User:Masako/pataka

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Introduction

Phonology

Morphology

Verbs

Nouns

Number

Reduplication

Case

The nominative [NOM] is not marked [-Ø] and is in the absolutive form. It indicates a syntactic core participant of the action, agent, force, or experiencer.

  • mita ina
dog-∅ eat
The dog eats.

The accusative [ACC] is marked with the clitic -n and indicates a patient, theme or goal (used as Oblique occasionally), instrument, or experiencer.

  • mitan anya
dog-ACC see
The dog is seen.

Genitive [GEN] -yo indicates alienable association or possession (see also te) .

Gender

Gender is not normally marked but can be with the endings -na and -ta to mark the feminine and masculine, respectively or nouns such as naka, tlaka, nahi, or tahi (the woman, the man, the girl, the boy), etc. A gender neutral suffix, -nta may be used when the gender is unknown or ambiguous.

  • kuma - bear - a bearkumana - bear-FEM - sowkumata - bear-MASC - boar
  • masa - deer - a deermasana - deer-FEM - doemasata - deer-MASC - stag
  • uma - horse - a horseumana - horse-FEM - mareumata - horse-MASC - stallion

Pronouns and Determiners

Syntax

Basic Word Order

The default word order in Kala is SOV, although case marking allows some flexibility.

  • mita tlakan yatsiye
dog man-ACC bite-PST
The dog bit the man.

Derivation

Gemination

Gemination is only found as a product of word compounding and not as a phonological process, however it affects the pronunciation as the phonemic variation is lost and all geminated consonants are voiceless. naka (woman) can be /ˈnaːka/ or /ˈnaːga/, whereas nakkan (chieftess) can only be /ˈnaːkkan/. All consonants except for semivowels can undergo gemination.

Sample

Lexicon