Athonite Grammar II

Pronunciation Table - Πινακ από Προφόρ

Athonite	α	αυ	β	γ	γγ	γκ	γξ	γχ	δ	ε	ει	ευ	ζ	ι	θ	κ	λ	μ	μπ	ν	ντ	ξ	ο	ου	π	ρ	ς	τ	τζ	υ	φ	χ	ψ	ω
Latin	a	af/v	v	g	ng	nk	ngks	nch	dh	e	i	ef/v	z	i	th	k	l	m	b	n	d	ks	o	u	p	r	s	t	z	y	f	ch	ps	ō
IPA	/a/1	/af/2	/v/	/ɣ/3	/ŋ/	/ŋg/	/ŋks/	/ŋç/	/ð/	/ε/	/i/	/εf/4	/z/	/i/5	/θ/	/k/	/l/	/m/	/b/	/n/6	/d/	/ks/	/ɔ/	/u/	/p/	/r/	/s/7	/t/	/ʣ/	/y/	/f/	/ç/	/ps/	/o/

Notes - Σιμιώςις

• ¹ when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
• ² αφ before voiceless consonants, αβ before voiced consonants or vowels.
• ³ /ɣ/ before α, ο, ου, and ω; /j/ before ε, ι, υ.
• ⁴ εφ before voiceless consonants, εβ before voiced consonants.
• ⁵ /j/ between vowels.
• ⁶ final <n> before a voiceless stop becomes /m/ and the stop is voiced, e.g., δεν πιραζι, /ðembiˈrazi/, it doesn't matter.
• ⁷ /z/ before voiced consonants.

Verbs - Ρίματα

Verb Classes - Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα

• 044. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.
• 045. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future (the Greek future continuous), and their perfect counterparts.
• 046. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
• 047. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.

The Active Voice - Τι Ενέργ Φων

• 048. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.

The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον

• 049. In the present tense of Class I verbs, the accent remains on the stem of the verb. In the present tense of Class II verbs, the accent is on the endings.

Class I

	Singular	Plural
1st	βλεπω, I see	βλέπoμε, we see
2nd	βλεπις, you see	βλέπετε, you see
3rd	βλεπι, he, she, it sees	βλεπουν, they see

Class II

	Singular	Plural
1st	αγαπώ, I love	αγαπάμε, we love
2nd	αγαπάς, you love	αγαπάτε, you love
3rd	αγαπά, he, she, it loves	αγαπάν, they love

The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον

• 050. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by placing the accent on the third syllable from the end.
• 051. Class II verbs insert -άγ- between the stem and the ending.
• 052. When there is no third syllable, the augment ε- is added.

Class I

	Singular	Plural
1st	έβλεπα, I saw, was seeing	βλέπαμε, we saw, were seeing
2nd	έβλεπες, you saw, were seeing	βλέπατε, you saw, were seeing
3rd	έβλεπε, he, she, it saw, was seeing	έβλεπαν, they saw, were seeing

Class II

	Singular	Plural
1st	αγάπαγα, I loved, was loving	αγαπάγαμε, we loved, were loving
2nd	αγάπαγες, you loved, were loving	αγαπάγατε, you loved, were loving
3rd	αγάπαγε, he, she, it loved, was loving	αγάπαγαν, they loved, were loving

The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον

• 053. The future tense is formed by putting the particle θα before the present tense.

Class I

	Singular	Plural
1st	θa βλεπω, I see	θa βλέπoμε, we see
2nd	θa βλεπις, you see	θa βλέπετε, you see
3rd	θa βλεπι, he, she, it sees	θa βλεπουν, they see

Class II

	Singular	Plural
1st	θ' αγαπώ, I love	θ' αγαπάμε, we love
2nd	θ' αγαπάς, you love	θ' αγαπάτε, you love
3rd	θ' αγαπά, he, she, it loves	θ' αγαπάν, they love

The Present Perfect Tense - Ο Παρακίμεν Χρον

• 054. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
• 055. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb εχω, I have, and the passive participle.
• 056. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.

	Singular	Plural
1st	εχω βλεπμέν, I have seen	έχoμe βλεπμέν, we have seen
2nd	εχις βλεπμέν, you have seen	έχετε βλεπμέν, you have seen
3rd	εχι βλεπμέν, he, she, it has seen	εχουν βλεπμέν, they have seen

The Past Perfect Tense - Ο Υπερςυντελικ Χρον

• 057. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
• 058. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auχiliary verb εχω and the passive participle.

	Singular	Plural
1st	ιχα βλεπμέν, I had seen	ίχαμε βλεπμέν, we had seen
2nd	ιχεs βλεπμέν, you had seen	ίχατε βλεπμέν, you had seen
3rd	ιχε βλεπμέν, he, she, it had seen	ιχαν βλεπμέν, they had seen

The Future Perfect Tense - Ο Συντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον

• 059. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
• 060. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχω and the passive participle.

	Singular	Plural
1st	θa εχω βλεπμέν, I shall have run	θa έχoμε βλεπμέν, we shall have run
2nd	θa εχιs βλεπμέν, you will have run	θa έχετε βλεπμέν, you will have run
3rd	θa εχι βλεπμέν, he, she, it will have run	θa εχoυν βλεπμέν, they will have run

The Progressive Tenses - Ι Προοδευτίκ Χρονι

• 061. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of ιμε, I am, to form progressive tenses.

present	past	future	present perfect	past perfect	future perfect
ιμε βλεποντ I am running, etc.	ιμουν βλεποντ I was running, etc.	θα ιμε βλεποντ I will be running, etc.	εχω ιμεν βλεποντ I have been running, etc.'	ιχα ιμεν βλεποντ I had been running, etc.	θα εχω ιμεν βλεποντ I will have been running, etc.

The Passive Voice - ι παθιτίκ φων

• 062. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
• 063. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb ιμε, I am and the passive participle.

The Present Tense - ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον

	Singular	Plural
1st	ιμε βλέπoμεν, I am seen	ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we are seen
2nd	ιςε βλέπoμεν, you are seen	ιςτε βλέπoμεν, you are seen
3rd	ινε βλέπoμεν, he, she, it is seen	ινε βλέπoμεν, they are seen

The Past Tense - Ο Παρελθοντίκ Χρον

	Singular	Plural
1st	ιμουν βλέπoμεν, I was seen	ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we were seen
2nd	ιςουν βλέπoμεν, you were seen	ίςαςτε βλέπoμεν, you were seen
3rd	ιταν βλέπoμεν, he, she, it was seen	ιταν βλέπoμεν, they were seen

The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον

	Singular	Plural
1st	θa ιμε βλέπoμεν, I shall be seen	θa ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we shall be seen
2nd	θa ιςε βλέπoμεν, you will be seen	θa ιςτε βλέπoμεν, you will be seen
3rd	θa ινε βλέπoμεν, he, she, it will be seen	θa ινε βλέπoμεν, they will be seen

The Perfect Tenses- Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον

• 064. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of εχω with the passive participle of ιμε.

present	past	future
εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν I have been seen, etc.	ιχα ιμεν βλέπoμεν I had been seen, etc.	θα εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν I shall have been seen, etc.

The Auxiliary Verbs - Το Βοιθιτίκ Ρίματα

• 065. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.

εχω, I have

	Present	Past	Future
1st singular	εχω, I have	ιχα, I had	θα εχω, I shall have
2nd singular	εχις, you have	ιχες, you had	θα εχις, you will have
3rd singular	εχι, he, she, it has	ιχε, he, she, it had	θα εχι, he, she, it will have
1st plural	έχομε, we have	ίχαμε, we hadεί	θα έχομε, we shall have
2nd plural	έχετε, you have	ίχατε, you had,	θα έχετε, you will have
3rd plural	εχoυν, they have	ιχαν, they had	θα εχoυν, they will have

ιμε, I am

	Present	Past	Future
1st singular	ιμε, I am,	ιμουν, I was	θα ιμε, I shall be
2nd singular	ιςε, you are	ιςουν, you were	θα ιςε, you will be
3rd singular	ινε, he, she, it is	ιταν, he, she, it wαs	θα ινε, he, she, it will be
1st plural	ίμαςτε, wε are	ίμαςταν, we were	θα ίμαςτε, we shall be
2nd plural	ιςτε, you are	ίςαςτε, you were	θα ιςτε, you will be
3rd plural	ινε, they are	ιταν, they were	θα ινε, they will be

The Subjunctive Mood - Η Υποτακτίκ εγκλισ

• 066. The subjunctive mood expresses an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes.
• 067. The subjunctive mood in Athonite is formed with the particle να.

Ευχω να βρεχι. I wish that it would rain.

Ευχω να έβρεχε. I wish that it had rained.

Αν βρεχι θα μίνω σε σπιτ. If it rains, I will stay home.

• 067. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are followed by να.

πρεπι, it is necessary; αξιζι, it is worthwhile, etc.

Πρεπι να παω τορα.

I must be going now.

The Imperative Mood - ι προςτακτίκ εγκλις

• 068. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite consisting of only one form.
• 069. To form the imperative, -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural replace the -ω of the present.

Singular	Plural
βλεπε, see	βλεπ(ε)τε, see
αγαπα, love	αγάπατε, love

The Infinitive - Το Απαρέμφατ

• 077. The infinitive is a neutral form of the verb, that is, it does not express agent, tense or mood. It is treated as a noun and is accompanied by the neuter article το. As a verb it can govern an object.

It is formed by adding the suffix -ςι to the verb stem, e.g. βλεπω > βγεπςι.

In certain instances, the final consonant of the verb stem is modified, e.g. κοβο > κοψι.

• 078. The infinitive also functions as a gerund.

Το τρεξι ινε καλ αςκις. Running is good exercise.

Negation - Άρνης

• 077. Negation in the indicative mood is expressed by putting the negative particle δεν in front of the verb.

το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is ready.

το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is not ready.

το μπαρ δεν ινε γεμάτ, The bar is not full.

δεν παω, I'm not going.

• 078. Negation in the subjunctive and imperative moods is expressed by putting the negative particle μι(ν) in front of the verb.

Ευχω να μιν έβρεχε. I wish that it had not rained.

μι τρεξε ι θα πεφτις. Don't run or you'll fall.

There Is/Are - βαρ/γιοκ

• 079. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs υπαρχεί and υπαρχούν in favor of the Turkish βαρ and its negative γιοκ.

Βαρ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.

There is a flower on the table.

Γιοκ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.

There is no flower on the table.

• 080. In reply to a βαρ or γιοκ question, the answer is always βαρ or γιοκ, never yes or no.

βαρ μιλα εν το τραπέζ;

Are there apples on the table?

βαρ, Yes, there are.

γιοκ, No, there are not.

• 081. βαρ and γιοκ may also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.

βαρ τρις μιλα μου; I have three apples.

γιοκ αδέλφ τις ; She does not have a sister.

Deponent Verbs - Αποθετίκ Ρίματα

• 082. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, e.g., έρχομαι, I come, > ερχω.

The Use of ίνε - Η Χρις από το 'Ινε'

• 083. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula ίνε is not used, e.g., το κυαν ςπιτ, the blue house; but το ςπιτ κυαν, the house is blue.

Questions - Ερώτηςις

• 084. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.

Π' ιςε; Who are you?

πιόν έβλεπας; Whom did you see?

ςε πιον μίλαγες; To whom were you talking?

• 085. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle μι.

Πας ςτο ςχολί. You are going to school.

Πας ςτο ςχολί μι; Are you going to school?

• 086. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle ντιλ μι.

αφτό ινε βιβλί, ντιλ μι; This is a book, isn't it?

ςυ έγραφα ι επιςτόλ, ντιλ μι; You wrote the letter, didn't you?

ςυ θα ερχις αβρι, ντιλ μι; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?

Adverbs - επιρίματα

• 087. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
• 088. Some common adverbs:

εδó, here εκί, there πιςω, behind μπρoςτά in front τωρα, now

υςτερ, after, later νωρίς, early αβρι, tomorrow εχθές, yesterday

πolύ, a lot, very ιδι, already ποτέ, never παλι, again

ιςως, perhaps παντα, always ακomι, yet ετςι, thus

• 089. Adverbs can be formed from many adjectives by adding -α/-ά to the adjective.

το ιρεμ πεδ , the quiet child; τρεχε ιρεμα. Run quietly.

το αργ τρεν, the slow train; Προχώραγα αργά, He proceeded slowly.

• 095.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.

ευκολ, easy; έυκολα, easily

πιο ευκολ, easier, easiest; πιο έυκολα, more/most easily

Athonite Grammar I