User:Cedh audmanh/CBBCRXII

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Ronc Tyu text

Se twín nyu hic to. Ne ndza tò gyè pei uźec vei tyu gyòun dòu. Twín pyec ntào faen ntào faen binc, o dzó kein zúc zúc do ruoc krac. Ne brinc sruo.

Mbí kwá ngunc hśea pí zèc vei léi pa ihtrìc gèi. Myòu lo ngùo pyonc trae làe. Myéc źùn pa saen, o fou ngei lánc, han bwí gra dźi myòu.

Ne tòc ndzu pya xào śou-mó. Dyá tenc ne ráon myen mic ndźù pou duhrù soc wonc sa san ne. Ne ló mbrinc dàon htsí htsí, htlanc na twín nggù hrào nào binc yu zrou-mbì. Ne tsèa ndza pou duhrù suo rùc ro ndlíc ro nú ndáo gló ngoun diec yu trùc. Ne nàc kóan tóc fi tśi téc gao myùc bó yu ne. Kè yéi hihfyáon hunggòun wo ne, o wo diec wie fae lo ngwìn, o wo na ndáo gló wie fae hfyao hfyao lin kwé, o wo ki méc dyò dyò htroa, drenc ne ló ráon tswi blo śea ne téc śenc gibyonc.

Ndźei xòac kén gyào sa tùc soc myóa to ló ne, wo hac hac nú táo tsèa nyac nwa ki kyén.

Translation

English translation of Ronc Tyu text

Nobody noticed it. I successfully managed to sneak away from the moving crowd. The people continued to dance and sing in their ritual, walking away towards the sacred megalith. I hid myself and waited.

The sun disappeared in a herd of clouds like a red gemstone. The sky turned blue, dark, cold and clear. The stars were sparkling like embers, and after a short while the moon climbed up brightly in the sky.

I cautiously rose and stepped out of the shadow of my hiding-place. I needed to find the amulet quickly and give it to my sister. I needed to take my chance right now, while everyone else was away at the celebrations for the spring equinox. I easily managed to find the amulet among the magical herbs and all the other strange things in the shaman's box. I took it and covered it in my cupped hands. But then I hurried too much and stumbled, and the box tipped over, and all the strange things fell out and got scattered all over the floor, and there was a very loud noise, so I had to run away quickly and hide in the dark night.

Out of all the tasks that my sister ever gave to me, every single other one was much easier than this.

English translation of previous text

(Bokisig, by brblues)

With nobody seeing me, I sneaked away from the swirling mass. They left, and I disappeared as a red dot in the herd of clouds somewhere far away, turning blue, becoming dark, and when they faded, I left the path.

At first, it was sparkling cold white like a star. With half an hour passing, only the moon outside rose in the sky.

I needed to collect them into my cupped pair of hands, and because I needed to give them to my sister, I needed to go to the party. It was easy to steal a full pile of things from the aristocrat's box, but the pile of things fell to the ground, and got scattered all over the dancefloor. Therefore I had to flee away into the sheltering night.

My sister gave me many easier tasks.

Interlinear gloss

Se
no
twín
PL\person
nyu
see
hic
notice
to.
3I.COLL
Nobody noticed it.
Ne
1SG
ndza
successful
silent
gyè
move_sideways
pei
go_from.3A
uźec
crowd
vei
from
tyu
villagers
gyòun
ATTR\move
dòu.
ATTR\go_downstream
I successfully managed to sneak away from the moving crowd.
Twín
PL\person
pyec
continue
ntào
dance
faen
sing
ntào
dance
faen
sing
binc,
ritual
o
and
dzó
same.A
kein
go_from.1
zúc
walk
zúc
walk
do
come_to.3I
ruoc
megalith
krac.
ATTR\sacred
The people continued to dance and sing in their ritual, walking away towards the sacred megalith.
Ne
1SG
brinc
be_hidden
sruo.
wait
I hid myself and waited.


Mbí
sun
kwá
descend
ngunc
fade
hśea
PASS\hide
go_between
zèc
herd
vei
from
léi
clouds
pa
as
ihtrìc
jewel
gèi.
ATTR\red
The sun disappeared in a herd of clouds like a red gemstone.
Myòu
sky
lo
become
ngùo
blue
pyonc
dark
trae
cold
làe.
clear
The sky turned blue, dark, cold and clear.
Myéc
stars
źùn
shine
pa
as
saen,
embers
o
and
fou
pass
ngei
few.COLL
lánc,
time
han
moon
bwí
bright
gra
climb
dźi
come_to.3A
myòu.
sky
The stars were sparkling like embers, and after a short while the moon climbed up brightly in the sky.


Ne
1SG
tòc
watch_out
ndzu
rise
pya
exit
xào
SGV\shadow[POSS]
śou-mó.
place-cover
I cautiously rose and stepped out of the shadow of my hiding-place.
Dyá
required
tenc
SUB
ne
1SG
ráon
quick
myen
look
mic
turn
ndźù
search
pou
find
duhrù
amulet
soc
give
wonc
BEN
sa
sister
san
related_to
ne.
1SG
I needed to find the amulet quickly and give it to my sister.
Ne
1SG
must
mbrinc
brave
dàon
venture
htsí
now
htsí,
now
I needed to take my chance right now,
htlanc
during_situation
na
all
twín
PL\person
nggù
absent
hrào
participate
nào
perform
binc
ritual
yu
of
zrou-mbì.
spring_equinox
while everyone else was away at the celebrations for the spring equinox.
Ne
1SG
tsèa
easy
ndza
successful
pou
find
duhrù
amulet
suo
LOC.STAT
rùc
among
ro
or
ndlíc
magical_herbs
ro
or
other
ndáo
PL\thing
gló
ATTR\significant
ngoun
inside
diec
box
yu
of
trùc.
shaman
I easily managed to find the amulet among the magical herbs and all the other strange things in the shaman's box.
Ne
1SG
nàc
take
kóan
seize
tóc
remove
fi
wrap
tśi
3A.SG
téc
LOC.DYN
gao
in_middle_of
myùc
PL\hand
ATTR\protect
yu
of
ne.
1SG
I took it and covered it in my cupped hands.
but
yéi
then.PST
hihfyáon
PASS\hurry
hunggòun
PASS\stumble
wo
INSTR
ne,
1SG
But then I hurried too much and stumbled,
o
and
wo
INSTR
diec
box
wie
slide
fae
fall
lo
become
ngwìn,
open
and the box tipped over,
o
and
wo
INSTR
na
all
ndáo
PL\thing
gló
ATTR\significant
wie
slide
fae
fall
hfyao
PASS\strew
hfyao
PASS\strew
lin
lie
kwé,
ground
and all the strange things fell out and got scattered all over the floor,
o
and
wo
INSTR
ki
this
méc
events
dyò
loud
dyò
loud
htroa,
lose
and there was a loud rumbling noise,
drenc
therefore
ne
1SG
must
ráon
quick
tswi
jump
blo
go_from.3I
śea
hide
ne
1SG
téc
LOC.DYN
śenc
night
gibyonc.
ATTR\dark
so I had to run away quickly and hide in the dark night.


Ndźei
know[connaître]
xòac
all.COLL
kén
tasks
gyào
REL.I
sa
sister
tùc
know[savoir]
soc
give
myóa
order
to
3I.COLL
DAT
ne,
1SG
wo
INSTR
hac
each
hac
each
other
táo
thing
tsèa
easy
nyac
win
nwa
exceed
ki
this
kyén.
SGV\task
Out of all the tasks that my sister ever gave to me, every single other one was much easier than this.


Vocabulary

word morphology type meaning
binc n.i ritual, ceremony
blo v.it+ depart, leave, go away (from 3rd person inanimate)
brinc v.it be secret, be confidential, be hidden
bwí v.it be bright
dàon v.it dare, venture, take a chance
diec PL dac n.i box, case
do v.it+ come, approach (towards 3rd person inanimate)
drac ATTR krac v.it be holy, be sacred, be magical
drenc cj so, therefore
duhrù n.a talisman, amulet
dyá v.aux it is required; should (impersonal verb, indicates deontic necessity)
dyò v.it be loud, make noise
dzó pron the same one (animate)
dźi v.it+ come, approach (towards 3rd person animate)
fae v.it fall
faen v.tr sing (always used with a (dummy) object)
fi v.tr wrap, cover
fou ATTR gwou v.it pass, move on, go forward; (as a coverb) for a certain period of time
fyao PASS hfyao v.tr pour (of liquids), strew (of granular masses), scatter (of collections or ensembles)
gao pp.n in the middle of
gra v.it climb, go up
gyào pron (relative pronoun, inanimate)
gyè v.it move sideways, shift one's position
hac qu each (member of a collection)
han n.a moon
hfyáon PASS hihfyáon v.it rush, hurry, do sth. hastily
hic v.tr realize, notice, become aware of
hrào v.tr participate, join
htlanc cj / pp.v while, during (a relatively short timeframe)
htroa ATTR gò v.it lose, fail; (in SVC with negative connotations) very
htsí adv now, immediately
ihtrìc n.i jewel, gemstone
cj but, however (used with clauses)
kén SGV kyén n.i.coll task, mission, quest, project
kein v.it+ depart, leave, go away (from speaker)
ki det this, these
kóan v.tr seize, conquer
kòun ATTR gyòun v.it move around, go (nowhere in particular), roam, wander
kwá v.it go down, descend
kwé SGV kyé n.i.coll ground, floor
làe v.it be calm, be clear, be sunny (of weather)
lánc SGV línc n.a.coll time (SGV: moment, situation)
léi SGV yéi n.a.coll clouds
lin v.it lie, recline
lo v.aux become
v.aux must, should
pp.v for, to (dative)
mbí n.a sun
mbrinc v.it be brave, be courageous
méc SGV myéc n.i.coll.poss events, instances, occurrences, repetitions
mic v.it turn around
ATTR bó v.tr cover, protect
myéc (no SGV) n.a.coll stars
myen v.it look (atelic/stative)
myóa v.tr order, command, instruct
myòu n.a.coll sky, weather
myù PL myùc n.a hand
na qu all (of many)
nàc v.tr choose, take, use
nào v.tr perform, celebrate (a ceremony)
ndlíc n.a.coll magical herbs, drugs
ndza v.it be successful, hit the target; (in SVC) manage to
ndzu v.it rise, get up
ndźei v.tr know, be acquainted with (cf. French connaître); (as a coverb) after, since
ndźí pron (3rd person animate plural)
ndźù v.tr search for
ne pron (1st person singular)
ngei qu a little, a small amount of (used with collective noun phrases)
nggòun PASS hunggòun v.it stumble
nggù v.it be absent, be distant, be far away
ngoun pp.n in, inside
ngunc v.it fade, wither, disappear
ngùo v.it be blue, be green
ngwìn v.it be open
nòu ATTR dòu v.it go downstream, follow the flow
ntào v.tr dance (always used with a (dummy) object)
det the other one(s)
nwa v.tr exceed, surpass
nyac v.it win, be victorious; (in SVC) very
nyu v.tr see; (as a coverb) before, until
o cj and, also (used with clauses)
pa pp.v as, like
pei v.it+ depart, leave, go away (from 3rd person animate)
v.tr go between, pass through
pou v.tr find, discover
pwae ATTR gèi v.it be red
pya v.tr go out of, exit
pyec v.it keep happening, continue
pyonc ATTR gibyonc v.it be black, be dark
ráon v.it be fast, be quick
ro cj or (repeated before each alternative)
rùc pp.n through, between, among, surrounded by
ruoc n.i megalith
sa PL swá n.a sister, parallel cousin (female)
saen SGV śin n.a.coll embers, sparks
san pp.n socially related to
se qu no, none (of many)
soc v.tr give; (in SVC) cause, bring about
sruo v.it wait, stay still, do nothing
suo pp.v at, on (static locative)
śea PASS hśea v.tr hide, conceal
śenc n.a.coll night, darkness
śou-mó n.i shelter, hiding-place
táo PL ndáo n.i thing, item
téc pp.v at, near, around (dynamic locative)
tenc cj (complementizer)
to pron (3rd person inanimate singular/collective)
ATTR gló v.it be significant, have a hidden meaning
v.it be calm, be silent (of people and animals)
tóc v.tr take away, remove
tòc v.it watch out, be vigilant
trae v.it be cold (of weather)
trùc n.a priest, shaman
tsèa v.it be simple, be easy
tswi v.it jump, leap, move abruptly
tsyún PL twín n.a person
tśi pron (3rd person animate singular)
tùc v.tr know how to do sth. (cf. French savoir); (in SVC) have done sth. before
tyu SGV tśou n.a.coll villagers, sedentary people (also used as an ethnonym for the speakers of Ronc Tyu)
uźec n.a.coll crowd, large group (of people)
vei pp.n coming from; made of
wie v.it slide, slip
wo pp.v with, by, using (can also mark an inanimate or nonvolitional agent)
wonc pp.v for the benefit of
xòac qu the entirety of, all (of a collection)
xu SGV xào n.i.coll.poss shadow, shade
yéi adv then, next (in the past)
yu pp.n of, belonging to, associated with
zèc n.a.coll herd (of animals)
zrou-mbì n.a spring equinox
zúc v.it walk
źùn v.it shine, glow


Grammar notes

Nouns

  • Nouns can be animate or inanimate, countable or collective, and optionally or obligatorily possessed.
  • Countable nouns refer to single entities, and may inflect for plural number. Plural forms that occur in this text are given in the wordlist.
  • Collective nouns refer to a collection of items by default, and may inflect for singulative number if only one single member of the collection is referenced. Singulative forms that occur in this text are given in the wordlist. A few collective nouns form their singulatives periphrastically with a separate particle.
  • Obligatorily possessed nouns (which may be further characterized by an attributive verb) must be followed immediately by their possessor, without any explicit marking. Optionally possessed nouns form possessive phrases with a preposition.
  • Compound nouns can be formed head-initially. Both nominal and verbal roots may be used in the modifier position of such compounds.


Pronouns and determiners

  • Pronouns make more number distinctions than nouns, having dedicated forms also for dual, paucal, and collective referents.
  • Demonstratives and quantifiers are placed before the noun. If both are present, the meaning is usually definite/specific if the demonstrative comes first (e.g. "these two..."), and partitive if the quantifier comes first (e.g. "two of these...").
  • Non-numeral quantifiers may be reduplicated for an intensified meaning, e.g. ni "many" > ni ni "a really large number of".


Prepositions

  • Ronc Tyu distinguishes between two types of prepositions: Adnominal prepositions (pp.n) refer only to noun phrases (e.g. "the tree on the hill"), whereas adverbial prepositions (pp.v) always refer to the clause (e.g. "I'm standing on the hill"). Adnominal prepositions may be nested within an adverbial prepositional phrase.
  • Adnominal prepositions may be reduplicated for an intensified meaning, e.g. runc "near, beside" > runc runc "very close to".


Verbs

  • Verbs inflect for passive voice and for the attributive (a kind of participle, which makes up for the fact that Ronc Tyu does not have a lexical class of adjectives). All passive and attributive forms that occur in this text are given in the wordlist.
  • Reduplicating a verb root indicates habitual, iterative, or continuative aspect, or sometimes an intensified meaning. In some cases, a serial verb construction consisting of two or more verbs can be reduplicated as a whole.


Syntax

  • The basic word order is SVO, with occasional exceptions (for example, there's VS(O) in existential statements, passive sentences, and certain types of questions).
  • Phrases are typically head-initial, with modifiers following their heads.
  • Ronc Tyu frequently uses serial verb constructions (SVC) consisting of two or more verbs to describe complex actions and situations, with the component verbs typically appearing in the chronological order of subevents. Some common collocations have a slightly idiomatic meaning, but all SVC in this text should be fairly transparent. Many SVC, even longer ones, are best translated into English as a single verb, for instance ndzu kein tyòu yenc do, lit. "rise, leave, eat, sleep, and arrive at" = "travel to".
  • Some types of SVC can also serve a grammatical purpose, for example describing cause-event relationships or adding modal or aspectual information.
  • Most SVC have the shape NP₁ V V (V) (NP₂), with all verbs sharing the same subject NP₁ (and, where relevant, the same object NP₂).
  • Another common type of SVC has the shape NP₁ V (V) NP₂ V (V) (NP₃), where the middle noun phrase NP₂ simultaneously functions as the object of the verb(s) before it and as the subject of the verb(s) after it. However, such switch-function SVCs are not used in this text.
  • Certain verbs can also be used as coverbs, functioning in a way similar to adpositions or conjunctions, introducing oblique arguments or subclauses.
  • Relative clauses always contain an overt pronoun referring to the relativized element within the relative clause (i.e. they follow a pronoun-retention strategy).
  • Comparative constructions are formed with a verbal "exceed"-strategy.
  • Subjectless verbs (which can be morphologically passive) followed by a complementizer are sometimes used to make impersonal general statements.
  • When used as the subject of a transitive verb, inanimate noun phrases must be marked with the instrumental preposition wo "with, by, using".
  • Animate subjects may be similarly marked with the preposition wo "with, by, using"; this typically indicates a (relative) lack of volition or control. Under certain circumstances, this can go along with unexpected morphological passivization of an intransitive verb, which signifies an accidental adversative meaning ("I did sth. accidentally to my own disadvantage").
  • Some words lexically require unusual syntactic constructions; this has been noted in the wordlist where relevant.


Links

A more elaborate grammatical description of Ronc Tyu can be found at http://akana.conlang.org/wiki/Ronc_Tyu