	स़	र	न			क	ग	क़	ग़	ह	य			स्व	स्य			इ ई पि पी	ए एै पे पै	अ आ प पा	ऒ ॵ पॊ पॏ	ओ औ पो पौ	उ ऊ पु पू			पं	पऺ	पॅ
/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/m̥/	/m/			/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/l̥/	/l/			/ʦ/	/ʣ/	/s/	/z/	/ɾ̥/	/n/			/k/	/g/	/ç/	/ʝ/	/j̊/	/j/			/sʷ/	/sʲ/			/i/	/e/	/ä/	/ɒ/	/o/	/u/			/ɪ/	/ɛ/	/ʊ/

Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = 1st person singular/plural	ABL = ablative suffix	COL = collective	F = feminine	INT = intensive prefix	PRV = privative prefix	SUP = supine
2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural	ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)	DES = desiderative	FRQ = frequentative	LAT = lative suffix	PST = past	TRZ = transitivizer
3 = 3rd person	ADV = adverb	DIM = diminutive	FUT = future	LOC = locative suffix	REV = reversive	VOC = vocative particle
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)	AG = agent	ELIS = elision	IMP = imperative	M = masculine	Q = interrogative particle	YNG = young
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)	AP = agent (active) participle	ELT = elative	INC = inchoative	OCC = occupation suffix	QUOT = direct quotation
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)	AUG = augmentative	EP = epenthesis	IND = indicative	PP = patient (past) participle	RPR = recent perfective
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)	CAUS = causative	EQU = equative degree	INS = instrument	PRF = perfect	SBJ = subjunctive

Coordinating conjunctions - párƣeðsa̋m̃o

• 1. da connects two clauses or sentences: and.
• She got up from her chair and left the room.
• éȝu se̋dom áfa e-e̋e̋ga. da te̋rom e-vı̋da:

éȝ-u	se̋d-om	áfa	e=e̋e̋g-a	da	te̋r-om	e=vı̋d-a
3-N.s	chair-A.s	off_of	PST=get_up	and	room-A.s	PST=leave-IND

• 2. de denotes on the contrary: but (rather), whereas.
• The doctor arrived but it was too late.
• le̋e̋gu e-tőpa. de kétu xa̋lo e-e̋sa:

le̋e̋g-u	e=tőp-a	de	kétu	xa̋l-o	e=e̋s-a
doctor-N.s	PST=arrive-IND	but	too	late-N.s	PST=be-IND

• 3. ésti denotes in spite of what preceded: but, however, yet, although, nevertheless, on the other hand
• I thought I knew you, yet I was wrong.
• mu mum tum że̋e̋nu e-na̋ma. ésti műnu e-vűűa:

m-u	m-um	t-um	że̋e̋n-u	e=na̋m-a	ésti	műn-u	e=vűű-a
1s-N	1s-A	2s-A	know-SUP	PST=think-IND	yet	wrong-N.s	PST=be-IND

• 4. éti denotes in addition to: plus, and in addition to, as well as.
• In addition to the hat, the lady bought an umbrella.
• ande̋ru ṡa̋bom éti suumnı̋ı̋zom e-sa̋a:

ande̋r-u	ṡa̋b-om	éti	suum_nı̋ı̋z-om	e=sa̋-a
lady-N.s	hat-A.s	in_addition_to	rain_shadow-A.s	PST=buy-IND

• 5. -m̃e denotes two alternatives, either of which could be true: or.
• Mother will bring us barley bread or wheat bread for supper.
• ma̋a̋ma dork̬ős tááda m̃úm do alvɛða̋a̋nomm̃e k̬a̋zomm̃e u-tőƣa:

ma̋a̋m-a	dork̬-ős	tááda	m̃-úm	do	alv=ɛ_ða̋a̋n-om	m̃e	k̬a̋z-om	m̃e	u=tőƣ-a
mother-N.s	supper-G.s	for	1p-G	to	barley=EPEN_bread-A.s	or	wheat_bread-A.s	or	FUT=bring-IND

• 6. m̃o denotes a situation in which there are only two alternatives: or, or else.
• Go with me or stay.
• mum sűne. m̃o ɠa̋le:

m-um	sűn-e	m̃o	ɠa̋l-e
1s-A	go_with-IMP	or	remain-IMP

• 7. ném̃o denotes negative alternative: or not.
• You may go with me or not.
• tu mum sune̋ȝa ném̃o:

t-u	m-um	sun-e̋ȝa	né_m̃o
2s-N	1s-A	go_with-SBJ	not_or

• 8. ƥúvi denotes a consequence; so-, (such-, -that).
• It rained so many days that the dam burst.
• kétu me̋e̋a a̋han e-sűűm̃a. ƥűvi pa̋ðo e-ne̋va:

kétu	me̋e̋a-Ø	a̋h-an	e=sűűm̃-a	ƥűvi	pa̋ð-o	e=ne̋v-a
so	many-ABS	day-A.p	PST=rain-IND	so_that	dam-N.s	PST=burst-IND

Subordinating conjunctions - fásƣeðsa̋m̃o

• 9. ávi denotes at the moment when: as soon as.
• He had left home as soon as he was called.
• nőmom e-vıvı̋da. ávi ha̋m̃aþu e-ı̋la:

nőm-om	e=vı~vı̋d-a	ávi	ha̋m̃.a.þ-u	e=ı̋l-a
home-A.s	PST=PRF~leave-IND	as_soon_as	call.IND.PP-N.s	PST=become-IND

• 10. ébi denotes possibility: in case, in the event that, if
• If it rains, we'll stay home.
• ébi suum̃e̋ȝa. toári m̃us nómþi u-ɠa̋a̋la:

ébi	suum̃-e̋ȝa	toári	m̃-us	nóm=þi	u=ɠa̋a̋l-a
if	rain-SBJ	then	1p-N	home=LOC	FUT=stay-IND

• 11. épi denotes in the same way that: as, so, in like manner, the way; in the capacity of.
• I will do it as the commander has ordered.
• mu éȝom u-kı̋a. épi e̋e̋vlu ehe̋e̋va:

m-u	éȝ-om	u=kı̋-a	épi	e̋e̋v-l-u	eh~e̋e̋v-a
1s-N	3-A.s	FUT=do-IND	as	PRF~command-AG-N.s	PRF~order-IND

• 12. fési denotes up to the time that: before, until, ere.
• Before (ere) it reached our valley the storm dumped a lot of rain on the mountain.
• ðűűo ǧa̋rom éva me̋e̋e sűűm̃em e-pa̋usa. fési m̃u-le̋ðom e-tőpa:

ðűű-o	ǧa̋r-om	éva	me̋e̋e-Ø	sűűm̃-em	e=pa̋us-a	fési	m̃u=le̋ð-om	e=tőp-a
storm-N.s	mountain-A.s	on	much-ABS	rain-A.s	PST=dump-IND	before	our=valley-A.s	PST=arrive_at-IND

• 13. hi denotes by or for the cause that: because, as, for, since, now that, given that.
• We must return early since (because, as, for, given that) night falls quickly.
• m̃us bázvi na̋a̋nu ke̋la. hi la̋a̋ta ááþvi tőpa:

m̃-us	báz=vi	na̋a̋n-u	ke̋l-a	hi	la̋a̋t-a	ááþ=vi	tőp-a
1p-N	early=ADV	return-SUP	must-IND	because	night-N.s	quick=ADV	arrive-IND

• 14. k̨ára denotes in the circumstance(s) that: if, provided that, on the condition that, whether, as long as [with sbj.].
• It would be better if (provided that, as long as) you went with me.
• vıva̋do ese̋ȝa. k̨ára mum e-sune̋ȝa:

vı~va̋d-o	es-e̋ȝa	k̨ára	m-um	e=sun-e̋ȝa
ELT~good-N.s.	be-SBJ	if	1s-A	PST=go_with-SBJ

• 15. láṡ̬i denotes in a manner suggesting: as if, as though, like [with sbj.].
• The miller acts as if he were about to sneeze.
• mől̤u kı̋a. láṡ̬i tűmu sííra vuue̋ȝa:

mől-l-u	kı̋-a	láṡ̬i	tűm-u	vuu-e̋ȝa
mill-AG-N.s	act-IND	as_if	sneeze-SUP	about_to	be-SBJ

• 16. méi denotes varying through time in the same proportion that: as.
• I began to worry as the storm approached.
• mu ziþa̋sa. méi ðűűo e-ȝőba:

m-u	ziþ-a̋s-a	méi	ðűű-o	e=ȝőb-a
1s-N	worry-INC-IND	as	storm-N.s	PST=approach-IND

• 17. méti denotes at such time as: when, at the same time-, -that, -as, at the time that, at the time(s) at which, whenever, while, during the time at which, as, as-, -long-, -soon-, -as.
• When we heard him sneeze, we also heard the thunder.
• méti m̃us éȝum tűmu e-ve̋na. étu tőnom e-ve̋na:

méti	m̃-us	éȝ-um	tűm-u	e=ve̋n-a	étu	tőn-om	e=ve̋n-a
when	1p-N	3-A.s	sneeze-SUP	PST=hear-IND	also	thunder-A.s	PST=hear-IND

• 18. móódi denotes in such or which way: how
• I know how I can get some money.
• mu sa̋a̋ra. móódi pı̋ı̋nom de̋xu ma̋ƣa:

m-u	sa̋a̋r-a	móódi	pı̋ı̋n-om	de̋x-u	ma̋ƣ-a
1s-N	know-IND	how	money-A.s	get-SUP	be.able-IND

• 19. nóóli denotes to such an extent: insofar as, inasmuch as, in that.
• Inasmuch as he was able, the cripple helped us.
• nóóli éȝu e-ma̋ƣa. kőuku m̃un e-þőna:

nóóli	éȝ-u	e=ma̋ƣ-a	kőuk-u	m̃-un	e=þőn-a
inasmuch_as	3-N.s	PST=be.able-IND	cripple-N.s	1p-A	PST=help-IND

• 20. ópi introduces an indirect question: whether
• I do not know whether I want to go.
• mu sa̋a̋ra ne. ópi atı̋ı̋ha:

m-u	sa̋a̋r-a	ne	ópi	at-ı̋ı̋h-a
1s-N	know-IND	not	whether	go-DES-IND

• 21. pósi denotes that an action takes place after another action: after.
• You may go out to play after the rain stops.
• tu le̋idu vide̋ȝa. pósi sűűm̃e u-de̋usa:

t-u	le̋id-u	vid-e̋ȝa	pósi	sűűm̃-e	u=de̋us-a
2s-N	play-SUP	go_out-SBJ	after	rain-N.s	FUT=stop-IND

• 22. sáámi denotes a concession: though, although, while, notwithstanding, even-, -if, -though, albeit.
• Although the rain stopped several days ago, the [Lithan] villagers still fear landslides.
• kı̋lrus éstu ǧarfőőlanɛ na̋a̋a. sáámi sűűm̃e fésvi alme̋e̋a a̋han e-de̋usa:

kı̋lr-us	éstu	ǧar_főől-an=ɛ	na̋a̋-a	sáámi	sűűm̃-e	fés=vi	al=me̋e̋a-Ø	a̋h-an	e=de̋us-a
villager-N.p	still	mountain_fall-A.p=EP	fear-IND	although	rain-N.s	before=ADV	PRV=many-ABS	day-A.p	PST=stop-IND

• 23. sííri denotes up to a certain time or place: as far/much/many as, until.
• It rained and rained until the rivers overflowed.
• e-suum̃e̋la. sííri da̋a̋es e-þ̨a̋la:

e=suum̃-e̋l-a	sííri	da̋a̋-es	e=þ̨a̋l-a
PST=rain-FRQ-IND	until	river-N.p	PST=overflow-IND

• 24. síti denotes as example: as, such as, for example, by way of.
• We are experiencing a drought such as we’ve never seen before.
• m̃us ǧa̋lam ga̋uða. síti fésu nına̋ka neánu:

m̃-us	ǧa̋l-am	ga̋uð-a	síti	fésu	nı~na̋k-a	neánu
1p-N	drought-A.s	experience-IND	such_as	before	PRF~see-IND	never

• 25. sómi denotes a comparison: like; than [when comparing sentences].
• I like you more than (I like) her.
• mu gáámvi tum ka̋a. sómi ii-éȝum:

m-u	gáám=vi	t-um	ka̋-a	sómi	ii=éȝ-um
1s-N	more=ADV	2s-A	like-IND	than	F=3-A.s

• I like you more than she does (likes you).
• mu gáámvi tum ka̋a. sómi ii-éȝu tum ka̋a:

m-u	gáám=vi	t-um	ka̋-a	sómi	ii=éȝ-u	t-um	ka̋-a
1s-N	more=ADV	2s-A	like-IND	than	F=3-N.s	2s-A	like-IND

• 26. ši denotes an exception to a previous statement: except (that), but (that), were it not that.
• I would leave the country but (that) (except that, were it not that) my horse has died.
• mu me̋xam vide̋ȝa. ši mőre nıne̋ṡa:

m-u	me̋x-am	vid-e̋ȝa	ši	mőr-e	nı~ne̋ṡ-a
1s-N	country-A.s	leave-SBJ	but	horse-N.s	PRF~die-IND

• 27. táádi denotes purpose: so that, in order that [with sbj.].
• I will have to buy another so that I may start the journey.
• mu ánem sa' u-ke̋la. táádi ta̋ƣom tode̋ȝa:

m-u	án-em	sa='	u=ke̋l-a	táádi	ta̋ƣ-om	tod-e̋ȝa
1s-N	other-A.s	buy=ELIS	FUT=have_to-IND	so_that	journey-A.s	start-SBJ

• 28. táádi ... ze denotes for fear that: lest, so that ... not [with sbj.].
• He should go outside for a moment lest (so that) he (not) damage his lungs.
• éȝu sa̋mpam bu a̋tu ke̋la. táádi nőbon vane̋ȝa ze:

éȝ-u	sa̋mp-am	bu	a̋t-u	ke̋l-a	táádi	nőb-on	van-e̋ȝa	ze
3-N.s	moment-A.s	out	go-SUP	should-IND	so_that	lung-A.p	damage-SBJ	not

• 29. toári denotes in a certain case: then [apodosis] [N.B. This clause is placed after the protasis, since the protasis is also a dependent clause.]
• If I buy another, (then) I will have to buy provisions.
• ébi mu ánem sae̋ȝa. toári taƣe̋dom sa̋' u-ke̋la:

ébi	m-u	án-em	sa-e̋ȝa	toári	taƣ_e̋d-om	sa̋='	u=ke̋l-a
if	1s-N	other-A.s	buy-SBJ	then	journey_food-A.s	buy=ELIS	FUT=have_to-IND

• 30. vái denotes at or in which place or situation: where.
• I have forgotten where I put my keys.
• mu m̃ym̃űna. vái mu-ta̋a̋zlon e-ðe̋e̋a:

m-u	m̃y~m̃űn-a	vái	mu=ta̋a̋z-l-on	e=ðe̋e̋-a
1s-N	PRF~dforget-IND	where	my=lock-INS-A.p	PST=put-IND

Correlative conjunctions - ȝémƣeðsa̋m̃o

• 31. épi ...épi ... denotes a comparison of the same way or like manner: as ... so ....
• As you sow, so shall you reap.
• épi t' u-se̋e̋a. épi t' u-me̋e̋þa:

épi	t='	u=se̋e̋-a	épi	t='	u=me̋e̋þ-a
as	2s=ELIS	FUT=sow-IND	so	2s=ELIS	FUT=reap-IND

• 32. -k̬e ... -k̬e connects two words: and.
• They will contribute by bringing beer, chicken and bread.
• éȝu' sa̋xomk̬e ka̋komk̬e k̬a̋zomk̬e tőƣu móóda u-aðne̋ma:

éȝ-u='	sa̋x-om=k̬e	ka̋k-om=k̬e	k̬a̋z-om=k̬e	tőƣ-u	móóda	u=að_ne̋m-a
3-N.p=ELIS	beer-A.s=and	chicken-A.s=and	bread-A.s=and	bring-SUP	by	FUT=with_share-IND

• 33. m̃o ... m̃o ... denotes a situation in which there are only two alternatives: either ... or.
• You will either eat your dinner right now or you will go to bed.
• tu m̃o ávi dőrk̬om u-e̋da m̃o u-þe̋ga:

t-u	m̃o	ávi	dőrk̬-om	u=e̋d-a	m̃o	u=þe̋g-a
2s-N	either	right_now	dinner-A.s	FUT=eat-IND	or	FUT=go_to_bed-IND

• 34. nek̬e ... nek̬e denotes the negative of either; neither ... nor.
• Neither threats nor torture turned the soldier from his duty.
• nek̬e se̋sos nek̬e gűno bőþam ápa sőþlum e-sűka:

nek̬e	se̋s-os	nek̬e	gűn-o	bőþ-am	ápa	sőþ-l-um	e=sűk-a
neither	threat-N.p	nor	torture-N.s	duty-A.s	from	wage_war-AG-A.s	PST=turn-IND

• 35. ne sólvi ... ésti étu, not only ... but also.
• Not only is he handsome, (but) he is also brilliant.
• éȝu ne sóólvi gőbu vűűa. ésti étu ƣosa̋a̋ru vűűa:

éȝ-u	ne	sóól=vi	gőb-u	vűű-a	ésti	étu	ƣo=sa̋a̋r-u	vűű-a
3-N.s	not	only=ADV	handsome-N.s	be-IND	but	also	INT=intelligent-N.s	be-IND

• 36. ópi ...ópi ... denotes multiple alternative possibilities; whether ... or.
• Whether you stay or go is your decision.
• ópi tu ɠa̋a̋la. ópi a̋ta tu-re̋ko e̋sa:

ópi	t-u	ɠa̋a̋l-a	ópi	a̋t-a	tu=re̋k-o	e̋s-a
whether	2s-N	stay-IND	or	go-IND	your=decision-N.s	be-IND

• 37. sómi ... sómi ..., (just) as ... so ....
• Just as Ethrans love rosehips, so Pyrans love sloe berries.
• sóm' iðr̨őnus m̃ɔðga̋þon żűsa. sómi aaþ̨őnu' s̨oofga̋þon żűsa:

sóm'	iðr̨őn-us	m̃ɔð_ga̋þ-on	żűs-a	sómi	aaþ̨őn-u='	s̨oof_ga̋þ-on	żűs-a
just_as	Ethran-N.p	rose_berry-A.p	enjoy-IND	so	Pyran-N.p=ELIS	sloe_berry-A.p	enjoy-IND

• 38. vóói ...vóói ... denotes including two alternatives; both ... and ...
• Both the soldiers and the nobles will come to the dance.
• vóói sőþlus vóói kőővus mevsa̋rom do u-ǧe̋ma:

vóói	sőþ-l-us	vóói	kőőv-us	mev_sa̋r-om	do	u=ǧe̋m-a
both	wage_war-AG-N.p	and	noble-N.p	dance_party-A.s	to	FUT=come-IND

Senjecas - List of Postpositions