Senjecas - Simple Postpositions

Pronunciation table

peműko (labial)								riisűko (dental)								muitűko (alveolar)								vainűko (palatal)							ṡ̨uuše̋nos (vowels with प)								nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos (weak vowels)
p	b	f	v	m̃	m			t	d	þ	ð	ɫ	l			ṡ	ż	s	z	r	n			k	g	x	ƣ	h	ȝ			š	s̨			i	e	a	ɔ	o	u			ı	ɛ	y
प	ब	फ	भ	म़	म			त	द	थ	ध	ल़	ल			च	ज	स	स़	र	न			क	ग	क़	ग़	ह	य			स्व	स्य			इ ई पि पी	ए एै पे पै	अ आ प पा	ऒ ॵ पॊ पॏ	ओ औ पो पौ	उ ऊ पु पू			पं	पऺ	पॅ
/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/m̥/	/m/			/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/l̥/	/l/			/ʦ/	/ʣ/	/s/	/z/	/ɾ̥/	/n/			/k/	/g/	/ç/	/ʝ/	/j̊/	/j/			/sʷ/	/sʲ/			/i/	/e/	/ä/	/ɒ/	/o/	/u/			/ɪ/	/ɛ/	/ʊ/

Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = 1st person singular/plural	ABL = ablative suffix	COL = collective	F = feminine	INT = intensive prefix	PRV = privative prefix	SUP = supine
2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural	ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)	DES = desiderative	FRQ = frequentative	LAT = lative suffix	PST = past	TRZ = transitivizer
3 = 3rd person	ADV = adverb	DIM = diminutive	FUT = future	LOC = locative suffix	Q = interrogative particle	VOC = vocative particle
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)	AG = agent	ELIS = elision	IMP = imperative	M = masculine	QUOT = direct quotation	YNG = young
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)	AP = agent (active) participle	ELT = elative	INC = inchoative	OCC = occupation suffix	REV = reversive
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)	AUG = augmentative	EP = epenthesis	IND = indicative	PP = patient (past) participle	RPR = recent perfective
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)	CAUS = causative	EQU = equative degree	INS = instrument	PRF = perfect	SBJ = subjunctive

Postpositions

• 1. áda denotes in association or connection with.
  • Possible translations: among(st), with(in).
• That is a custom popular among(st)/with the desert people.
• no lim̤̃aastős leuðűs áda gűo e̋sa:

n-o	lim̃.m̃aast-ős	leuð-űs	áda	gű-o	e̋s-a
that-N.s	sand.waste-G.s	people-G.s	among	popular-N.s	be-IND

• koldemős áfa tum še̋vu mu-m̃aka̋s áda vűűa ne:
• It is not within my power to free you from prison.

n-o	lim̃.m̃aast-ős	leuð-űs	áda	gű-o	e̋s-a
that-N.s	sand.waste-G.s	people-G.s	among	popular-N.s	be-IND

• 2. áfa denotes separation from support, attachment or position.
  • Possible translations: off (of), from, of.
• one of us
• m̃úm áfa þűn

m̃-ús	áfa	tév-u
1p-G	of	one-N.s

• The skittish horse shied and the rider fell off it.
• t̨e̋ƣse mőre e-t̨e̋ga. da mı̋mu nem áfa e-főőla:

t̨e̋ƣse-Ø	mőr-'	e=t̨e̋g-a	da	mı̋m-l-u	éȝ-em	áfa	e=főől-a
skittish-ABS	horse-ELIS	PST=shy-IND	and	ride-AG-N.s	3s-A	off	PST-fall-IND

• The corrupt mayor was removed from office yesterday.
• k̬a̋tu rííine̋e̋ilu hesáhvi dasfe̋e̋tam áfa őȝaþu e-ı̋la:

k̬a̋tu-Ø	rii.ne̋e̋i-l-u	hes-a̋s	das.da̋a̋r-om	áfa	őȝ-a-þ-u	e=ı̋l-a
corrupt-ABS	city.lead-AG-N.s	yesterday-G.s	govern.job-A.s	from	remove-IND-PP-N.s	PST=become-IND

• 3. ána denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively.
  • Possible translations: up (to).
• The threatened milkmaid quickly ran up the hill.
• šı̋naþu s̨űűþlu ra̋ȝom ána ááþvi e-re̋e̋sa:

šı̋n-a-þu-Ø	s̨űűþ-l-u	ra̋ȝ-om	ána	ááþ=vi	e=re̋e̋s-a
threaten-IND-PP-ABS	milk-AG-N.s	hill-A.s	up	quick=ADV	PST=run-IND

• 4. ápa denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively.
  • Possible translations: from, away from.
• The herd of red deer ran away from the prowling lion.
• laanı̋ȝo re̋e̋pante bı̋ı̋rem ápa e-re̋e̋sa:

laan-ı̋ȝ-o	re̋e̋p-a-nte-Ø	bı̋ı̋r-em	ápa	e=re̋e̋s-a
red.deer-COL-N.s	prowl-IND-AP-ABS	lion-A.s	away.from	PST=run-IND

• 5. ba denotes on or toward the exterior of.
  • Possible translations: outside, without.
• We heard a loud noise outside the door.
• m̃us ðurős ba tőro þı̋mom e-ve̋na:

m̃-us	ður-ős	ba	tőro-Ø	þı̋m-om	e=ve̋n-a
1p-N	door-G.s	outside	loud-ABS	noise-A.s	PST=hear-IND

• Our opponent stood without the room while we decided.
• m̃u-þőőslu terős ba e-ṡűra—méti m̃us e-re̋ka:

m̃u=þőős-l-u	ter-ős	ba	e=ṡűr-a	méti	m̃-us	e=re̋k-a:
our=oppose-AG-N.s	room-G.s	without	PST=stand-IND	while	1p-N	PST=decide-IND

• 6. do denotes motion towards literally or figuratively.
  • Possible translations: to, toward, at, into.
• The thirsty herd moved off toward the flooding river.
• a̋a̋do ta̋do lı̋ı̋mante da̋a̋em do e-a̋ta:

a̋a̋do-Ø	ta̋d-o	lı̋ı̋m-a-nte-Ø	da̋a̋-em	do	e=a̋t-a
thirsty-ABS	herd-N.s	flood-IND-AP-ABS	river-A.s	toward	PST=go-IND

• The hiker threw the rock at the approaching bear.
• ȝuþne̋ðlu ȝőbante ve̋rem do ta̋a̋inom e-ȝe̋e̋a:

ȝuþ.ne̋ð-l-u	ȝőb-a-nte-Ø	ve̋r-em	do	ta̋a̋in-om	e=ȝe̋e̋-a
ramble.walk-AG-N.s	approach-IND-AP-ABS	bear-A.s	at	rock-A.s	PST=throw-ID

• Tomorrow the flock will move into the mountains for the summer.
• e̋ɫho ṡúm̃vi le̋e̋tam ǧa̋ron do u-a̋ta:

e̋ɫh-o	ṡúm̃=vi	le̋e̋t-am	ǧa̋r-on	u=a̋t-a
flock-N.s	tomorrow=ADV	summer-A.s	mountain-A.p	FUT=go-IND

• Go to the party and have a good time.
• sa̋ram do a̋te. da ra̋a̋de:

sa̋r-am	do	a̋t-e	da	ra̋a̋d-e
party-A.s	to	go-IMP	and	be.glad-IMP

• 7. dúna denotes at or during a time anterior to.
  • Possible translations: before, by, no later than, of, to.
• Be here by/no later than sunset.
• suulduua̋s dúna íðu vűűe:

suul.duu-a̋s	dúna	íðu	vűű-e
sun.set-G.s	by	here	be-IMP

• twenty minutes of/to five
• pe̋n dúna d̬őfoos őrdɛkas:

pe̋n	dúna	d̬ő.foos	őrd-ɛ-k-as
five	to	two.tens	hour-EPEN-DIM-N.p

• To this very day, he insists he was right.
• éȝu m̃e̋e̋ra i-aha̋s dúna éȝum m̃e̋e̋ru e-vűűu ðe̋ra:

éȝ-u	m̃e̋e̋ra-Ø	i=ah-a̋s	dúna	éȝ-um	m̃e̋e̋r-u	e=vűű-u	ðe̋r-a
3-N.s	very-ABS	this=day-G.s	to	3-A.s	right-N.s	PST=be-SUP	insist-IND

• 8. éha denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside.
  • Possible translations: (out) of, from (within).
• The frightened occupants ran from the burning building.
• tűgu pe̋e̋l̤us a̋iðanto demős éha e-re̋e̋sa:

tűgu-Ø	pe̋e̋l-l-us	a̋ið-a-nto-Ø	de̋m-om	éha	e=re̋e̋s-a
frightened-ABS	occupy-AG-N.p	burn-IN-AP-ABS	building-A.s	from	PST-run-IND

• The young women were looking out (of) the window when the knight rode by.
• mı̋mum ɔ́nu e-mı̋mantum—ii-be̋kus þungős éha e-ża̋ba:

mı̋m-l-um	ɔ́nu	e=mı̋m-a-nt-um	ii=be̋k-us	þung-ős	éha	e=ża̋b-a
ride-AG-A.s	by	PST=ride-IND-AP-A.s	F=young-N.p	window-G.s	out.of	PST=look-IND

• The villagers heard the sound of fighting from within the fortress.
• da̋vrus ðuunős éha ṡatő' še̋nom e-ve̋na:

da̋vr-us	ðuun-ős	éha	ṡat-ős	še̋n-om	e=ve̋n-a
villager-N.p	fortress-G.s	from.within	fighting-G.s	sound-A.s	PST=hear-IND

• 9. éna denotes stationary position or location within or movement into.
  • Possible translations: at, in, into, on, to.
• The gigantic boulder came to rest at the bottom of the hill.
• pempe̋lo ba̋ndo raȝős tuufős éna e-þe̋ga:

pempe̋lo-Ø	ba̋nd-o	raȝ-ős	tuuf-ős	éna	e=þe̋g-a
gigantic-ABS	boulder-N.s	hill-G.s	bottom-G.s	at	PST=come.to.rest-IND

• Please put the dishes in the cupboard on the left.
• m̃asős éna hőlṡom éna sőron e-ðeee̋ȝa:

m̃as-ős	éna	hőlṡ-om	éna	sőr-on	e=ðee-e̋ȝa
left-G.s	on	cupboard-A.s	in	dish-A.p	PST=put-SBJ

• The maid put the quilted clothing into the box under the bed.
• ṡűvlu þegős néra ı̋vkom éna kűgom e-ðe̋e̋a:

ṡűv-l-u	þeg-ős	néra	ı̋vk-om	éna	kűg-om	e=ðe̋e̋-a
clean-AG-N.s	bed-G.s	under	box-A.s	into	quilted.clothing-A.s	PST=put-IND

• Young man, stand to your father's right.
• ur-bekű. taata̋s taɫős éna ṡűre:

ur=bek-ű	taat-a̋s	taɫ-ős	éna	ṡűr-e
M=young-V.s	father-G.s	right-G.s	to	stand-IND

• 10. épa denotes accordance with.
  • Possible translations: after the manner of, after, at, behind, in, under, according to, in terms of, as, in the role of.
• The rider rode her horse after the manner of the nomads.
• ii-mı̋mlu mal̤űm épa eȝu-mőrem e-mı̋ma:

ii=mı̋m-l-u	mal-l-űm	épa	eȝu=mőr-em	e=mı̋m-a
F=ride-AG-N.s	wander-AG=G.p	after.the.manner.of	her=horse-A.s	PST=ride-IND

• At the general's command the troops charged.
• ṡa̋þm̃us soþveel̤űs eevős épa e-ȝűða:

ṡa̋þm̃-u-'	soþ.veel-l-űs	eev-ős	épa	e=ȝűð-a
troop-N.p-ELIS	wage.war-be.in.charge-AG-G.s	command-G.s	at	PST=charge-IND

• It was clear that the miller’s wife was behind the plan.
• ȝa mol̤űs kőzu peeka̋s épa e-vűűa—te̋ida e-e̋sa:

ȝa	mol-l-űs	kőz-u	peek-a̋s	épa	e=e̋s-a	te̋id-a	e=e̋s-a
that	mill-AG-G.s	wife-N.s	plan-G.s	behind	PST=be-IND	PST=be-IND

• Under the king's new law, that would not be allowed.
• no. reeƣűs ȝűűno þ̨orős épa. dőraþo ile̋ȝa ze:

n.o	reeƣ-űs	ȝűűno-Ø	þ̨or-ős	épa	dőr-a-þ-o	il-e̋ȝa	ze
that.N.s	king-G.s	new-ABS	law-G.s	under	allow-IND-PP-N.s	become-SBJ	not

• 11. éva denotes position on top of literally or figuratively.
  • Possible translations: on, over, to, upon.
• You will find the hat on the table in the hall.
• tu eðős éna serős éva ṡa̋bom u-de̋e̋sa:

t-u	eð-ős	éna	ser-ős	éva	ṡa̋b-om	u=de̋e̋s-a
2s.N	hall-G.s	in	table-G.s	on	hat-A.s	FUT=find-IND

• The nomads applied red paint to the old wagon.
• ma̋l̤us że̋e̋ro reðnős éva re̋uði te̋e̋rt̬im e-te̋e̋ra:

ma̋l-l-us	że̋e̋ro-Ø	reðn-ős	éva	re̋uði-Ø	te̋e̋rt̬-im	e=te̋e̋r-a
wander-AG-N.s	old-ABS	wagon-G.s	on	red-ABS	paint-A.s	PST=paint-IND

• The teacher put a variegated cloth over the wooden table.
• dőxlu maat̨őno serős éva a̋ito m̃e̋vom e-ðe̋e̋a:

dőx.l.u	maat̨őno-Ø	ser-ős	éva	a̋ito-Ø	m̃e̋v-om	e=ðe̋e̋-a
teach.AG.N.s	made.of.wood-ABS	table-G.s	on	variegated-ABS	cloth-A.s	PST=put-IND

• We will set sail in the morning upon the shining sea.
• m̃us aȝa̋s ðe̋m̃ante ma̋rem éva u-naam̃a̋sa:

m̃-us	aȝ-a̋s	ðe̋m̃-a-nte	ma̋r-em	éva	u=naam̃-a̋s-a
1p-N	morning-G.s	shine-IND-AP-ABS	sea-A.s	upon	FUT= sail-INC-IND

• 12. ha denotes causality.
  • Possible translations: at, because of, by, for, in, of, on account of, by reason of, in consequence of, as a result of, out of, owing-, due -to, from, through, under, with.
• At our request, the guard finally opened the cell door.
• dı̋slu m̃u-igős ha m̃enðónu terkős ðűrom e-lűra:

dı̋s-l-u	m̃u=ig-ős	ha	m̃enðónu	ter-k-ős	ðűr-om	e=lűr-a
guard-AG-N.s	our=request-G.s	at	finally	room-DIM-G.s	door-A.s	PST=open-IND

• Because of the torrential rain we could not go.
• m̃us ṡarsa̋a̋ke suum̃e̋s ha a̋tu e-fe̋e̋a:

m̃-us	ṡarsa̋a̋ke-Ø	suum̃-e̋s	ha	a̋t-u	e=fe̋e̋-a
1p-N	torrential-ABS	rain-G.s	because.of	go-SUP	PST=be.unable-IND

• The queen was famous throughout the land for her beauty.
• ii-re̋e̋ƣu mexa̋s þáfa eȝu-govta̋s ha de̋ku e-vűűa:

ii=re̋e̋ƣ-u	mex-a̋s	þáfa	eȝu=govt-a̋s	ha	de̋k-u	e=vűű-a
F=king-N.s	land-G.s	throughout	her=beauty-G.s	for	famous-N.s	PST=be-IND

• Under these circumstances, we should turn back.
• m̃us i-sepa̋m ha na̋a̋nu ke̋la:

m̃-us	i=sep-a̋m	ha	na̋a̋n-u	ke̋l-a
1p-N	this=circumstance-G.p	under	turn.back-SUP	should-IND

• At the sight the people went pale with fear.
• le̋uðu nakaþős ha naaa̋s ha ðe̋inu e-ı̋la:

le̋uð-u	nak-a-þ-ős	ha	naa-a̋s	ha	ðe̋in-u	e=ı̋l-a
people-N.s	see-IND-PP-G.s	at	fear-G.s	with	pale-N.s	PST=become-IND

• I know you are joking by your smile.
• mu tu-m̨osős ha tum na̋l̨u sa̋a̋ra:

m-u	tu=m̨os-ős	ha	t-um	na̋l̨-u	sa̋a̋r-a
1s-N	your=smile-G.s	by	2s-A	joke-SUP	know-IND

• He died last night of his wound.
• éȝu hesȝita̋s m̃aaős ha e-ne̋ṡa:

éȝ-u	hes.ȝit-a̋s	m̃aa-ős	ha	e=ne̋ṡ-a
3s-N	yester.evening-G.s	wound-G.s	of	PST=die-IND

• The farmer knew what to do from experience.
• zɔ̋ðlu gauðra̋s ha nom—táom kı̋u—sa̋a̋ra:

zɔ̋ð-l-u	gauðr-a̋s	ha	n-om	tá-om	kı̋-u	sa̋a̋r-a
farm-AG-N.s	experience-G.s	from	that-A.s	which-A.s	do-SUP	know-IND

• 13. ȝúṡa denotes situation or partition between two or more entities.
  • Possible translations: among(st), (in) between, through, with.
• There is no honor among(st) thieves.
• þa̋la voourlűm ȝúṡa vűűla ne:

þa̋l-a	voour-l-űm	ȝúṡa	vűűl-a	ne
honor-N.s	steal-AG-G.p	among	there.be-IND	not

• The beehives are between the house and the barn.
• de̋e̋ȝos m̃eesősk̬e beƣősk̬e ȝúṡa vűűa:

de̋e̋ȝ-os	m̃ees-ős=k̬e	beƣ-ős=k̬e	ȝúṡa	vűű-a
beehive-N.p	house-G.s=and	barn-G.s=and	between	be-IND

• This book has passed through many hands.
• i-siia̋mɫo me̋e̋o ma̋non ȝúṡa kɪke̋e̋da:

i=siia̋mɫ-o	me̋e̋o-Ø	ma̋n-on	ȝúṡa	kɪ~ke̋e̋d-a
this=book-N.s	many-ABS	hand-A.p	through	PRF~pass-IND

• 14. kóma denotes physical proximity.
  • Possible translations: beside, by, next to, on.
• The shepherd waited beside the shrine on the hill for the messenger.
• om̃ta̋ðlu raȝős éva noivdarős kóma miþa̋a̋gum e-me̋na:

om̃.ta̋ð-l-u	raȝ-ős	éva	noiv.dar=ős	kóma	miþ-a̋a̋g-um	e=me̋n-a
sheep.herd-AG-N.s	hill-G.s	on	sacred.place.suffix-G.s	beside	send-OCC-A.s	PST=wait-IND

• Stand by my side.
• -mu-pegős kóma ṡűre:

mu=peg-ős	kóma	ṡűr-e
my=sige-G.s	by	stand-IMP

• The girl sat next to her mother at the party.
• ne̋sku sarős éna maama̋s kóma e-se̋da:

ne̋sk-u	sar-ős	ena	maam-a̋s	kóma	e=se̋d-a
girl-N.s	party-G.s	at	mother-G.s	next.to	PST=sit-IND

• The island is on the east coast.
• dı̋mo a̋uso k̨udős kóma e̋sa:

dı̋m-o	a̋uso-Ø	k̨ud-ős	kóma	e̋s-a
island-N.s	east-ABS	coast-G.s	on/off	be-IND

• 15. la denotes on this side of.
  • Possible translations: on this side of.
• The diggers found the box on this side of the house.
• vőðlus m̃eesős la ı̋vkom e-de̋e̋sa:

vőð-l-us	m̃ees-ős	la	ı̋vk-om	e=de̋e̋s-a
dig-AG-N.p	house-G.s	on.this.side.of	box-A.s	PST=find-IND

• 16. n̨a denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively.
  • Possible translations: down (through).
• My younger sister tripped and fell down the stairs.
• mu-ba̋a̋żu e-ı̋da. da ergı̋ȝom n̨a e-főőla:

mu=ba̋a̋ż-u	e=ı̋d-a	da	erg-ı̋ȝ-om	n̨a	e=főől-a
my=younger.sister	PST-trip-IND	and	step-COL-A.s	down	PST=fall-IND

• My cousin has been my friend down through the years.
• mu-la̋m̃u dı̋lanɛ n̨a mu-vı̋lu ese̋sa:

mu=la̋m̃-u	dı̋l-an=ɛ	n̨a	mu=vı̋l-u	es~e̋s-a
my=cousin-N.s	year-A.p=EPEN	down.through	my=friend-N.s	PRF~be-IND

• The two otters followed our canoe down the river.
• d̬ő űðres da̋a̋em n̨a m̃u-la̋im̃om e-da̋ga:

d̬ő	dage̋r-es	da̋a̋-em	n̨a	m̃u=la̋im̃-om	e=da̋g-a
two	otter-N.p	river-A.s	down	our=canoe-A.s	PST=follow-IND

• 17. o denotes the indirect object of the verb; or it indicates a relationship to an adjective.
  • Possible translations: for, to; to.
• These red and yellow flowers are for you.
• re̋uðok̬e xűlok̬e i-na̋nos tús o e̋sa:

re̋uðo-Ø=k̬e	xűlo-Ø=k̬e	i=na̋n-os	t-ús	o	vűű-a
red-ABS=and	yellow-ABS=and	this-flower-N.p	2s-G	to	be-IND

• He gave the flowers to her.
• ur-éȝu ii-eȝús o na̋non e-dőőa:

ur=éȝ-u	ii=eȝ-ús	o	na̋n-on	e=dőő-a
M=3-N.s	F=3-G.s	flower-A.p	PST=give-IND

• His speech was clear to all.
• eȝu-sa̋m̃no orűm o te̋ido e-vűűa:

eȝu=sa̋m̃r-'	or-űm	o	fűɫ-o	e=e̋s-a
his=speech- ELIS	all-G.p	to	clear-N.s	PST-be-IND

• 18. ɔ́na denotes on the farther side of time or space literally or figuratively.
  • Possible translations: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past.
• The time is after/past midnight.
• te̋na uȝa̋s ɔ́na e̋sa:

te̋n-a	uȝ-a̋s	ɔ́na	e̋s-a
time-N.s	midnight-G.s	after	be-IND

• The exhausted army arrived way behind schedule.
• műdu őmu kéþu ten̈e̋msom ɔ́na e-tőpa:

műdu-Ø	őm-u	kéþu	ord.ɛ.pe̋e̋x-om	ɔ́na	e=tőp-a
exhausted-ABS	army-N.s	way	hour.EPEN-plan-A.s	behind	PST=arrive-IND

• It is beyond/past the time for sowing barley.
• va̋rson se̋e̋u tááda tena̋s ɔ́na e̋sa:

va̋rs-on	see-u	tááda	ten-a̋s	ɔ́na	e̋s-a
barley-A.p	sow-G.s	for	time-G.s	past	be-IND

• The master’s ingenious plan is beyond/past my feeble understanding.
• m̃al̤űs ne̋e̋ra pe̋e̋ka nı̋þa mu-þumra̋s ɔ́na e̋sa:

veel-l-űs	ne̋e̋ra-Ø	pe̋e̋k-a	nı̋þa-Ø	mu=þumr-a̋s	ɔ́na	e̋s-a
be.in.charge-AG-G.s	ingenious-ABS	plan-N.s	feeble-ABS	my=understanding-G.s	beyond	be-IND

• The driver drove the wagon by/past the beseiged fortress.
• re̋iðlu k̨ősaþo ðűűnom ɔ́na m̃e̋ƣom e-re̋iða:

m̃a̋s-l-u	k̨ős-a-þo-Ø	ðűűn-om	ɔ́na	m̃e̋ƣ-om	e=m̃a̋s-a
drive-AG-Ns	beseige-IND-PP-ABS	fortress-A.s	by	wagon-A.s	PST=drive-IND

• The soldier's brave action was outside his duty.
• soþlűs ƣőlvo kı̋o eȝu-boþa̋s ɔ́na e-e̋sa:

soþ-l-űs	ƣőlvo-Ø	kı̋-o	eȝu=boþ-a̋s	ɔ́na	e=e̋s-a
wage.war-AG-G.s	brave-ABS	action-N.s	his=duty-G.s	outside	PST=be-IND

• The peasant’s child couldn't count past 10.
• rem̃rűs żőőnaþu főő ɔ́na lűku e-fe̋e̋a ne:

rem̃r-űs	żőőn-a-þ-u	főő	ɔ́na	lűk-u	e=fe̋e̋-a
peasant-G.s	beget-IND-PP-N.s	ten	past	count-SUP	PST=be.unable-IND

• 19. pósa denotes posterior to in time or space.
  • Possible translations: after, behind, following.
• It was after noon when we finally arrived.
• m̃úm m̃enðónu tytopaþűm. naaża̋s pósa e-e̋sa:

m̃-úm	m̃enðónu	ty~top-a-þ-űm	naaż-a̋s	pósa	e=e̋s-a
1p-G	finally	PRF~arrive-IND-PP-G.p	noon-G.s	after	PST=be-IND

• I could see the smoke of the pine forest fire behind me.
• mu mús pósa ȝaṡős aaþe̋s műxom na̋ku e-ma̋ƣa:

m-u	m-ús	pósa	ȝaṡ-ős	aaþ-e̋s	műx-om	na̋k-u	e=ma̋ƣ-a
1s-N	1s-G	behind	pine.forest-G.s	fire-G.s	smoke-A.s	see-SUP	PST=be.able-IND

• Following the battle, the women looked for survivors.
• ǧe̋nus ṡatős pósa t̬iɫőnun e-ve̋da:

ǧe̋n-us	ṡat-ős	pósa	t̬ı̋ɫ-l-un	e=ve̋d-a
woman-N.p	battle-G.s	following	survive-AG-A.p	PST=look.for-IND

• 20. sána denotes lacking something.
  • Possible translations: without.
• The survivors traveled three days across the desert without water.
• t̬ı̋ɫlus tı̋r a̋han lim̤̃a̋a̋stom tára hurő' sána e-ta̋ƣa:

t̬ı̋ɫ-l-us	tı̋r	a̋h-an	lim̃.m̃a̋a̋st-om	tára	hur-ő'-	sána	e=ta̋ƣ-a
survive-AG-N.p	three	day-A.p	sand.wasteland-A.s	across	water-G.s-ELIS	without	PST=travel-IND

• 21. sííra denotes up to a limit.
  • Possible translations: at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, until/till, (up) to.
• The murderer stood at the edge of the cliff, then jumped.
• ka̋a̋ðlu faakő' sííra e-ṡűra. pósi e-ı̋ta:

ka̋a̋ð-l-u	faak-ő-'	sííra	e=ṡűr-a	e=ı̋t-a
murder-AG-N.s	cliff-G.s-ELIS	at.the.edge.of	PST=stand-IND	then	PST=jump-IND

• We will go with you as far as the river.
• m̃us da̋a̋em sííra tum u-sűna:

m̃-us	da̋a̋-em	sííra	t-um	u=sűn-a
1p-N	river-A.s	as.far.as	2s-A	FUT=go.with-IND

• You may have as many as five apples.
• tu pe̋n abelőm sííra űdu őða:

t-u	pe̋n	abel-őm	sííra	űd-u	őð-a
2s-N	five	apple-G.p	as.many.as	have-SUP	be.permitted-IND

• The apple tree grew to a height of ten feet.
• abe̋li főő napa̋m goxta̋' sííra e-a̋la

abe̋l-i	főő	nap-a̋m	goxt-a̋-'	sííra	e=a̋l-a
apple.tree-N.s	ten	napa-G.p	height-G.s-ELIS	to	PST=grow-IND

• We will wait for you until/till sunup.
• m̃us needő' sííra tum u-me̋na:

m̃-us	need-ő-'	sííra	t-um	u=me̋n-a
1p-N	sunup-G.s-ELIS	until	2s-A	FUT=wait.for-IND

• The cupbearer filled my cup (up) to the brim.
• ginda̋a̋gu tubő' sííra mu-gı̋ndom e-pe̋e̋la:

gind-a̋a̋g-u	tub-ő-'	sííra	mu=gı̋nd-om	e=pe̋e̋l-a
cup-OCC-N.s	brim-G.s-ELIS	to	my=cup-A.s	PST=fill-IND

• 22. ša denotes exception.
  • Possible translations: apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.
• Apart from that one storm, our vacation was wonderful.
• þűn a-ðuuő' ša. m̃u-sevke̋isa dı̋zra e-vűűa:

þűn	a=ðuu-ő-'	ša	m̃u=sev.ke̋is-a	dı̋zr-a	e=vűű-a
one	that=storm-G.s-ELIS	apart.from	our=amuse.time-N.s	wonderful-N.s	be-IND

• Your statement is beside the point.
• tu-tőso ȝovra̋' ša e̋sa:

tu=tős-o	ȝovr-a̋-'	ša	e̋s-a
your=statement	point-G.s-ELIS	beside	be-IND

• There's no one here besides Bill and me.
• né' uilkűsk̬e músk̬e ša íðu e̋sa:

ne-'	uilk-űs=k̬e	m-ús=k̬e	ša	íðu	e̋s-a
no.one-ELIS	Bill-G.s=and	1s-G=and	besides	here	be-IND

• But for the cavalryman’s brave deed, the army would have lost the battle.
• ṡaþmórmimlűs ze̋go kiő' ša. őmu ṡa̋tom hɪhaȝe̋ȝa:

ṡaþ.mór.mim-l-űs	ze̋go-Ø	ki-ő-'	ša	őm-u	ṡa̋t-om	hɪ~haȝ-e̋ȝa
battle.horse-ride-AG-G.s	brave-ABS	deed-G.s-ELIS	but.for	army-N.s	battle-A.s	PRF~lose-SBJ

• They were all there except/save me.
• őru éȝus mú' ša tőru e-vűűa:

őru-Ø	éȝ-us	m-ú-'	ša	tőru	e=vűű-a
all-ABS	3-N.s	1s-G-ELIS	except	there	PST=be-IND

• The cooks served the troops three oxen, not to speak of/mention the many chickens.
• dűƣlus ṡaþm̃űs o tı̋r fɔ̋xen. m̃e̋ume kake̋m ša. e-nı̋ı̋xa:

dűƣ-l-us	ṡaþm̃-űs	o	tı̋r	fɔ̋x-en	m̃e̋ume-Ø	kak-e̋m	ša	e=nı̋ı̋x-a
cook-AG-N.s	troops-G.s	to	three	ox-A.p	many-ABS	chicken-G.p	not.to.mention	PST=serve-IND

• I have no money other than the few coins in my pocket.
• mu mu-paadős éna pa̋uo piinkőm ša néo pı̋ı̋nom űða:

m-u	mu=paad-ős	éna	pa̋uo-Ø	piin-k-őm	ša	néo-Ø	pı̋ı̋n-om	űð-a
1s-N	my=pocket-G.s	in	few-ABS	money-DIM-G.p	other.than	no-ABS	money-A.s	have-IND

• Outside her beauty, she has nothing going for her.
• govta̋' ša. ii-éȝu eȝús éra néom űða:

govt-a̋-'	ša	ii=éȝ-u	eȝ-ús	éra	né-om	űð-a
beauty-G.s-ELIS	outside	F=3-N.s	3-G.s	for	nothing-A.s	have-IND

• 23. ṡ̨úfa denotes in the course of.
  • Possible translations: in, on, during, through, throughout, under, for, in the process-, -course-, -of,
• In my day we did it differently.
• m̃us mu-a̋ham ṡ̨úfa góivi éȝom e-kı̋a:

m̃-us	mu=a̋h-am	ṡ̨úfa	gói=vi	éȝ-om	e=kı̋-a
1p-N	my=day-A.s	in	different=ADV	3-A.s	PST=do-IND

• We can do this for you on Monday.
• m̃us púúsena̋ham ṡ̨úfa tús éra som kı̋u ma̋ƣa:

m̃-us	púúsen.a̋h-am	ṡ̨úfa	t-ús	éra	s-om	kı̋-u	ma̋ƣ-a
1p-N	Puusenu.day-A.s	on	2s-G	for	this-A.s	do-SUP	be.able-IND

• We can shelter in that cave during the storm.
• m̃us ðuuős ṡ̨úfa a-fagős éna te̋gu ma̋ƣa:

m̃-us	ðuu-ős	ṡ̨úfa	a-fag-ős	éna	te̋g-u	ma̋ƣ-a
1p-N	storm-G.s	during	that-cave-G.s	in	shelter-SUP	be.able-IND

• We have been friends through many trials.
• m̃us me̋e̋a kalta̋m ṡ̨úfa vı̋lus ese̋sa:

m̃-us	me̋e̋a-Ø	kalt-a̋m	ṡ̨úfa	vı̋l-us	e~e̋s-a
1p-N	many-ABS	trial-G.p	through	friend-N.p	PRF~be-IND

• What he had done was soon known throughout the camp.
• no—táom éȝu e-kɪkı̋a—voutiȝős ṡ̨úfa múdu sa̋a̋raþo e-ı̋la:

n-o	tá-om	éȝ-u	e=kɪ~kı̋-a	vout-iȝ-ős	ṡ̨úfa	múdu	sa̋a̋r-a-þ-o	e=ı̋l-a
that-N.s	which-A.s	3-N.s	PST=PRF~do-IND	tent-COL-G.s	throughout	soon	know-IND-PP-N.s	PST=become-IND

• Under the king's rule things were much better.
• m̃e̋kos reeƣűs zilra̋s ṡ̨úfa méévi vɪva̋dos e-vűűa:

m̃e̋k-os	reeƣ-űs	zilr-a̋s	ṡ̨úfa	méé=vi	vɪ~va̋d-os	e=vűű-a
thing-N.p	king-G.s	rule-G.s	under	much=ADV	EL~good-N.p	PST=be-IND

• For miles and miles we could see nothing but sand.
• m̃us t̨umrena̋sk̬e t̨umrena̋sk̬e ṡ̨úfa lim̃ő' ša néom na̋ku e-ma̋ƣa:

m̃-us	t̨um.ren-a̋s=k̬e	t̨um.ren-a̋s=k̬e	ṡ̨úfa	lim̃-ő-'	ša	né-om	na̋k-u	e=ma̋ƣ-a
1p-N	thousand.step-G.s=and	thousand.step-G.s=and	for	sand-G.s-ELIS	except	nothing-A.s	see-SUP	PST=be.unable-IND

• 24. þáfa denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively.
  • Possible translations: (all) over, through(out), about.
• Throughout the nation there was great joy.
• m̃e̋ża ba̋ȝa mexa̋s þáfa e-vűűla:

m̃e̋ża-Ø	ba̋ȝ-a	mex-a̋s	þáfa	e=vűűl-a
great-ABS	joy-N.s	nation-G.s	throughout	PST=there.be-IND

• The singing could be heard (all) over the whole camp.
• ga̋a̋ȝu őro voutiȝős þáfa ve̋naþa ı̋lu e-ma̋ƣa:

ga̋a̋ȝ-u	őro-Ø	vout-iȝ-ős	þáfa	ve̋n-a-þ-a	ı̋l-u	e=ma̋ƣ-a
sing-SUP	whole-ABS	tent-COL-G.s	all.over	hear-IND-PP-N.s	become-SUP	PST=be.able-IND

• The king said we might wander through the castle.
• re̋e̋ƣu m̃um ðűűnom þáfa ma̋lu maƣu e-te̋e̋a:

re̋e̋ƣ-u	m̃-um	ðűűn-om	þáfa	ma̋l-u	maƣ-u	e=te̋e̋-a
king-N.s	1p-A	castle-A.s	through	wander-SUP	be.able-SUP	PST=say-IND

• I can hear the children running about the yard.
• mu ɔ̋pom þáfa re̋e̋santu ṡı̋ṡun ve̋nu ma̋ƣa:

m-u	ɔ̋p-om	þáfa	re̋e̋s-a-ntu-Ø	ṡı̋ṡ-un	ve̋n-u	ma̋ƣ-a
1s-N	yard-A.s	about	run-IND-AP-ABS	child-A.p	hear-SUP	be.able-IND

• 25. úúda denotes egress.
  • Possible translations: out of, from.
• The chick fell out of its nest.
• bőőde dűpom úúda e-főőla:

bőőd-e	dűp-om	úúda	e=főől-a
chick-N.s	nest-A.s	out.of	PST=fall-IND

• I dropped the bowl when I took it from the cupboard.
• mu ka̋ikom e-feþı̋d̨a—méti hőlṡom úúda éȝom e-őȝa:

m-u	ka̋ik-om	e=feþ-ı̋d̨-a	méti	hőlṡ-om	úúda	éȝ-om	e=őȝ-a
1s-N	bowl-A.s	PST=drop-TRZ-IND	when	cupboard-A.s	from	3-A.s	PST-take.out	IND