Kala
The Kala conlang...
introduction
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characteristics
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parts of speech
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borrowing
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phonology
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word order
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nouns
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determiners
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pronouns
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verbs
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particles
ke
- The patient, or object (O) marker.
conjunctions
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prepositions
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adjectives
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adverbs
Temporal adverbs in Kala precede the verb phrase they modify. Other adverbs follow the verb or adjective they modify and are explicitly marked by -n.
questions
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clauses
comparative
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relative
In a relative clause, the verb has the suffix -tle (or -le if the final syllable contains /tl/) added to it. The order of the words in relative clauses remains the same as in regular clauses. The use of participles in Kala is rather different than in English and at first sight is difficult to understand. This is mainly due to the fact that the relative pronouns who, what, which, where are not used in Kala as in English.
- yalapa - to be able to walk produces: yalapatle - who/which/that can walk
- yalapak - not to be able to walk produces: yalapanketle - who/which/that can't walk
This nominalizes the verb in some cases, and makes it possible for it to be either the subject or the object.
- na ke tlaka nya inama talatle unya
- 1sg O man for eat-time come-REL know
- I know the man who is coming to lunch.
- ke naka patlole pako
- O woman sweep-REL young
- The woman who is sweeping is young.
The relative suffix is most often in the final position. In some cases, it may be followed by the negative -k.
- itsaka na sutahuetle
- PROX-house 1sg reside-LOC-REL
- This is the house in which I live.
- itsaka na sutahueyetle
- PROX-house 1sg reside-LOC-PST-REL
- This is the house in which I lived.
numbers
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