Senjecas - Simple Postpositions

Pronunciation table

peműko (labial)								riisűko (dental)								muitűko (alveolar)								vainűko (palatal)							ṡ̨uuše̋nos (vowels with प)								nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos (weak vowels)
p	b	f	v	m̃	m			t	d	þ	ð	ɫ	l			ṡ	ż	s	z	r	n			k	g	x	ƣ	h	ȝ			š	s̨			i	e	a	ɔ	o	u			ı	ɛ	y
प	ब	फ	भ	म़	म			त	द	थ	ध	ल़	ल			च	ज	स	स़	र	न			क	ग	क़	ग़	ह	य			स्व	स्य			इ ई पि पी	ए एै पे पै	अ आ प पा	ऒ ॵ पॊ पॏ	ओ औ पो पौ	उ ऊ पु पू			पं	पऺ	पॅ
/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/m̥/	/m/			/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/l̥/	/l/			/ʦ/	/ʣ/	/s/	/z/	/ɾ̥/	/n/			/k/	/g/	/ç/	/ʝ/	/j̊/	/j/			/sʷ/	/sʲ/			/i/	/e/	/ä/	/ɒ/	/o/	/u/			/ɪ/	/ɛ/	/ʊ/

Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = 1st person singular/plural	ABL = ablative suffix	COL = collective	F = feminine	INT = intensive prefix	PRV = privative prefix	SUP = supine
2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural	ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)	DES = desiderative	FRQ = frequentative	LAT = lative suffix	PST = past	TRZ = transitivizer
3 = 3rd person	ADV = adverb	DIM = diminutive	FUT = future	LOC = locative suffix	REV = reversive	VOC = vocative particle
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)	AG = agent	ELIS = elision	IMP = imperative	M = masculine	Q = interrogative particle	YNG = young
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)	AP = agent (active) participle	ELT = elative	INC = inchoative	OCC = occupation suffix	QUOT = direct quotation
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)	AUG = augmentative	EP = epenthesis	IND = indicative	PP = patient (past) participle	RPR = recent perfective
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)	CAUS = causative	EQU = equative degree	INS = instrument	PRF = perfect	SBJ = subjunctive

List of postpositions

Non-derivative postpositions - algı̋ı̋no pos̈a̋m̃os

• 1. áda denotes in association or connection with: among(st), with(in).
• That is a custom popular among(st)/with the desert people.
• no lim̤̃aastős leuðűs áða le̋uða gűa e̋sa:

n-o	lim̃.m̃aast.ős	leuð-űs	áða	le̋uða-Ø	e̋s-a
that-N.s	sand.waste-G.s	people-G.s	with	popular-ABS	custom-N.s	be-IND

• It is not within my power to free you from prison.
• koldemős áfa tum še̋vu mu-m̃aka̋s áða vűűa ne:

koldem-ős	áfa	t-um	še̋v-u	mu=m̃ak-a̋s	áða	vűű-a	ne
prison-G.s	from	2s-A	free-SUP	mu=power-G.s	within	be-IND	not

• 2. áfa denotes separation from support, attachment or position: off (of), from, of.
• one of us
• m̃úm áfa þűn

m̃-úm	áfa	þűn
2p-G	of	one

• The skittish horse shied and the rider fell off it.
• t̨e̋ƣse mőre e-t̨e̋ga da mı̋mu nem áfa e-főőla:

m̃-úm	áfa	þűn
2p-G	of	one

• The corrupt mayor was removed from office yesterday.
• duspőrvu riine̋ȝu boþa̋s áfa hesáhvi dűűraþu e-ı̋la:

dus.pőrv-u	rii.ne̋ȝ-u	boþ-a̋s	áfa	hes.áh=vi	dűűr-a-þ-u	e=ı̋l-a
dis.honest-Ø	city.lead-N.s	office-G.s	from	yester.day=ADV	remove-IND-PP-N.s	PST=become-IND

• 3. ána denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up (to).
• The threatened milkmaid quickly ran up the hill.
• šı̋naþu ii-s̨űűþlu ra̋ȝom ána ááþvi e-re̋e̋sa:

šı̋n-a-þu-Ø	ii=s̨űűþ-l-u	ra̋ȝ-om	ána	ááþ=vi	e=re̋e̋s-a
threaten-IND-PP-ABS	F=milk-AG-N.s	hill-A.s	up	quick=ADV	PST=run-IND

• 4. ápa denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively: from, away from.
• The herd of red deer ran away from the prowling lion.
• laanı̋ȝo re̋e̋pante bı̋ı̋rem ápa e-re̋e̋sa:

laan-ı̋ȝ-o	re̋e̋p-a-nte-Ø	bı̋ı̋r-em	ápa	e=re̋e̋s-a
deer-COL-N.s	prowl-IND-AP-ABS	lion-A.s	from	PST=run-IND

• 5. ba denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.
• We heard a loud noise outside the door.
• m̃us ðurős ba tőro þı̋mom e-ve̋na:

m̃-us	ður-ős	ba	tőro-Ø	þı̋m-om	e=ve̋n-a
1.p-N	door-G.s	outside	loud-ABS	noise-A.s	PST=hear-IND

• Our opponent stood without the room while we decided.
• m̃úm e-rekantűm. m̃u-þőősu terős ba e-ṡűra:

m̃-úm	e=rek-a-nt-űm	m̃u=þőős-u	ter-ős	ba	e=ṡűr-a
1p-G	PST=decide-IN-AP-G.p	our=opponnent-N.s	room-G.s	without	PST=stand-IND

• 6. do denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into.
• The thirsty herd moved off toward the flooding river.
• a̋a̋do ta̋do lı̋ı̋me da̋a̋em do e-a̋ta:

a̋a̋do-Ø	ta̋d-o	lı̋ı̋me-Ø	da̋a̋-em	do	e=a̋t-a
thirsty-ABS	herd-N.s	flood-ABS	river-A.s	PST=go-IND

• The hiker threw the rock at the approaching bear.
• ȝuþne̋ðlu ȝőbante ve̋rem do ta̋a̋inom e-ȝe̋e̋a:

ȝuþ.ne̋ð-l-u	ȝőb-a-nte-Ø	ve̋r-em	do	ta̋a̋in-om	e=ȝe̋e̋-a
wander.walk-AG-N.s	approach-IN-AP-ABS	bear-A.s	at	stone-A.s	PST=throw-IND

• Tomorrow the flock will move into the mountains for the summer.
• ba̋a̋k̬o ṡúm̃vi le̋e̋tam ǧa̋ron do u-a̋ta:

ba̋a̋k̬-o	ṡúm̃=vi	le̋e̋t-am	ǧa̋r-on	do	u=a̋t-a
flock-N.s	tomorrow=ADV	summer-A.s	mountain-A.p	into	FUT=go-IND

• Go to the party and have a good time.
• tú sa̋ram do a̋tek̬e ra̋a̋dek̬e:

t-ú	sa̋r-am	do	a̋t-e=k̬e	ra̋a̋d-e=k̬e
2s-V	party-A.s	to	go-IMP=and	be.glad-IMP=and

• 7. dúna denotes at or during a time anterior to; before, by, no later than, of, to.
• Be here by/no later than sunset.
• tú duua̋s dúna íðu vűűe:

t-ú	duu-a̋s	dúna	íðu	vűű-e
2s-V	sunset-G.s	by	here	be-IMP

• twenty minutes of/to five
• d̬őfoos te̋nkas pe̋n tena̋s dúna

d̬ő.foos	te̋n-k-as	pe̋n	ten-a̋s	dúna
two.tens	hour-DIM-N.p	five	hour-G.s	to

• To this very day, he insists he was right.
• éȝu. rı̋ı̋ba i-aha̋s dúna. num m̃e̋e̋rum e-vűűu ðe̋ra:

éȝ-u	rı̋ı̋ba-Ø	i=ah-a̋s	dúna	éȝ-um	m̃e̋e̋r-um	e=vűű-u	ðe̋r-a
3-N.s	very-ABS	this=day-G.s	to	3-A.s	right-A.s	PST=be-SUP	insist-IND

• 8. éha denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).
• The frightened occupants ran from the burning building.
• tűgu pe̋e̋l̤us a̋iðanto demős éha e-re̋e̋sa:

tűgu-Ø	pe̋e̋l-l-us	a̋ið-a-nto-Ø	dem-ős	éha	e=re̋e̋s-a
frightened-ABS	occupy-AG-N.p	burn-IND-AP-ABS	building-G.s	from	PST=run-IND

• The young women were looking out (of) the window when the knight rode by.
• mı̋mum ɔ́nu e-mı̋mantum—ii-be̋kus tungős éha e-ża̋ba:

mı̋m-um	ɔ́nu	e=mı̋m-a-nt-um	ii=be̋k-us	tung-ős	éha	e=ża̋b-a
knight-A.s	by	PST=ride-IND-AP-A.s	F=young-N.p	window-G.s	out.of	PST=look-IND

• The villagers heard the sound of fighting from within the fortress.
• na̋a̋ðrus ðuunős éha ṡata̋' še̋nom e-ve̋na:

na̋a̋ðr-us	ðuun-ős	éha	ṡat-a̋='	še̋n-om	e=ve̋n-a
villager-N.p	fortress-G.s	from.within	fight9ng-G.s=ELIS	sound-A.s	PST=hear-IND

• 9. éna denotes stationary position or location within or movement into: at, in, into, on, to.
• The gigantic boulder came to rest at the bottom of the hill.
• pempe̋lo ta̋a̋inżo raȝős niterős éna ṡe̋ȝu e-tőpa:

pempe̋lo-Ø	ta̋a̋in=ż-o	raȝ-ős	niter-ős	éna	ṡe̋ȝ-u	e=tőp-a
giant-ABS	stone=AUG-N.s	hill-G.s	bottom-G.s	at	rest-SUP	PST=arrive-IND

• Please put the dishes in the cupboard on the left.
• tú m̃aspe̋go e̋rgom éna pe̋lkon ðeee̋ȝa:

t-ú	m̃as.pe̋go-Ø	e̋rg-om	éna	pe̋lk-on	ðee-e̋ȝa
2s-V	left.side-ABS	cupboard-A.s	on	dish-A.p	put=SBJ

• The maid put the quilted clothing into the box under the bed.
• ṡűvlu ṡeȝős néra ı̋vkom éna kűgom e-ðe̋e̋a:

ṡűv-l-u	ṡeȝ-ős	néra	ı̋vk-om	éna	kűg-om	e=ðe̋e̋-a
clean-AG-N.s	bed-G.s	under	box-A.s	into	quilted.clothing-A.s	PST=put-IND

• 10. épa denotes accordance with: after the manner of, after, at, behind, in, under, according to, in terms of, as, in the role of.
• ii-mı̋mu mal̤űm épa eȝu-mőrem e-mı̋ma:
• The rider rode her horse after the manner of the nomads.

ii=mı̋m-u	mal-l-űm	épa	eȝu=mőr-em	e=mı̋m-a
F=rider-N.s	wander-AG-G.p	after.the.manner.of	her=horse-A.s	PST=ride-IND

• At the general's command the troops charged.
• ṡa̋þm̃u' soþveel̤űs eevős épa e-ȝűða:

ṡa̋þm̃-u='	soþ.veel-l-űs	eev-ős	épa	e=ȝűð-a
troops-N.s=ELIS	war.in.charge-AG-G.s	command-G.s	at	PST=charge-IND

• It was clear that the miller’s wife was behind the plan.
• ȝa mol̤űs kőzu peeka̋s épa e-vűűa—te̋ido e-e̋sa:

ȝa	mol-l-űs	kőz-u	peek-a̋s	épa	e=vűű-a	te̋id-o	e=e̋s-a
that	grind-AG-G.s	wife-N.s	plan-G.s	behind	PST=be-IND	clear-N.s	PST=be-IND

• Under the king's new law, that would not be allowed.
• no. reeƣűs ȝűűno þ̨orős épa. dőraþo ile̋ȝa ze:

n-o	reeƣ-űs	ȝűűno-Ø	þ̨or-ős	épa	dőr-a-þ-o	il-e̋ȝa	ze
that-N.s	king-G.s	new-ABS	law-G.s	under	allow-IND-PP-N.s	become-SBJ	not

• 11. éva denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: on, over, to, upon.
• You will find the hat on the table in the hall.
• tu eðős éna serős éva ṡa̋bom u-de̋e̋sa:

t-u	eð-ős	éna	ser-ős	éva	ṡa̋b-om	u=de̋e̋s-a
2s-N	hall-G.s	on	table-G.s	on	hat-A.s	FUT=find-IND

• The nomads applied red paint to the old wagon.
• ma̋l̤us że̋e̋ro reðnős éva re̋uði te̋e̋rt̬im e-te̋e̋ra:

ma̋l-l-us	że̋e̋ro-Ø	reðn-ős	éva	re̋uði-Ø	te̋e̋rt̬-im	e=te̋e̋r-a
wander-AG-N.p	old-ABS	wagon-G.s	on	red-ABS	paint-A.s	PST=paint-IND

• The teacher put a variegated cloth over the wooden table.
• dőxlu maat̨őno serős éva a̋ito m̃e̋vom e-ðe̋e̋a:

dőx-l-u	maat̨őno-Ø	ser-ős	éva	a̋ito-Ø	m̃e̋v-om	e=ðe̋e̋-a
teach-AG-N.s	wooden-ABS	table-G.s	on	variegated-ABS	cloth-A.s	PST=put-IND

• 12. ha denotes causality: at, because of, by, for, in, of, on account of, by reason of, in consequence of, as a result of, out of, owing-, due -to, from, through, under, with.
• At our request, the guard finally opened the cell door.
• dı̋slu m̃u-igős ha m̃enðónu terkős ðűrom e-lűra:

dı̋s-l-u	m̃u=ig-ős	ha	m̃enðónu	terk-ős	ðűr-om	e=lűr-a
guard-AG-N.s	our=request-G.s	at	finally	cell-G.s	door-A.s	PST=open-IND

• Because of the torrential rain we could not go.
• m̃us ṡarsa̋a̋ke suum̃e̋s ha a̋tu e-ma̋ƣa ne:

m̃-us	ṡarsa̋a̋ke-Ø	suum̃-e̋s	ha	a̋t-u	e=ma̋ƣ-a	ne
1p-N	torrential-ABS	rain-G.s	because.of	go-SUP	PST=be.able-IND	not

• The queen was famous throughout the land for her beauty.
• ii-re̋e̋ƣu mexa̋s þáfa eȝu-govta̋s ha de̋ku e-vűűa:

ii=re̋e̋ƣ-u	mex-a̋s	þáfa	eȝu=govt-a̋s	ha	de̋k-u	e=vűű-a
F=king-N.s	land-G.s	throughout	her=beauty-G.s	for	famous-N.s	PST=be-IND

• Under these circumstances, we should turn back.
• m̃us i-sepa̋m ha na̋a̋nu ke̋la:

m̃-us	i=sep-a̋m	ha	na̋a̋n-u	ke̋l-a
1p-N	this=circumstance-G.p	under	return-SUP	should-IND

• At the sight the people went pale with fear.
• le̋uðu nakaþős ha naaa̋s ha ðe̋inu e-ı̋la:

le̋uð-u	nak-a-þ-ős	ha	naa-a̋s	ha	ðe̋in-u	e=ı̋l-a
people-N.s	see-IND-PP-G.s	at	fear-G.s	pale-N.s	PST=become-IND

• 13. ȝúṡa denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among(st), (in) between, through, with.
• There is no honor among(st) thieves.
• þa̋la voourlűm ȝúṡa vűűla ne:

þa̋l-a	voour-l-űm	ȝúṡa	vűűl-a	ne
honor-N.s	steal-AG-G.p	among	there.be-IND	not

• The beehives are between the house and the barn.
• de̋e̋ȝos m̃eesősk̬e beƣősk̬e ȝúṡa vűűa:

de̋e̋ȝ-os	m̃ees-ős=k̬e	beƣ-ős=k̬e	ȝúṡa	vűű-a
beehive-N.p	house-G.s=and	barn-G.s=and	between	be-IND

• This book has passed through many hands.
• i-siiamɫo me̋e̋o ma̋non ȝúṡa kıke̋e̋da:

i=siiamɫ-o	me̋e̋o-Ø	ma̋n-on	ȝúṡa	kı~ke̋e̋d-a
this=book-N.s	many-ABS	hand-A.p	through	PRF~pass-IND

• 14. kóma denotes physical proximity: about, beside, by, next to, on.
• The shepherd waited beside the shrine on the hill for the messenger.
• om̃ta̋ðlu raȝős éva noivdarős kóma miþa̋a̋gum e-me̋na:

om̃.ta̋ð-l-u	raȝ-ős	éva	noivdar-ős	kóma	miþa̋a̋g-um	e=me̋n-a
sheep.herd-AG-N.s	hill-G.s	on	shrine-G.s	beside	messenger-A.s	PST=await-IND

• 15. la denotes on this side of.
• The diggers found the box on this side of the house.
• vőðlus m̃eesős la ı̋vkom e-de̋e̋sa:

vőð-l-us	m̃ees-ős	la	ı̋vk-om	e-de̋e̋s=a
dig-AG-N.s	house-G.s	on.this.side.of	box-A.s	PST=find-IND

• 16. n̨a denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through).
• The monkey climbed down the tree.
• me̋ṡe ha̋iṡim n̨a e-re̋na:

me̋ṡ-e	ha̋iṡ-im	n̨a	e=re̋n-a
monkey-N.s	tree-A.s	down	PST=climb-IND

• He has been my friend down through the years.
• éȝu dı̋lanɛ n̨a mu-vı̋lu e-e̋sa:

éȝ-u	dı̋l-an=ɛ	n̨a	mu=vı̋l-u	e=e̋s-a
3-N.s	year-A.p=EPEN	down.through	my=friend-N.s	PST=be-IND

• The two otters followed our canoe down the river.
• d̬ő űðres da̋a̋em n̨a m̃u-la̋im̃om e-da̋ga:

d̬ő	űðr-es	da̋a̋-em	n̨a	m̃u=la̋im̃-om	e=da̋g-a
two	otter-Np	river-A.s	down	our=canoe-A.s	PST=follow-IND

• 17. o denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.
• These red and yellow flowers are for you.
• re̋uðok̬e xűlok̬e i-na̋nos tús o e̋sa:

re̋uðo-Ø=k̬e	xűlo-Ø=k̬e	i=na̋n-os	t-ús	o	e̋s-a
red-ABS=and	yellow-ABS=and	this=flower-N.p	2s-G	for	be-IND

• His speech was clear to all.
• eȝu-sa̋m̃n' orűm o te̋ido e-vűűa:

eȝu=sa̋m̃n='	or-űm	o	te̋id-o	e=vűű-a
his-speech=ELIS	all-G-p	to	clear-N.s	PST=be-IND

• 18. ɔ́na denotes on the farther side of time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past.
• The time is after/past midnight.
• te̋na meðlaata̋s ɔ́na e̋sa:

te̋n-a	með.laat-a̋s	ɔ́na	e̋s-a
rent-N.s	mid.night-G.s	after	be-IND

• The exhausted army arrived way behind schedule.
• műdu őmu kéþu ordɛpe̋e̋xom ɔ́na e-tőpa:

műdu-Ø	őm-u	kéþu	ord-ɛ-pe̋e̋x-om	ɔ́na	e=tőp-a
exhausted-ABS	army-N.s	way	hour-EPEN-plan-A.s	behind	PST=arrive-IND

• It is beyond/past the time for sowing barley.
• va̋rsim seea̋s tááda tena̋s ɔ́na e̋sa:

va̋rs-im	se̋e̋-u	tááda	ten-a̋s	ɔ́na	e̋s-a
barley-A.s	sow-SUP	for	time-G.s	past	be-IND

• The master’s ingenious plan is beyond/past my feeble understanding.
• veel̤űs ne̋e̋ra pe̋e̋ka nı̋þa mu-þumra̋s ɔ́na e̋sa:

veel-l-űs	ne̋e̋ra-Ø	pe̋e̋k-a	nı̋þa-Ø	mu=þumr-a̋s	ɔ́na	e̋s-a
be.in.charge-AG-G.s	ingenious-ABS	plant-IND	feeble-ABS	my=understanding-G.s	beyond	be-IND

• The driver drove the wagon by/past the beseiged fortress.
• re̋iðlu k̨ősaþo ðűűnom ɔ́na m̃e̋ƣom e-re̋iða:

re̋ið-l-u	k̨ős-a-þo-Ø	ðűűn-om	ɔ́na	m̃e̋ƣ-om	e-re̋ið-a
drive-AG-N.s	beseige-IND-PP-ABS	fortress-A.s	past	wagon-A.s	PST=drive-IND

• The soldier's brave action was outside his duty.
• soþlűs ze̋go kı̋o eȝu-boþa̋s ɔ́na e-e̋sa:

soþ-l-űs	ze̋go-Ø	kı̋-o	eȝu=boþ-a̋s	ɔ́na	e=e̋s-a
wage.war-AG-G.s	brave-ABS	deed-N.s	his=duty-G.s	outside	PST=be-IND

• The peasant’s child couldn't count past 10.
• m̨oþrűs żőőnaþu főő ɔ́na lűku e-fe̋e̋a ne:

m̨oþr-űs	żőőn-a-þ-u	főő	ɔ́na	lűk-u	e=fe̋e̋-a	ne
peasant-G.s	beget-IND-PP-N.s	ten	past	count-SUP	PST=be.unable-IND	not

• 19. sána denotes having a lack of something; without.
• The survivors traveled three days across the desert without water.
• t̬ı̋ɫus tı̋r a̋han m̃a̋stom tára hurő' sána e-ta̋ƣa:

t̬ı̋ɫ-us	tı̋r	a̋h-an	m̃a̋st-om	tára	hur-ő-'	sána	e=ta̋ƣ-a
survivor-N.p	three	day-A.p	desert-A.s	across	water-G.s-ELIS	without	PST-travel-IND

• 20. sííra denotes up to a limit; at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, until/till, (up) to.
• The murderer stood at the edge of the cliff, then jumped.
• ka̋a̋ðlu peliső' sííra e-ṡűra: pósi e-ı̋ta:

ka̋a̋ð-l-u	pelis-ő-'	sííra	e=ṡűr-a	pósi	e=ı̋t-a
kill-AG-N.s	cliff-G.s-ELIS	at.the.edge.of	PST=stand-IND	then	PST=jump-IND

• We will go with you as far as the river.
• m̃us da̋a̋em sííra tum u-sűna:

m̃-us	da̋a̋-em	sííra	t-um	u=sűn-a
1p-N	river-A.s	as.far.as	2s-A	go.with-IND

• You may have as many as five apples.
• tu pe̋n abelőm sííra gae̋ȝa:

t-u	pe̋n	abel-őm	sííra	ga-e̋ȝa
2s-N	five	apple-G.p	as.many.as	tale-SBJ

• The apple tree grew to a height of eight feet.
• abe̋li bı̋n peda̋m gőxtam sííra e-a̋la:

abe̋l-i	bı̋n	ped-a̋m	gőxt-am	sííra	e=a̋l-a
apple.tree-N.s	eight	foot-G.p	height	to	PST=grow-IND

• We will wait for you until/till sunup.
• m̃us needa̋' sííra tum u-me̋na:

m̃-us	need-a̋-'	sííra	t-um	u=me̋n-a
1p-N	sunup-G.s-ELIS	until	2s-A	FUT=wait.for-IND

• The cupbearer filled my cup (up) to the brim.
• ginda̋a̋gu tűbom sííra mu-gı̋ndom e-pe̋e̋la:

gind-a̋a̋g-u	tűb-om	sííra	mu=gı̋nd-om	e=pe̋e̋l-a
cup-OCC-N.s	brim-A.s	up.to	my=cup-A.s	PST=fill-IND

• 21. ša denotes exception; apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.
• Apart from that one storm, our vacation was wonderful.
• m̃u-sevke̋e̋sa þűn ðuső' ša dı̋zra e-vűűa:

m̃u=sev.ke̋e̋s-a	þűn	ðus-ő-'	ša	dı̋zr-a	e=vűű-a
our=amuse.time-N.s	one	storm-G.s=ELIS	apart.from	wonderful-N.s	PST=be.IND

• Your statement is beside the point.
• tu-tőso ȝoba̋' ša e̋sa:

tu=tős-o	ȝob-a̋-'	ša	e̋s-a
your=statement-N.s	point-G.s-ELIS	beside	be-IND

• There's no one here besides Bill and me.
• néu bilűsk̬e músk̬e ša íðu vűűla:

né-u	bil-űs=k̬e	m-ús=k̬e	ša	íðu	vűűl-a
no.one-N.s	Bill-G.s=and	1s-G=and	besides	here	there.be-IND

• But for the cavalryman’s brave deed, the army would have lost the battle.
• őmu ṡaþmórmimlűs ze̋go kiő' ša ṡa̋tom hıhaȝe̋ȝa:

őm-u	ṡaþ.mór.mim-l-űs	ze̋go-Ø	ki-ő='	ša	ṡa̋t-om	hı~haȝ-e̋ȝa
army-N.s	battle.horse.ride-AG-G.s	brave-ABS	deed-G.s=ELIS	but.for	battle-A.s	PRF~lose-SBJ

• They were all there except/save me.
• őru éȝus mú' ša tóru e-vűűa:

őru-Ø	éȝ-us	mú-'	ša	tóru	e=vűű-a
all-ABS	3-N.p	1s-G=ELIS	except	there	PST=be-IND

• The cooks served the troops three oxen, not to speak of/mention the many chickens.
• dűƣlus ṡaþm̃űs o me̋e̋e kake̋m ša tı̋r ǧőősen e-nı̋ı̋xa:

dűƣ-l-us	ṡaþm̃-űs	o	me̋e̋e-Ø	kake̋m	ša	tı̋r	ǧőős-en	e=nı̋ı̋x-a
cook-AG-N.p	troops-G.s	to	many-ABS	chicken-G.p	not.to.mention	three	ox-A.p	PST=serve-IND

• I have no money other than the few coins in my pocket.
• mu paadős éna pa̋uo piinkőm ša néo pı̋ı̋nom űda:

m-u	paad-ős	éna	pa̋uo-Ø	piin-k-őm	ša	néo-Ø	pı̋ı̋n-om	űd-a
1s-N	pocket-G.s	in	few-ABS	money-DIM-G.p	other.than	no-ABS	money-A.s	have-IND

• Outside her beauty, she has nothing going for her.
• néo govta̋' ša eȝús o vűűa:

né-o	govt-a̋-'	ša	eȝ-ús	o	vűű-a
nothing-N.s	beauty-G.s=ELIS	3-G.s	for	be-IND

• 22. ṡ̨úfa denotes in the course of; during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under
• Their village was burning during the war.
• eȝu-ṡe̋im̃o sotős ṡ̨úfa a̋iðaþo e-ı̋la:

eȝu=ṡe̋im̃-o	sot-ős	ṡ̨úfa	a̋ið-a-þ-o	e=ı̋l-a
their=village-N.s	war-G.s	during	burn-IND-PP-N.s	PST=become-IND

• N.B. When used with expressions of time, this meaning is expressed with the accusative case:
• During the summer we live by the sea.
• m̃us le̋e̋tam mare̋s ȝóba m̃e̋e̋sa:

m̃-us	le̋e̋t-am	mar-e̋s	ȝóba	m̃e̋e̋s-a
1p-N	summer-A.s	sea-G.s	by	live-IND

• We have been friends through many trials.
• m̃us vı̋lus me̋e̋a kalta̋m ṡ̨úfa e̋e̋sa:

m̃-us	vı̋l-us	me̋e̋a-Ø	kalt-a̋m	ṡ̨úfa	e~e̋s-a
1p-N	friend-N.p	many-ABS	trial-G.p	through	PRF~be-IND

• Under the king's rule things were much better.
• m̃e̋kos reeƣűs zilra̋s ṡ̨úfa m̃éumvi vıva̋dos e-e̋sa:

m̃e̋k-os	reeƣ-űs	zilr-a̋s	ṡ̨úfa	m̃éum=vi	vı~va̋d-os	e=e̋s-a
thing-N.p	king-G.p	rule-G.s	under	much=ADV	ELAT~good-N.p	PST=be-IND

• 23. þáfa denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively; (all) over, through(out).
• Throughout the nation there was great joy.
• me̋ża ba̋ȝa mexa̋s þáfa e-vűűla:

me̋ża-Ø	ba̋ȝ-a	mex-a̋s	þáfa	e=vűűl-a
great-ABS	joy-N.s	nation-G.s	throughout	PST=there.be-IND

• The singing could be heard (all) over the whole camp.
• ga̋a̋ȝu őro vutiȝős þáfa ve̋naþo ı̋lu e-ma̋ƣa:

ga̋a̋ȝ-u	őro-Ø	vut-iȝ-ős	þáfa	ve̋n-a-þ-o	ı̋l-u	e=ma̋ƣ-a
sing-SUP	all-ABS	tent-COL-G.s	all.over	hear-IND-PP-N.s	become-SUP	be.able-IND

• The king said we might wander through the castle.
• re̋e̋ƣu m̃un ðűűnom þáfa male̋ȝu e-te̋e̋a:

re̋e̋ƣ-u	m̃-un	ðűűn-om	þáfa	mal-e̋ȝ-u	e=te̋e̋-a
king-N.s	1p-A	castle-A.s	through	wander-SBJ-SUP	PST=say-IND

• 24. úúda denotes egress; out of, from.
• The chick fell out of its nest.
• bőőd' eȝe-dűpom úúda e-főőla:

bőőd-'	eȝe=dűp-om	úúda	e=főől-a
chick-ELIS	its=nest-A.s	out.of	PST=fall-IND