Senjecas - List of Conjunctions

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Pronunciation table

peműko
(labial)
riisűko
(dental)
muitűko
(alveolar)
vainűko
(palatal)
ṡ̨uuše̋nos
(vowels with प)
nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos
(weak vowels)
p
b f v m t d þ ð ɫ l ż s z r n k g x ƣ h ȝ š i e a ɔ o u ı ɛ y
म़ ल़ स़ क़ ग़ स्व स्य इ ई
पि पी
ए एै
पे पै
अ आ
प पा
ऒ ॵ
पॊ पॏ
ओ औ
पो पौ
उ ऊ
पु पू
पं पऺ पॅ
/p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /m̥/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /l̥/ /l/ /ʦ/ /ʣ/ /s/ /z/ /ɾ̥/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ç/ /ʝ/ /j̊/ /j/ /sʷ/ /sʲ/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /ɒ/ /o/ /u/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /ʊ/


Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = 1st person singular/plural ABL = ablative suffix COL = collective F = feminine INT = intensive prefix PRV = privative prefix SUP = supine
2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural ABS = absolutive
(an unmarked modifying adjective)
DES = desiderative FRQ = frequentative LAT = lative suffix PST = past TRZ = transitivizer
3 = 3rd person ADV = adverb DIM = diminutive FUT = future LOC = locative suffix REV = reversive VOC = vocative particle
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) AG = agent ELIS = elision IMP = imperative M = masculine Q = interrogative particle YNG = young
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) AP = agent (active) participle ELT = elative INC = inchoative OCC = occupation suffix QUOT = direct quotation
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) AUG = augmentative EP = epenthesis IND = indicative PP = patient (past) participle RPR = recent perfective
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) CAUS = causative EQU = equative degree INS = instrument PRF = perfect SBJ = subjunctive


Coordinating conjunctions - párƣeðsa̋m̃o

  • 1. da connects two clauses or sentences: and.
  • She got up from her chair and left the room.
  • éȝu se̋dom áfa e-e̋e̋ga. da te̋rom e-vı̋da:
éȝ-u se̋d-om áfa e=e̋e̋g-a da te̋r-om e=vı̋d-a
3-N.s chair-A.s off_of PST=get_up and room-A.s PST=leave-IND


  • 2. de denotes on the contrary: but (rather), whereas.
  • The doctor arrived but it was too late.
  • le̋e̋gu e-tőpa. de kétu xa̋lo e-e̋sa:
le̋e̋g-u e=tőp-a de kétu xa̋l-o e=e̋s-a
doctor-N.s PST=arrive-IND but too late-N.s PST=be-IND


  • 3. ésti denotes in spite of what preceded: but, however, yet, although, nevertheless, on the other hand
  • I thought I knew you, yet I was wrong.
  • mu mum tum że̋e̋nu e-na̋ma. ésti műnu e-vűűa:
m-u m-um t-um że̋e̋n-u e=na̋m-a ésti műn-u e=vűű-a
1s-N 1s-A 2s-A know-SUP PST=think-IND yet wrong-N.s PST=be-IND


  • 4. éti denotes in addition to: plus, and in addition to, as well as.
  • In addition to the hat, the lady bought an umbrella.
  • ande̋ru ṡa̋bom éti suumnı̋ı̋zom e-sa̋a:
ande̋r-u ṡa̋b-om éti suum_nı̋ı̋z-om e=sa̋-a
lady-N.s hat-A.s in_addition_to rain_shadow-A.s PST=buy-IND


  • 5. -m̃e denotes two alternatives, either of which could be true: or.
  • Mother will bring us barley bread or wheat bread for supper.
  • ma̋a̋ma dork̬ős tááda m̃úm do alvɛða̋a̋nomm̃e k̬a̋zomm̃e u-tőƣa:
ma̋a̋m-a dork̬-ős tááda m̃-úm do alv=ɛ_ða̋a̋n-om m̃e k̬a̋z-om m̃e u=tőƣ-a
mother-N.s supper-G.s for 1p-G to barley=EPEN_bread-A.s or wheat_bread-A.s or FUT=bring-IND


  • 6. m̃o denotes a situation in which there are only two alternatives: or, or else.
  • Go with me or stay.
  • mum sűne. m̃o ɠa̋le:
m-um sűn-e m̃o ɠa̋l-e
1s-A go_with-IMP or remain-IMP


  • 7. ném̃o denotes negative alternative: or not.
  • You may go with me or not.
  • tu mum sune̋ȝa ném̃o:
t-u m-um sun-e̋ȝa né_m̃o
2s-N 1s-A go_with-SBJ not_or


  • 8. ƥúvi denotes a consequence; so-, (such-, -that).
  • It rained so many days that the dam burst.
  • kétu me̋e̋a a̋han e-sűűm̃a. ƥűvi pa̋ðo e-ne̋va:
kétu me̋e̋a-Ø a̋h-an e=sűűm̃-a ƥűvi pa̋ð-o e=ne̋v-a
so many-ABS day-A.p PST=rain-IND so_that dam-N.s PST=burst-IND


Subordinating conjunctions - fásƣeðsa̋m̃o

  • 9. ávi denotes at the moment when: as soon as.
  • He had left home as soon as he was called.
  • nőmom e-vıvı̋da. ávi ha̋m̃aþu e-ı̋la:
nőm-om e=vı~vı̋d-a ávi ha̋m̃.a.þ-u e=ı̋l-a
home-A.s PST=PRF~leave-IND as_soon_as call.IND.PP-N.s PST=become-IND


  • 10. ébi denotes possibility: in case, in the event that, if
  • If it rains, we'll stay home.
  • ébi suum̃e̋ȝa. toári m̃us nómþi u-ɠa̋a̋la:
ébi suum̃-e̋ȝa toári m̃-us nóm=þi u=ɠa̋a̋l-a
if rain-SBJ then 1p-N home=LOC FUT=stay-IND


  • 11. épi denotes in the same way that: as, so, in like manner, the way; in the capacity of.
  • I will do it as the commander has ordered.
  • mu éȝom u-kı̋a. épi e̋e̋vlu ehe̋e̋va:
m-u éȝ-om u=kı̋-a épi e̋e̋v-l-u eh~e̋e̋v-a
1s-N 3-A.s FUT=do-IND as PRF~command-AG-N.s PRF~order-IND


  • 12. fési denotes up to the time that: before, until, ere.
  • Before (ere) it reached our valley the storm dumped a lot of rain on the mountain.
  • ðűűo ǧa̋rom éva me̋e̋e sűűm̃em e-pa̋usa. fési m̃u-le̋ðom e-tőpa:
ðűű-o ǧa̋r-om éva me̋e̋e-Ø sűűm̃-em e=pa̋us-a fési m̃u=le̋ð-om e=tőp-a
storm-N.s mountain-A.s on much-ABS rain-A.s PST=dump-IND before our=valley-A.s PST=arrive_at-IND


  • 13. hi denotes by or for the cause that: because, as, for, since, now that, given that.
  • We must return early since (because, as, for, given that) night falls quickly.
  • m̃us bázvi na̋a̋nu ke̋la. hi la̋a̋ta ááþvi tőpa:
m̃-us báz=vi na̋a̋n-u ke̋l-a hi la̋a̋t-a ááþ=vi tőp-a
1p-N early=ADV return-SUP must-IND because night-N.s quick=ADV arrive-IND


  • 14. k̨ára denotes in the circumstance(s) that: if, provided that, on the condition that, whether, as long as [with sbj.].
  • It would be better if (provided that, as long as) you went with me.
  • vıva̋do ese̋ȝa. k̨ára mum e-sune̋ȝa:
vı~va̋d-o es-e̋ȝa k̨ára m-um e=sun-e̋ȝa
ELT~good-N.s. be-SBJ if 1s-A PST=go_with-SBJ


  • 15. láṡ̬i denotes in a manner suggesting: as if, as though, like [with sbj.].
  • The miller acts as if he were about to sneeze.
  • mől̤u kı̋a. láṡ̬i tűmu sííra vuue̋ȝa:
mől-l-u kı̋-a láṡ̬i tűm-u vuu-e̋ȝa
mill-AG-N.s act-IND as_if sneeze-SUP about_to be-SBJ


  • 16. méi denotes varying through time in the same proportion that: as.
  • I began to worry as the storm approached.
  • mu ziþa̋sa. méi ðűűo e-ȝőba:
m-u ziþ-a̋s-a méi ðűű-o e=ȝőb-a
1s-N worry-INC-IND as storm-N.s PST=approach-IND


  • 17. méti denotes at such time as: when, at the same time-, -that, -as, at the time that, at the time(s) at which, whenever, while, during the time at which, as, as-, -long-, -soon-, -as.
  • When we heard him sneeze, we also heard the thunder.
  • méti m̃us éȝum tűmu e-ve̋na. étu tőnom e-ve̋na:
méti m̃-us éȝ-um tűm-u e=ve̋n-a étu tőn-om e=ve̋n-a
when 1p-N 3-A.s sneeze-SUP PST=hear-IND also thunder-A.s PST=hear-IND


  • 18. móódi denotes in such or which way: how
  • I know how I can get some money.
  • mu sa̋a̋ra. móódi pı̋ı̋nom de̋xu ma̋ƣa:
m-u sa̋a̋r-a móódi pı̋ı̋n-om de̋x-u ma̋ƣ-a
1s-N know-IND how money-A.s get-SUP be.able-IND


  • 19. nóóli denotes to such an extent: insofar as, inasmuch as, in that.
  • Inasmuch as he was able, the cripple helped us.
  • nóóli éȝu e-ma̋ƣa. kőuku m̃un e-þőna:
nóóli éȝ-u e=ma̋ƣ-a kőuk-u m̃-un e=þőn-a
inasmuch_as 3-N.s PST=be.able-IND cripple-N.s 1p-A PST=help-IND


  • 20. ópi introduces an indirect question: whether
  • I do not know whether I want to go.
  • mu sa̋a̋ra ne. ópi atı̋ı̋ha:
m-u sa̋a̋r-a ne ópi at-ı̋ı̋h-a
1s-N know-IND not whether go-DES-IND


  • 21. pósi denotes that an action takes place after another action: after.
  • You may go out to play after the rain stops.
  • tu le̋idu vide̋ȝa. pósi sűűm̃e u-de̋usa:
t-u le̋id-u vid-e̋ȝa pósi sűűm̃-e u=de̋us-a
2s-N play-SUP go_out-SBJ after rain-N.s FUT=stop-IND


  • 22. sáámi denotes a concession: though, although, while, notwithstanding, even-, -if, -though, albeit.
  • Although the rain stopped several days ago, the [Lithan] villagers still fear landslides.
  • kı̋lrus éstu ǧarfőőlanɛ na̋a̋a. sáámi sűűm̃e fésvi alme̋e̋a a̋han e-de̋usa:
kı̋lr-us éstu ǧar_főől-an=ɛ na̋a̋-a sáámi sűűm̃-e fés=vi al=me̋e̋a-Ø a̋h-an e=de̋us-a
villager-N.p still mountain_fall-A.p=EP fear-IND although rain-N.s before=ADV PRV=many-ABS day-A.p PST=stop-IND


  • 23. sííri denotes up to a certain time or place: as far/much/many as, until.
  • It rained and rained until the rivers overflowed.
  • e-suum̃e̋la. sííri da̋a̋es e-þ̨a̋la:
e=suum̃-e̋l-a sííri da̋a̋-es e=þ̨a̋l-a
PST=rain-FRQ-IND until river-N.p PST=overflow-IND


  • 24. síti denotes as example: as, such as, for example, by way of.
  • We are experiencing a drought such as we’ve never seen before.
  • m̃us ǧa̋lam ga̋uða. síti fésu nına̋ka neánu:
m̃-us ǧa̋l-am ga̋uð-a síti fésu nı~na̋k-a neánu
1p-N drought-A.s experience-IND such_as before PRF~see-IND never


  • 25. sómi denotes a comparison: like; than [when comparing sentences].
  • I like you more than (I like) her.
  • mu gáámvi tum ka̋a. sómi ii-éȝum:
m-u gáám=vi t-um ka̋-a sómi ii=éȝ-um
1s-N more=ADV 2s-A like-IND than F=3-A.s


  • I like you more than she does (likes you).
  • mu gáámvi tum ka̋a. sómi ii-éȝu tum ka̋a:
m-u gáám=vi t-um ka̋-a sómi ii=éȝ-u t-um ka̋-a
1s-N more=ADV 2s-A like-IND than F=3-N.s 2s-A like-IND


  • 26. ši denotes an exception to a previous statement: except (that), but (that), were it not that.
  • I would leave the country but (that) (except that, were it not that) my horse has died.
  • mu me̋xam vide̋ȝa. ši mőre nıne̋ṡa:
m-u me̋x-am vid-e̋ȝa ši mőr-e nı~ne̋ṡ-a
1s-N country-A.s leave-SBJ but horse-N.s PRF~die-IND


  • 27. táádi denotes purpose: so that, in order that [with sbj.].
  • I will have to buy another so that I may start the journey.
  • mu ánem sa' u-ke̋la. táádi ta̋ƣom tode̋ȝa:
m-u án-em sa=' u=ke̋l-a táádi ta̋ƣ-om tod-e̋ȝa
1s-N other-A.s buy=ELIS FUT=have_to-IND so_that journey-A.s start-SBJ


  • 28. táádi ... ze denotes for fear that: lest, so that ... not [with sbj.].
  • He should go outside for a moment lest (so that) he (not) damage his lungs.
  • éȝu sa̋mpam bu a̋tu ke̋la. táádi nőbon vane̋ȝa ze:
éȝ-u sa̋mp-am bu a̋t-u ke̋l-a táádi nőb-on van-e̋ȝa ze
3-N.s moment-A.s out go-SUP should-IND so_that lung-A.p damage-SBJ not


  • 29. toári denotes in a certain case: then [apodosis] [N.B. This clause is placed after the protasis, since the protasis is also a dependent clause.]
  • If I buy another, (then) I will have to buy provisions.
  • ébi mu ánem sae̋ȝa. toári taƣe̋dom sa̋' u-ke̋la:
ébi m-u án-em sa-e̋ȝa toári taƣ_e̋d-om sa̋=' u=ke̋l-a
if 1s-N other-A.s buy-SBJ then journey_food-A.s buy=ELIS FUT=have_to-IND


  • 30. vái denotes at or in which place or situation: where.
  • I have forgotten where I put my keys.
  • mu m̃ym̃űna. vái mu-ta̋a̋zlon e-ðe̋e̋a:
m-u m̃y~m̃űn-a vái mu=ta̋a̋z-l-on e=ðe̋e̋-a
1s-N PRF~dforget-IND where my=lock-INS-A.p PST=put-IND


Correlative conjunctions - ȝémƣeðsa̋m̃o

  • 31. épi ...épi ... denotes a comparison of the same way or like manner: as ... so ....
  • As you sow, so shall you reap.
  • épi t' u-se̋e̋a. épi t' u-me̋e̋þa:
épi t=' u=se̋e̋-a épi t=' u=me̋e̋þ-a
as 2s=ELIS FUT=sow-IND so 2s=ELIS FUT=reap-IND


  • 32. -k̬e ... -k̬e connects two words: and.
  • They will contribute by bringing beer, chicken and bread.
  • éȝu' sa̋xomk̬e ka̋komk̬e k̬a̋zomk̬e tőƣu móóda u-aðne̋ma:
éȝ-u=' sa̋x-om=k̬e ka̋k-om=k̬e k̬a̋z-om=k̬e tőƣ-u móóda u=að_ne̋m-a
3-N.p=ELIS beer-A.s=and chicken-A.s=and bread-A.s=and bring-SUP by FUT=with_share-IND


  • 33. m̃o ... m̃o ... denotes a situation in which there are only two alternatives: either ... or.
  • You will either eat your dinner right now or you will go to bed.
  • tu m̃o ávi dőrk̬om u-e̋da m̃o u-þe̋ga:
t-u m̃o ávi dőrk̬-om u=e̋d-a m̃o u=þe̋g-a
2s-N either right_now dinner-A.s FUT=eat-IND or FUT=go_to_bed-IND


  • 34. nek̬e ... nek̬e denotes the negative of either; neither ... nor.
  • Neither threats nor torture turned the soldier from his duty.
  • nek̬e se̋sos nek̬e gűno bőþam ápa sőþlum e-sűka:
nek̬e se̋s-os nek̬e gűn-o bőþ-am ápa sőþ-l-um e=sűk-a
neither threat-N.p nor torture-N.s duty-A.s from wage_war-AG-A.s PST=turn-IND


  • 35. ne sólvi ... ésti étu, not only ... but also.
  • Not only is he handsome, (but) he is also brilliant.
  • éȝu ne sóólvi gőbu vűűa. ésti étu ƣosa̋a̋ru vűűa:
éȝ-u ne sóól=vi gőb-u vűű-a ésti étu ƣo=sa̋a̋r-u vűű-a
3-N.s not only=ADV handsome-N.s be-IND but also INT=intelligent-N.s be-IND


  • 36. ópi ...ópi ... denotes multiple alternative possibilities; whether ... or.
  • Whether you stay or go is your decision.
  • ópi tu ɠa̋a̋la. ópi a̋ta tu-re̋ko e̋sa:
ópi t-u ɠa̋a̋l-a ópi a̋t-a tu=re̋k-o e̋s-a
whether 2s-N stay-IND or go-IND your=decision-N.s be-IND


  • 37. sómi ... sómi ..., (just) as ... so ....
  • Just as Ethrans love rosehips, so Pyrans love sloe berries.
  • sóm' iðr̨őnus m̃ɔðga̋þon żűsa. sómi aaþ̨őnu' s̨oofga̋þon żűsa:
sóm' iðr̨őn-us m̃ɔð_ga̋þ-on żűs-a sómi aaþ̨őn-u=' s̨oof_ga̋þ-on żűs-a
just_as Ethran-N.p rose_berry-A.p enjoy-IND so Pyran-N.p=ELIS sloe_berry-A.p enjoy-IND


  • 38. vóói ...vóói ... denotes including two alternatives; both ... and ...
  • Both the soldiers and the nobles will come to the dance.
  • vóói sőþlus vóói kőővus mevsa̋rom do u-ǧe̋ma:
vóói sőþ-l-us vóói kőőv-us mev_sa̋r-om do u=ǧe̋m-a
both wage_war-AG-N.p and noble-N.p dance_party-A.s to FUT=come-IND


Senjecas - List of Postpositions