User:Cedh audmanh/CBBCRXII

Ronc Tyu text

Se twín nyu hic to. Ne ndza tò gyè pei uźec vei tyu gyòun dòu. Twín pyec ntào faen ntào faen binc, o dzó kein zúc zúc do ruoc krac. Ne brinc sruo.

Mbí kwá ngunc hśea pí zèc vei léi pa ihtrìc gèi. Myòu lo ngùo pyonc trae làe. Myéc źùn pa saen, o fou ngei lánc, han bwí gra dźi myòu.

Ne tòc ndzu pya xào śou-mó. Dyá tenc ne ráon myen mic ndźù pou duhrù soc wonc sa san ne. Ne ló mbrinc dàon htsí htsí, htlanc na twín nggù hrào nào binc yu zrou-mbì. Ne tsèa ndza pou duhrù suo rùc ro ndlíc ro nú ndáo gló ngoun diec yu trùc. Ne nàc kóan tóc fi tśi téc gao myùc bó yu ne. Kè yéi hihfyáon hunggòun wo ne, o wo diec wie fae lo ngwìn, o wo na ndáo gló wie fae hfyao hfyao lin kwé, o wo ki méc dyò dyò htroa, drenc ne ló ráon tswi blo śea ne téc śenc gibyonc.

Ndźei xòac kén gyào sa tùc soc myóa to ló ne, wo hac hac nú táo tsèa nyac nwa ki kyén.

Translation

English translation of Ronc Tyu text

Nobody noticed it. I successfully managed to sneak away from the moving crowd. The people continued to dance and sing in their ritual, walking away towards the sacred megalith. I hid myself and waited.

The sun disappeared in a herd of clouds like a red gemstone. The sky turned blue, dark, cold and clear. The stars were sparkling like embers, and after a short while the moon climbed up brightly in the sky.

I cautiously rose and stepped out of the shadow of my hiding-place. I needed to find the amulet quickly and give it to my sister. I needed to take my chance right now, while everyone else was away at the celebrations for the spring equinox. I easily managed to find the amulet among the magical herbs and all the other strange things in the shaman's box. I took it and covered it in my cupped hands. But then I hurried too much and stumbled, and the box tipped over, and all the strange things fell out and got scattered all over the floor, and there was a very loud noise, so I had to run away quickly and hide in the dark night.

Out of all the tasks that my sister ever gave to me, every single other one was much easier than this.

English translation of previous text

(Bokisig, by brblues)

With nobody seeing me, I sneaked away from the swirling mass. They left, and I disappeared as a red dot in the herd of clouds somewhere far away, turning blue, becoming dark, and when they faded, I left the path.

At first, it was sparkling cold white like a star. With half an hour passing, only the moon outside rose in the sky.

I needed to collect them into my cupped pair of hands, and because I needed to give them to my sister, I needed to go to the party. It was easy to steal a full pile of things from the aristocrat's box, but the pile of things fell to the ground, and got scattered all over the dancefloor. Therefore I had to flee away into the sheltering night.

My sister gave me many easier tasks.

Interlinear gloss

Se

no

twín

PL\person

nyu

see

hic

notice

to.

3I.COLL

Nobody noticed it.

Ne

1SG

ndza

successful

tò

silent

gyè

move_sideways

pei

go_from.3A

uźec

crowd

vei

from

tyu

villagers

gyòun

ATTR\move

dòu.

ATTR\go_downstream

I successfully managed to sneak away from the moving crowd.

Twín

PL\person

pyec

continue

ntào

dance

faen

sing

ntào

dance

faen

sing

binc,

ritual

o

and

dzó

same.A

kein

go_from.1

zúc

walk

zúc

walk

do

come_to.3I

ruoc

megalith

krac.

ATTR\sacred

The people continued to dance and sing in their ritual, walking away towards the sacred megalith.

Ne

1SG

brinc

be_hidden

sruo.

wait

I hid myself and waited.

Mbí

sun

kwá

descend

ngunc

fade

hśea

PASS\hide

pí

go_between

zèc

herd

vei

from

léi

clouds

pa

as

ihtrìc

jewel

gèi.

ATTR\red

The sun disappeared in a herd of clouds like a red gemstone.

Myòu

sky

lo

become

ngùo

blue

pyonc

dark

trae

cold

làe.

clear

The sky turned blue, dark, cold and clear.

Myéc

stars

źùn

shine

pa

as

saen,

embers

o

and

fou

pass

ngei

few.COLL

lánc,

time

han

moon

bwí

bright

gra

climb

dźi

come_to.3A

myòu.

sky

The stars were sparkling like embers, and after a short while the moon climbed up brightly in the sky.

Ne

1SG

tòc

watch_out

ndzu

rise

pya

exit

xào

SGV\shadow[POSS]

śou-mó.

place-cover

I cautiously rose and stepped out of the shadow of my hiding-place.

Dyá

required

tenc

SUB

ne

1SG

ráon

quick

myen

look

mic

turn

ndźù

search

pou

find

duhrù

amulet

soc

give

wonc

BEN

sa

sister

san

related_to

ne.

1SG

I needed to find the amulet quickly and give it to my sister.

Ne

1SG

ló

must

mbrinc

brave

dàon

venture

htsí

now

htsí,

now

I needed to take my chance right now,

htlanc

during_situation

na

all

twín

PL\person

nggù

absent

hrào

participate

nào

perform

binc

ritual

yu

of

zrou-mbì.

spring_equinox

while everyone else was away at the celebrations for the spring equinox.

Ne

1SG

tsèa

easy

ndza

successful

pou

find

duhrù

amulet

suo

LOC.STAT

rùc

among

ro

or

ndlíc

magical_herbs

ro

or

nú

other

ndáo

PL\thing

gló

ATTR\significant

ngoun

inside

diec

box

yu

of

trùc.

shaman

I easily managed to find the amulet among the magical herbs and all the other strange things in the shaman's box.

Ne

1SG

nàc

take

kóan

seize

tóc

remove

fi

wrap

tśi

3A.SG

téc

LOC.DYN

gao

in_middle_of

myùc

PL\hand

bó

ATTR\protect

yu

of

ne.

1SG

I took it and covered it in my cupped hands.

Kè

but

yéi

then.PST

hihfyáon

PASS\hurry

hunggòun

PASS\stumble

wo

INSTR

ne,

1SG

But then I hurried too much and stumbled,

o

and

wo

INSTR

diec

box

wie

slide

fae

fall

lo

become

ngwìn,

open

and the box tipped over,

o

and

wo

INSTR

na

all

ndáo

PL\thing

gló

ATTR\significant

wie

slide

fae

fall

hfyao

PASS\strew

hfyao

PASS\strew

lin

lie

kwé,

ground

and all the strange things fell out and got scattered all over the floor,

o

and

wo

INSTR

ki

this

méc

events

dyò

loud

dyò

loud

htroa,

lose

and there was a loud rumbling noise,

drenc

therefore

ne

1SG

ló

must

ráon

quick

tswi

jump

blo

go_from.3I

śea

hide

ne

1SG

téc

LOC.DYN

śenc

night

gibyonc.

ATTR\dark

so I had to run away quickly and hide in the dark night.

Ndźei

know[connaître]

xòac

all.COLL

kén

tasks

gyào

REL.I

sa

sister

tùc

know[savoir]

soc

give

myóa

order

to

3I.COLL

ló

DAT

ne,

1SG

wo

INSTR

hac

each

hac

each

nú

other

táo

thing

tsèa

easy

nyac

win

nwa

exceed

ki

this

kyén.

SGV\task

Out of all the tasks that my sister ever gave to me, every single other one was much easier than this.

Vocabulary

word	morphology	type	meaning
binc		n.i	ritual, ceremony
blo		v.it+	depart, leave, go away (from 3rd person inanimate)
brinc		v.it	be secret, be confidential, be hidden
bwí		v.it	be bright
dàon		v.it	dare, venture, take a chance
diec	PL dac	n.i	box, case
do		v.it+	come, approach (towards 3rd person inanimate)
drac	ATTR krac	v.it	be holy, be sacred, be magical
drenc		cj	so, therefore
duhrù		n.a	talisman, amulet
dyá		v.aux	it is required; should (impersonal verb, indicates deontic necessity)
dyò		v.it	be loud, make noise
dzó		pron	the same one (animate)
dźi		v.it+	come, approach (towards 3rd person animate)
fae		v.it	fall
faen		v.tr	sing (always used with a (dummy) object)
fi		v.tr	wrap, cover
fou	ATTR gwou	v.it	pass, move on, go forward; (as a coverb) for a certain period of time
fyao	PASS hfyao	v.tr	pour (of liquids), strew (of granular masses), scatter (of collections or ensembles)
gao		pp.n	in the middle of
gra		v.it	climb, go up
gyào		pron	(relative pronoun, inanimate)
gyè		v.it	move sideways, shift one's position
hac		qu	each (member of a collection)
han		n.a	moon
hfyáon	PASS hihfyáon	v.it	rush, hurry, do sth. hastily
hic		v.tr	realize, notice, become aware of
hrào		v.tr	participate, join
htlanc		cj / pp.v	while, during (a relatively short timeframe)
htroa	ATTR gò	v.it	lose, fail; (in SVC with negative connotations) very
htsí		adv	now, immediately
ihtrìc		n.i	jewel, gemstone
kè		cj	but, however (used with clauses)
kén	SGV kyén	n.i.coll	task, mission, quest, project
kein		v.it+	depart, leave, go away (from speaker)
ki		det	this, these
kóan		v.tr	seize, conquer
kòun	ATTR gyòun	v.it	move around, go (nowhere in particular), roam, wander
kwá		v.it	go down, descend
kwé	SGV kyé	n.i.coll	ground, floor
làe		v.it	be calm, be clear, be sunny (of weather)
lánc	SGV línc	n.a.coll	time (SGV: moment, situation)
léi	SGV yéi	n.a.coll	clouds
lin		v.it	lie, recline
lo		v.aux	become
ló		v.aux	must, should
ló		pp.v	for, to (dative)
mbí		n.a	sun
mbrinc		v.it	be brave, be courageous
méc	SGV myéc	n.i.coll.poss	events, instances, occurrences, repetitions
mic		v.it	turn around
mó	ATTR bó	v.tr	cover, protect
myéc	(no SGV)	n.a.coll	stars
myen		v.it	look (atelic/stative)
myóa		v.tr	order, command, instruct
myòu		n.a.coll	sky, weather
myù	PL myùc	n.a	hand
na		qu	all (of many)
nàc		v.tr	choose, take, use
nào		v.tr	perform, celebrate (a ceremony)
ndlíc		n.a.coll	magical herbs, drugs
ndza		v.it	be successful, hit the target; (in SVC) manage to
ndzu		v.it	rise, get up
ndźei		v.tr	know, be acquainted with (cf. French connaître); (as a coverb) after, since
ndźí		pron	(3rd person animate plural)
ndźù		v.tr	search for
ne		pron	(1st person singular)
ngei		qu	a little, a small amount of (used with collective noun phrases)
nggòun	PASS hunggòun	v.it	stumble
nggù		v.it	be absent, be distant, be far away
ngoun		pp.n	in, inside
ngunc		v.it	fade, wither, disappear
ngùo		v.it	be blue, be green
ngwìn		v.it	be open
nòu	ATTR dòu	v.it	go downstream, follow the flow
ntào		v.tr	dance (always used with a (dummy) object)
nú		det	the other one(s)
nwa		v.tr	exceed, surpass
nyac		v.it	win, be victorious; (in SVC) very
nyu		v.tr	see; (as a coverb) before, until
o		cj	and, also (used with clauses)
pa		pp.v	as, like
pei		v.it+	depart, leave, go away (from 3rd person animate)
pí		v.tr	go between, pass through
pou		v.tr	find, discover
pwae	ATTR gèi	v.it	be red
pya		v.tr	go out of, exit
pyec		v.it	keep happening, continue
pyonc	ATTR gibyonc	v.it	be black, be dark
ráon		v.it	be fast, be quick
ro		cj	or (repeated before each alternative)
rùc		pp.n	through, between, among, surrounded by
ruoc		n.i	megalith
sa	PL swá	n.a	sister, parallel cousin (female)
saen	SGV śin	n.a.coll	embers, sparks
san		pp.n	socially related to
se		qu	no, none (of many)
soc		v.tr	give; (in SVC) cause, bring about
sruo		v.it	wait, stay still, do nothing
suo		pp.v	at, on (static locative)
śea	PASS hśea	v.tr	hide, conceal
śenc		n.a.coll	night, darkness
śou-mó		n.i	shelter, hiding-place
táo	PL ndáo	n.i	thing, item
téc		pp.v	at, near, around (dynamic locative)
tenc		cj	(complementizer)
to		pron	(3rd person inanimate singular/collective)
tó	ATTR gló	v.it	be significant, have a hidden meaning
tò		v.it	be calm, be silent (of people and animals)
tóc		v.tr	take away, remove
tòc		v.it	watch out, be vigilant
trae		v.it	be cold (of weather)
trùc		n.a	priest, shaman
tsèa		v.it	be simple, be easy
tswi		v.it	jump, leap, move abruptly
tsyún	PL twín	n.a	person
tśi		pron	(3rd person animate singular)
tùc		v.tr	know how to do sth. (cf. French savoir); (in SVC) have done sth. before
tyu	SGV tśou	n.a.coll	villagers, sedentary people (also used as an ethnonym for the speakers of Ronc Tyu)
uźec		n.a.coll	crowd, large group (of people)
vei		pp.n	coming from; made of
wie		v.it	slide, slip
wo		pp.v	with, by, using (can also mark an inanimate or nonvolitional agent)
wonc		pp.v	for the benefit of
xòac		qu	the entirety of, all (of a collection)
xu	SGV xào	n.i.coll.poss	shadow, shade
yéi		adv	then, next (in the past)
yu		pp.n	of, belonging to, associated with
zèc		n.a.coll	herd (of animals)
zrou-mbì		n.a	spring equinox
zúc		v.it	walk
źùn		v.it	shine, glow

Grammar notes

Nouns

• Nouns can be animate or inanimate, countable or collective, and optionally or obligatorily possessed.
• Countable nouns refer to single entities, and may inflect for plural number. Plural forms that occur in this text are given in the wordlist.
• Collective nouns refer to a collection of items by default, and may inflect for singulative number if only one single member of the collection is referenced. Singulative forms that occur in this text are given in the wordlist. A few collective nouns form their singulatives periphrastically with a separate particle.
• Obligatorily possessed nouns (which may be further characterized by an attributive verb) must be followed immediately by their possessor, without any explicit marking. Optionally possessed nouns form possessive phrases with a preposition.
• Compound nouns can be formed head-initially. Both nominal and verbal roots may be used in the modifier position of such compounds.

Pronouns and determiners

• Pronouns make more number distinctions than nouns, having dedicated forms also for dual, paucal, and collective referents.
• Demonstratives and quantifiers are placed before the noun. If both are present, the meaning is usually definite/specific if the demonstrative comes first (e.g. "these two..."), and partitive if the quantifier comes first (e.g. "two of these...").
• Non-numeral quantifiers may be reduplicated for an intensified meaning, e.g. ni "many" > ni ni "a really large number of".

Prepositions

• Ronc Tyu distinguishes between two types of prepositions: Adnominal prepositions (pp.n) refer only to noun phrases (e.g. "the tree on the hill"), whereas adverbial prepositions (pp.v) always refer to the clause (e.g. "I'm standing on the hill"). Adnominal prepositions may be nested within an adverbial prepositional phrase.
• Adnominal prepositions may be reduplicated for an intensified meaning, e.g. runc "near, beside" > runc runc "very close to".

Verbs

• Verbs inflect for passive voice and for the attributive (a kind of participle, which makes up for the fact that Ronc Tyu does not have a lexical class of adjectives). All passive and attributive forms that occur in this text are given in the wordlist.
• Reduplicating a verb root indicates habitual, iterative, or continuative aspect, or sometimes an intensified meaning. In some cases, a serial verb construction consisting of two or more verbs can be reduplicated as a whole.

Syntax

• The basic word order is SVO, with occasional exceptions (for example, there's VS(O) in existential statements, passive sentences, and certain types of questions).
• Phrases are typically head-initial, with modifiers following their heads.
• Ronc Tyu frequently uses serial verb constructions (SVC) consisting of two or more verbs to describe complex actions and situations, with the component verbs typically appearing in the chronological order of subevents. Some common collocations have a slightly idiomatic meaning, but all SVC in this text should be fairly transparent. Many SVC, even longer ones, are best translated into English as a single verb, for instance ndzu kein tyòu yenc do, lit. "rise, leave, eat, sleep, and arrive at" = "travel to".
• Some types of SVC can also serve a grammatical purpose, for example describing cause-event relationships or adding modal or aspectual information.
• Most SVC have the shape NP₁ V V (V) (NP₂), with all verbs sharing the same subject NP₁ (and, where relevant, the same object NP₂).
• Another common type of SVC has the shape NP₁ V (V) NP₂ V (V) (NP₃), where the middle noun phrase NP₂ simultaneously functions as the object of the verb(s) before it and as the subject of the verb(s) after it. However, such switch-function SVCs are not used in this text.
• Certain verbs can also be used as coverbs, functioning in a way similar to adpositions or conjunctions, introducing oblique arguments or subclauses.
• Relative clauses always contain an overt pronoun referring to the relativized element within the relative clause (i.e. they follow a pronoun-retention strategy).
• Comparative constructions are formed with a verbal "exceed"-strategy.
• Subjectless verbs (which can be morphologically passive) followed by a complementizer are sometimes used to make impersonal general statements.
• When used as the subject of a transitive verb, inanimate noun phrases must be marked with the instrumental preposition wo "with, by, using".
• Animate subjects may be similarly marked with the preposition wo "with, by, using"; this typically indicates a (relative) lack of volition or control. Under certain circumstances, this can go along with unexpected morphological passivization of an intransitive verb, which signifies an accidental adversative meaning ("I did sth. accidentally to my own disadvantage").
• Some words lexically require unusual syntactic constructions; this has been noted in the wordlist where relevant.

Links

A more elaborate grammatical description of Ronc Tyu can be found at http://akana.conlang.org/wiki/Ronc_Tyu