Carune

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The Carune flag has six colors: red, yellow, green, blue, white, and orange. Red and yellow represent Spain; Blue, white, and red represent France; Yellow, blue, and red represent Romania; green and red represent Portugal; and red, green, and white represent Italy, the major areas where Romance languages are spoken. Orange represents the sovereign nation of Carune.

Carune is a Romance conlang (Romlang) created by Sectori on the CBB. It will participate in the first CBB Conlang Relay starting on March 2, 2006.

Carune is spoken in a nation which is, in our world, northern Italy, a little part of southern France, and some of Switzerland (which annexed part of Austria in the first World War). This nation depends greatly on tourism, especially skiers (esqiare, unless I implement a q>qu shift, is to ski, sed io no esqio), as well as on mining and animal herding. However, the capital, Torine (Turin), as well as Milane (Milan) and Monze feature large computer industries, and Milane has become a world fashion center. The southern area of the country is also a haven for archaeologists seeking Roman ruins. Grenobela (Grenoble), in what is in our world France, Torine, Zergattum in our Switzerland, and Genova (Genoa), in our Italy have all hosted Olympic games at one time or another.

Phonology/Orthography

Carune has 20 letters in its alphabet.

Vowels: /a E i o u/ Vowel Orthography: <a e i o u> Consonants: /g|dZ s t d v n z m k|tS f b tS r k l/ Consonant Orthography: <gº s t d v n z m c^ f b ch r q l>

º before /a/, /o/, or /u/, <g> is /g/. Before /e/ or /i/, <g> is /dZ/
^ before /a/, /o/, or /u/, <c> is /k/. Before /e/ or /i/, <c> is /tS/

Double consonants are pronounced twice: collere (to color) is /kol'lere/, not /koLere/, /kojere/, or any other variation thereof. Double vowels are pronounced individually: no diphthongs.

Syntax and Stress

Carune is an SVO language, usually, but in interrogative sentences, word order is VSO. Stress falls on the penultimate syllable in words ending in a vowel, and on the ultimate syllable in words ending in a consonant.

Subject Pronouns

Carune's subject pronouns are as follows:

Io: I
Tu: you, singular, familiar
Ele: he
Ela: she
Vusse/vussa: you, singular, formal (vusse conjugates as the third person singular, not second person singular)
Nio: we
Vo: you, plural
Eli: they, masculine
Elae: they, feminine

Verbal Morphology: Indicative Mood Simple Tenses

There are five types of verbs in Carune: -a stem, -e stem, -i stem, -o stem, and irregular. Note, however, that -o stem and irregular verbs appear as -a, -e, and -i stem verbs in their infinitive forms. The three infinitive endings are:

-are
-ere
-ire

To conjugate a regular verb, remove the infinitive ending and add a certain other ending, based on the subject of the sentence.

Present Indicative Conjugation

The first person singular form always conjugates with an -o.
The second person singular for -a stem verbs is -ai. For -e and -i stem verbs, -ei. For -o stem verbs, -oi.
The third person singular form is the stem vowel. In the case of -o stem verbs, a -z is added.
The first person plural ending is the stem vowel followed by -m.
The second person plural ending is the stem vowel followed by -s.
The third person plural ending is the stem vowel followed by -e. In the case of -e stem verbs, the added -e changes to -n.

Preterit Indicative Conjugation

In the preterit, -e and -o stem verbs are treated as -i stem verbs in relation to their stem vowel.

The first person singular form conjugates with the stem vowel followed by -n.
The second person singular form conjugates with the stem vowel, followed by -st.
The third person singular form conjugates with -io.
The first person plural conjugates as the present indicative first person plural, but ads an -o.
The second person plural conjugates as the second person singular, but ads -i.
The third person plural conjugates with the stem vowel followed by -do.

Future Indicative Conjugation

The future tense uses the verb infinitive, minus the final -e, as the stem. It is conjugated as the Preterit Indicative, with the conjugations added to the future stem.

Imperfect Indicative Conjugation

The imperfect tense conjugates as the present indicative, but inserting -(stem vowel)v before the conjugation ending.

Present Conditional Indicative Conjugation

The present conditional tense uses the same stem as the future indicative, and adds the following endings:

The first person singular ending is -o
The second person singular ending is -ai
The third person singular ending is -a
The first person plural ending is -am
The second person plural ending is -as
The third person plural ending is -ae

Past Conditional Indicative Conjugation

The past conditional tense uses the same stem as the future indicative, and adds the following endings:

The first person singular ending is -iat
The second person singular ending is -iai
The third person singular ending is ia
The first person plural ending is -iam
The second person plural ending is -ias
The third person plural ending is -ian

Nominal Morphology: Gender and Number

Nouns in Carune belong to one of three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. They have two forms: singular, and plural. These forms are determined as follows:

Masculine: all masculine nouns end in -e in the singular form. To make a masculine noun plural, change -e to -i. For example: il fele-the cat; i feli-the cats.
Feminine: all feminine nouns end in -a in the singular form. To make a feminine noun plurla, add an -e to the end, after the -a. For example: al ava-the bird; a avae-the birds.
Neuter: all neuter nouns end in -um in the singular form. To make a neuter noun plural, change -um to -o. For example: el frasum-the sentence; e fraso-the sentences.

Direct Object Pronouns

Direct object pronouns mark the object of a verb (the accusative case, essentially). They come before a conjugated verb or are attached to the future indicative stem of an infinitive verb. For example: Zoi a fazerlo-I am going to do it. Lo is the direct object pronoun, zoi is the conjugated verb, and fazer is the future indicative stem that lo is attached to. This sentence could be rewritten Lo zoi a fazere with no change in meaning. The direct object pronouns are:

Me: first person singular
Te: second person singular, informal
Lo: third person singular, second person singular formal
Nos: first person plural
Vos: second person plural
Los: third person plural

Indirect Object Pronouns

Indirect object pronouns mark the indirect object of a verb (as the dative case). They tell to or for whom an action was done. They come before a conjugated verb or are attached to the future indicative stem of an infinitive verb. For example: Zoi a zarle-I am going to go to it. Le is the indirect object pronoun, zoi is the conjugated verb, and zar is the future indicative stem that le is attached to. This sentence could be rewritten Le zoi a zare with no change in meaning. The indirect object pronouns are:

Me: first person singular
Te: second person singular, informal
Le: third person singular, second person singular formal
Nos: first person plural
Vos: second person plural
Les: third person plural

Prepositional Object Pronouns

These are pronouns that mark the object of a preposition (the locative case). They are most commonly used in conjunction with com-with, para-for, in order to, and a-to. For example: A mi me gusta chantere-It is pleasing to me to sing. A mi is the preposition a and the prepositional object pronoun mi. Gusta is the third person singular form of gustare, to be pleasing. The prepositional object pronouns are:

Mi: first person singular
Ti: second person singular, informal
Se: third person singular, third person plural, second person singular formal
Nos: first person plural
Vos: second person plural

Reflexive Verbs/Pronouns

This is the way of saying "I wash myself", "I ask myself", "I call myself", etc. There are two ways of conjugating reflexive verbs. The first makes a reflexive infinitive: to wash onesself, to ask onesself, etc. To form this type of reflexive, add a reflexive pronoun to the future indicative stem:

Lavermi-to wash myself
Laverti-to wash yourself
Laversi-to wash onesself, to wash themselves
Laverni-to wash ourselves
Lavervi-to wash yourselves

This type of reflexive must be put after a conjugated verb: Zoi a lavermi-I am going to wash myself. The second type of reflexive is a conjugated reflexive. To from this type of reflexive, place a reflexive pronoun before a conjugated verb:

Mi lavo-I wash myself
Ti lavei-you wash yourself
Si lave-one washes onesself
Ni lavem-we wash ourselves
Vi laves-you all wash yourselves
Si laven-they wash themselves

Verbal Morphology: Imperative Mood

Forming an imperative verb in Carune is very simple. Simply attach an imperative pronoun to a present indicative conjugated verb. For example: Parlaiti Carune!-Speak Carune! The imperative pronouns are as follows:

Ti-second person singular, informal (attached to second person singular verb)
Li-second person singular, formal (attached to third person singular verb)
Ni-first person plural (attached to first person plural verb)
Vi-second person plural (attached to second person plural verb)

Verbal Morphology: Irregular Verbs

Here are some of the most common irregular verbs in Carune (excluding -o stem verbs), conjugated in all the indicative tenses.

Stare-to be, in relation to transient or changeable things

Present indicative: stoi, stai, sta, stam, stas, stae
Preterit Indicative: stan, stast, stio, stamo, stasti, stado
Future Indicative: staran, starast, stario, staramo, starasti, starado
Imperfect Indicative: stavoi, stavai, stava, stavam, stavas, stavae
Present Conditional Indicative: staro, starai, stara, staram, staras, starae
Past Conditional Indicative: stariat, stariai, staria, stariam, starias, stariae

Sere-to be, in relation to intransient or unchangeable things

Present Indicative: evo, eves, es, sovom, sovos, sovoe
Preterit Indicative: fuin, fuist, fuio, fuimo, fuisti, fuido
Future Indicative: serin, serist, serio, serimo, seristi, serido
Imperfect Indicative: ero, erist, erit, erim, eristi, erunt
Present Conditional Indicative: sero, serai, sera, seram, seras, serae
Past Conditional Indicative: seriat, seriai, seria, seriam, serias, seriae

Zare-to go

Present Indicative:zoi, zoa, zo, zom, zos, zoe
Preterit Indicative: fui, fuist, fuio, fuimo, fuisti, fuido
Future Indicative: zaran, zarast, zario, zaramo, zarasti, zarado
Imperfect Indicative: zavoi, zavoa, zavo, zavom, zavos, zavoe
Present Conditional Indicative: zaro, zarai, zara, zaram, zaras, zarae
Past Conditional Indicative: zariat, zariai, zaria, zariam, zarias, zariae

Dicere-to say, tell

Present Indicative: dicho, dicei, dice, dicem, dices, dicen
Preterit Indicative: dicin, dicist, dicio, dicimo, dicisti, dicido
Future Indicative: dicerin, dicerist, dicerio, dicerimo, diceristi, dicerido
Imperfect Indicative: dicevo, dicevei, diceve, dicevem, diceves, diceven
Present Conditional Indicative: dicero, dicerai, dicera, diceram, diceras, dicerae
Past Conditional Indicative: diceriat, diceriai, diceria, diceriam, dicerias, diceriae

Avere-to have (auxiliary verb, used in some commands: Aveiti cegrat al porta: have the door closed)

Present Indicative: avo, avei, ai, avem, avec, aven
Preterit Indicative: avin, avist, avio, avimo, avisti, avido
Future Indicative: averin, averist, averio, averimo, averisti, averido
Imperfect Indicative: avvo, avvei, avve, avvem, avvec, avven
Present Conditional Indicative: avero, averai, avera, averam, averas, averae
Past Conditional Indicative: averiat, averiai, averia, averiam, averias, averiae

Verbal Morphology: Indicative Mood Compound Tenses

There are three compound tenses in Carune: Pluperfect, Progressive, and Future Perfect. They involve the past and present participles of a verb. To form the present participle of a verb, first remove the infinitive ending. Then, add the stem vowel, followed by -nt. For example:

Zare>zant-to go>going Parlare>parlant-to speak>speaking

The past participle is formed similarly. Remove the infinitive ending and add the stem vowel, followed by -t. For example:

Zare>zat-to go>gone Parlare>parlat-to speak>spoken

Pluperfect Indicative Conjugation

To form the pluperfect tense, take the preterit indicative form of avere, and put the past participle of a verb after it. For example:

Avin zat a Zergattum-I have gone to Zergattum Me avio parlat-He has spoken to me

Present Progressive Indicative Conjugation

To form the progressive tense, take the present indicative form of stare, and put the present participle of a verb after it. For example:

Stoi zant a Zergattum-I am going to Zergattum Me sta parlant-He is speaking to me

Future Perfect Indicative Conjugation

To form the future perfect tense, take the future indicative form of avere, and put the past participle of a verb after it. For example:

Averin zat a Zergattum-I will have gone to Zergattum Me averio parlat-He will have spoken to me

Simple Future Indicative Conjugation

The simple future tense is equivalent to English "I am going to do something". It is formed with this pattern: zare a+infinitive. For example:

Zoi a zare a Zergattum-I am going to go to Zergattum
Me zo a parlare-He is going to speak to me

Nominal Morphology: Articles

There are twelve articles in Carune: six definite, and six indefinite. The six definite articles are:

il-masculine singular
i-masculine plural
al-feminine singular
a-feminine plural
el-neuter singular
e-neuter plural

The article comes before the noun it modifies. The six indefinite articles are:

une-masculine singular
uni-masculine plural
una-feminine singular
unae-feminine plural
unum-neuter singular
uno-neuter plural

Adjective Morphology: Gender and Number

Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify in gender and number. Adjectives end in -e in their base form (the masculine singular form) and decline as nouns: -i for masculine plural, -a for feminine singular, -ae for feminine plural, -um for neuter singular, and -o for neuter plural. For example:

Une fele felice-a happy cat
Una ava felica-a happy bird
Unum frasum felicum-a happy sentence
I feli felici-the happy cats
A avae felicae-the happy birds
E fraso felico-the happy sentences

To form an adverb from an adjective, take the feminine singular form of the adjective and add -mente. For example: felicamente-happily; rapidamente-quickly

Verbal Morphology: The Passive Voice

To form the passive voice, use this sentence structure:

[subject]-[stare (conjugated)]-[past participle]-sobre (by)-[agent (prepositional object pronoun if agent is "me", "him", "them", "you", etc.)]

The past participle is formed by removing the infinitive -re ending and adding -t.

Verbal Morphology: Subjunctive Mood Simple Tenses

The subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood) is a grammatical mood of the verb that expresses wishes, commands (in subordinate clauses), emotion, possibility, judgment, necessity and statements that are contrary to fact.[1]

Present Subjunctive Conjugation

This covers such sentences as "if I were to..." and "that may be so..." The present subjunctive loses the first person singular present indicative stem. For example: evo>ev-, dicho>dich-, comprendo>comprend-, lavo>lav-, zoi>z-, etc. In all of the subjunctive tenses, -o stem verbs are treated as if they were not -o stem verbs.

The first person singular present subjunctive ending is -e for -a stem verbs, and -a for -e and -i stem verbs.
The second person singular present subjunctive ending is -ei for -a stem verbs, and -ai for -e and -i stem verbs.
The third person singular present subjunctive ending is -e for -a stem verbs, and -a for -e and -i stem verbs.
The first person plural present subjunctive ending is -em for -a stem verbs, and -am for -e and -i stem verbs.
The second person plural present subjunctive ending is -es for -a stem verbs, and -as for -e and -i stem verbs.
The third person plural present subjunctive ending is -en for -a stem verbs, and -an for -e and -i stem verbs.

Texts

The Tortoise and the Hare

Al tortuga via discretamente e busca comita. Hai une conohe, e es une fazedore di apure, unum peqene, desagradable, traviese. Es multe obstinate, e pues al tortuga desfia al conohe a una raza. Hai une muchedumbre ahi para observirlo al raza. Al tortuga si aposta ventiunu, e il muchedumbre le aposta tamben. Al tortuga realiza qei il conohe pude ganare al media dal raza, sed continua al raza, e il conohe durmi in al cortina. Il conohe si levanta e perdi.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Article 1

Todi somi stae nadat liberi e iquali in dignitate e libeti. Stae donat raisonne e consienze e les deven actare in une espirite di fraternitate.

Langmaker Overview

Language sources

Spanish, Italian.

Design principles

Part of the goal of Carune was to have a Romance language without diacritics.

Interest of others

Not many, although it was posted for feedback on the CBB (Conlanger Bulletin Board). Two out of a number of planned lessons in Carune have been so far created, and a dictionary and sample text is in progress.

External link

http://www.kutjara.com/wiki/index.php?title=Carune