Alphabet and phonology
| Small letter |
a |
ä |
b |
c |
ć |
d |
đ |
e |
ë |
f |
g |
ģ |
h |
i |
j |
k |
l |
m |
n |
o |
ö |
p |
q |
r |
ŕ |
s |
ś |
t |
ţ |
u |
ü |
v |
w |
x |
y |
z |
ź
|
| IPA value |
[a] |
[æ] |
[b] |
[ʧ] |
[ç] |
[d] |
[ð] |
[e] |
[ə] |
[f] |
[g] |
[ɣ] |
[h] |
[i] |
[j] |
[k] |
[l] |
[m] |
[n] |
[o] |
[œ] |
[p] |
[q] |
[r] |
[ʀ] |
[s] |
[ʃ] |
[t] |
[ʦ] |
[u] |
[y] |
[v] |
[w] |
[x] |
[ɨ] |
[z] |
[ʒ]
|
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns have oblique forms, remnants of the former case system. The oblique forms are used as objects and with every preposition.
| Person |
Nominative |
Oblique |
Possessive ending
|
| 1st sing. |
ajo |
ajn |
-j/-(i)m
|
| 2nd sing. |
rej |
irn |
-(i)r
|
| 3rd sing. |
hin/ho |
uhn/ho |
-(i)h
|
| 1st plur. |
sed |
esd |
-(i)s
|
| 2nd plur. |
rad |
urd |
-(i)rd
|
| 3rd plur. |
hol |
hle |
-(i)hl
|
Preposition
- të = of
- ky = to (indirect object)
- źa = for
- ćom = from
- re = in, into (state)
Verb
verb đremil, to sell, verb klukul, to break
Indicative
Momentaneous present
The momentaneous present point to an action/state which exists or is running in the moment of talking. It does not point to an action/state which usually repeats more that once.
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
jođremu |
jokloku
|
| 2nd sing. |
jađremu |
jäkloku
|
| 3rd sing. |
jađrimu |
jäkluku
|
| 1st plur. |
đremum |
klokum
|
| 2nd plur. |
đremuź |
klokuź
|
| 3rd plur. |
jeđrimul |
jëklukul
|
Continous present
(+m/n)
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
jomđremu |
jomkloku
|
| 2nd sing. |
jamđremu |
jämkloku
|
| 3rd sing. |
jamđrimu |
jämkluku
|
| 1st plur. |
đremnum |
klokmum
|
| 2nd plur. |
đremnuź |
klokmuź
|
| 3rd plur. |
jemđrimul |
jëmklukul
|
Perfect past
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
đeremo |
koloko
|
| 2nd sing. |
đeremi |
koloki
|
| 3rd sing. |
đirem |
kulok
|
| 1st plur. |
đirmom |
kulkom
|
| 2nd plur. |
đermoź |
kolkoź
|
| 3rd plur. |
điremol |
kulokol
|
Continuos past
(+m/n)
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
đermemo |
kolmoko
|
| 2nd sing. |
đermemi |
kolmoki
|
| 3rd sing. |
đirmem |
kulmok
|
| 1st plur. |
đirmnom |
kulkmom
|
| 2nd plur. |
đermnoź |
kolkmoź
|
| 3rd plur. |
đirmemol |
kulmokol
|
Resultative past
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
öđremo |
ökloko
|
| 2nd sing. |
öđremi |
ökloki
|
| 3rd sing. |
öđirem |
ökulok
|
| 1st plur. |
üđirmëm |
ükulkëm
|
| 2nd plur. |
üđermëź |
ükolkëź
|
| 3rd plur. |
öđiremol |
ökulokol
|
Plusquamperfect past
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
vëđeremu |
vëkoloku
|
| 2nd sing. |
vëđeremi |
vëkoloki
|
| 3rd sing. |
vëđerem |
vëkolok
|
| 1st plur. |
vëđirmom |
vëkulkom
|
| 2nd plur. |
vëđermoź |
vëkolkoź
|
| 3rd plur. |
vëđiremul |
vëkulokul
|
Future
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
pëđermu |
pëkolku
|
| 2nd sing. |
pëđermo |
pëkolko
|
| 3rd sing. |
pëđirmu |
pëkulku
|
| 1st plur. |
pëđirmom |
pëkulkom
|
| 2nd plur. |
pëđirmoź |
pëkolkoź
|
| 3rd plur. |
pëđirmul |
pëkulkul
|
Future in the past
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
pođeremu |
pokoloku
|
| 2nd sing. |
pođeremi |
pokoloki
|
| 3rd sing. |
pođerem |
pokolok
|
| 1st plur. |
pođirmom |
pokulkom
|
| 2nd plur. |
pođermoź |
pokolkoź
|
| 3rd plur. |
pođiremul |
pokulokul
|
Subjunctive
Present
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
juđremu |
jükläku
|
| 2nd sing. |
jëđramu |
jyklëku
|
| 3rd sing. |
jëđrëmu |
jyklëku
|
| 1st plur. |
đramom |
kläkum
|
| 2nd plur. |
đramoź |
kläkuź
|
| 3rd plur. |
jađrëmul |
jüklëkul
|
Past
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
vëđaremo |
vëkaloko
|
| 2nd sing. |
vëđaremi |
vëkaloki
|
| 3rd sing. |
vëđärim |
vëkaluk
|
| 1st plur. |
vëđärmom |
vëkalkom
|
| 2nd plur. |
vëđarmoź |
vëkalkoź
|
| 3rd plur. |
vëđärimul |
vëkalukul
|
Future
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
pëđarmu |
pëkalku
|
| 2nd sing. |
pëđarmo |
pëkalko
|
| 3rd sing. |
pëđärmu |
pëkälku
|
| 1st plur. |
pëđärmom |
pëkälkom
|
| 2nd plur. |
pëđärmoź |
pëkälkoź
|
| 3rd plur. |
pëđärmul |
pëkälkul
|
Conditional
Present
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
jiđrimu |
jikliku
|
| 2nd sing. |
jëđrimu |
jykliku
|
| 3rd sing. |
jëđrymu |
jyklyku
|
| 1st plur. |
đrimom |
klikum
|
| 2nd plur. |
đrimoź |
klikuź
|
| 3rd plur. |
jyđrymul |
jyklykul
|
Past
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
vëđiremo |
vëkiloko
|
| 2nd sing. |
vëđiremi |
vëkiloki
|
| 3rd sing. |
vëđirim |
vëkiluk
|
| 1st plur. |
vëđirmom |
vëkilkom
|
| 2nd plur. |
vëđirmoź |
vëkilkoź
|
| 3rd plur. |
vëđirimul |
vëkilukul
|
Future
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
pëđirmu |
pëkilku
|
| 2nd sing. |
pëđirmo |
pëkilko
|
| 3rd sing. |
pëđyrmu |
pëkylku
|
| 1st plur. |
pëđyrmom |
pëkylkom
|
| 2nd plur. |
pëđyrmoź |
pëkylkoź
|
| 3rd plur. |
pëđyrmul |
pëkylkul
|
Optative
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
đjerëmu |
kjolöku
|
| 2nd sing. |
đjerëmi |
kjolöki
|
| 3rd sing. |
đjërim |
kjoluk
|
| 1st plur. |
đjërmum |
kjölkum
|
| 2nd plur. |
đjermuź |
kjolkuź
|
| 3rd plur. |
đjëremul |
kjölokul
|
Renarrative
Perfect
(+l/r and vowel changing)
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
đelrëma |
kurlëka
|
| 2nd sing. |
đelrëme |
kurlëke
|
| 3rd sing. |
đëlrema |
kürleka
|
| 1st plur. |
đlërmam |
klülkam
|
| 2nd plur. |
đlermaź |
klulkaź
|
| 3rd plur. |
đelremal |
kurlëkal
|
Imperfect/Continuous
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
đlermëma |
klulmëka
|
| 2nd sing. |
đlermëme |
klulmëke
|
| 3rd sing. |
đlërmam |
klülmal
|
| 1st plur. |
đlërmnam |
klülkmam
|
| 2nd plur. |
đlermnaź |
klulkmaź
|
| 3rd plur. |
đlermënal |
klulmëkal
|
Resultative
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
śuđlërëma |
śuklëkëka
|
| 2nd sing. |
śođlërëme |
śoklëlëke
|
| 3rd sing. |
śođlërena |
śoklëleka
|
| 1st plur. |
śuđlërmam |
śuklëlkam
|
| 2nd plur. |
śođlërmaź |
śoklëlkaź
|
| 3rd plur. |
śëđlërmal |
śëklëlkal
|
Imperative
| Person |
1st declension |
2nd declension
|
| 1st sing. |
- |
-
|
| 2nd sing. |
đerem |
kolok
|
| 3rd sing. |
- |
-
|
| 1st plur. |
đremem |
klokom
|
| 2nd plur. |
đremeź |
klokoź
|
| 3rd plur. |
- |
-
|
Participles
Active
| Present |
Past |
Future
|
| đromiś |
vëđrëmuś |
pëđromiś
|
| klokoś |
vëklëkuś |
pëklokoś
|
Passive
| Present |
Past |
Future
|
| đurumun |
vëđurëmun |
pëđurumun
|
| kulükun |
vëkülëkun |
pëkulükun
|
Lexicon
- root: potr making
- root: corp construction
- crupul: to build
- ocörpum: building
- cërmepek: construction
- tacrupul: rebuild
