Proto-Seiquian
Proto-Carpathinian is the reconstructed ancestor of the Carpathinian languages, estimated to have been spoken around 4000 BC. It has been conjectured that this was the language of the Sredny Stog culture before these people merged with the Khvalynsk culture forming the Yamnaya culture and shifted to the latter's language, Proto-Indo-European. This, however, remains speculative.
Phonology
Consonants
Proto-Carpathinian has a rich consonant inventory.
| Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stops | Unaspirated | Voiceless | *p | *t | *c | *k | ||
| Voiced | *b | *d | *j | *g | ||||
| Aspirated | Voiceless | *ph | *th | *ch | *kh | |||
| Voiced | *bh | *dh | *jh | *gh | ||||
| Fricatives | Voiceless | *s | *x | *h | ||||
| Nasals | *m | *n | ||||||
| Liquids | *l *r | |||||||
| Semivowels | *w | *y | ||||||
All consonants except the labials can also be labialized; such consonants are marked with °; e.g. *t° or *g°h.
The aspirated stops are not preserved in any Carpathinian language as such; they merged with the unaspirated stops in the western branch and became fricatives in the eastern branch.
Vowels
Proto-Caparthinian is reconstructed with five vowels.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | *i | *u | |
| Mid | *e | *o | |
| Open | *a |
In addition, nasals and liquids can form syllable nuclei.
Morphology
Proto-Carpathinian is reconstructed as an agglutinating, head-final accusative language.
Nouns
Nouns in Proto-Carpathinian are classified in two genders: masculine and feminine. They are inflected for three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and six cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, locative).
Adjectives
(to be done)
Pronouns
(to be done)
Verbs
(to be done)
Syntax
(to be done)
