User:Masako/pataka
Introduction
Phonology
Morphology
Verbs
Nouns
Number
Reduplication
Case
The nominative [NOM] is not marked [-Ø] and is in the absolutive form. It indicates a syntactic core participant of the action, agent, force, or experiencer.
- mita ina
- dog-∅ eat
- The dog eats.
The accusative [ACC] is marked with the clitic -n and indicates a patient, theme or goal (used as Oblique occasionally), instrument, or experiencer.
- mitan anya
- dog-ACC see
- The dog is seen.
Genitive [GEN] -yo indicates alienable association or possession (see also te) .
Gender
Gender is not normally marked but can be with the endings -na and -ta to mark the feminine and masculine, respectively or nouns such as naka, tlaka, nahi, or tahi (the woman, the man, the girl, the boy), etc. A gender neutral suffix, -nta may be used when the gender is unknown or ambiguous.
- kuma - bear - a bear → kumana - bear-FEM - sow → kumata - bear-MASC - boar
- masa - deer - a deer → masana - deer-FEM - doe → masata - deer-MASC - stag
- uma - horse - a horse → umana - horse-FEM - mare → umata - horse-MASC - stallion
Pronouns and Determiners
Syntax
Basic Word Order
The default word order in Kala is SOV, although case marking allows some flexibility.
- mita tlakan yatsiye
- dog man-ACC bite-PST
- The dog bit the man.
