Celestial Laefêvëši verbs

Celestial Laefêvëši verbs are highly inflected.

Characteristics

Types

Lexical verbs (full meaning)

• verbs of movement

Auxiliary verbs:

• phaseal verbs
• modal verbs
• the verb álaj (to be)

Classes

Three classes:

1. verbs on -vij
2. verbs on -laj
3. verbs on -vaj

Number

Numbers:

• singular
• dual
• plural

Aspect

1. Perfective aspect
2. Imperfective aspect

Mood

Realis moods:

• Indicative
• Generic

Irrealis moods:

• Conditional
• Subjunctive
• Optative I
• Optative II
• Optative III
• Presumptive
• Potential
• If-potential
• Admirative
• Imperative
• Inferencial/renarrative

Tenses

Simple tenses:

• simple present
• simple past
• remote past
• nonpast
• pluperfect
• simple future
• future anterior
• nonfuture
• future-in-the-past

Conjugation

Stem lengthening

Class	Type I	Type II	Type III	Type IV	Type V
-VIJ	-Vvij → -Vtt-	-[V]Jvij → -[V]Jat-	-[V]Kvij → -[V]KKat-	-CCvij → -CCi-	-[V]GGëvij → -[V]GGi-
-LAJ	-Vlaj → -Vll-	-[V]Jlaj → -[V]Jal-	-[V]Klaj → -[V]KKal-	-CClaj → -CCu-	-[V]GGëlaj → -[V]GGu-
-VAJ	-Vvaj → -Vnn-	-[V]Jvaj → -[V]Jan-	-[V]Kvaj → -[V]KKan-	-CCvaj → -CCi-	-[V]GGëvaj → -[V]GGi-
Example
-VIJ	návij → nátt-	nášvij → nášat-	nánvij → nánnat-	nándvij → nándi-	nánnëvij → nánni-
-LAJ	nálaj → náll-	nášlaj → nášal-	nánlaj → nánnal-	nándlaj → nándu-	nánnëlaj → nnánnu-
-VAJ	návaj → nánn-	nášvaj → nášan-	nánvaj → nánnan-	nándvaj → nándi-	nánnëvaj → nánni-

Tenses

Person	Simple present
	Singular		Dual		Plural
	affirm.	negat.	affirm.	negat.	affirm.	negat.
1st	-a	-ake	-e	-eke	-o	-oke
2nd	-an	-aŋe	-en	-eŋe	-on	-oŋe
3rd	-as	-aksi	-es	-eksi	-os	-oksi
	Simple past
1st	-ai	-aike	-ei	-eike	-oi	-oike
2nd	-ain	-aiŋe	-ein	-eiŋe	-oin	-oiŋe
3rd	-ais	-aiksi	-eis	-eiksi	-ois	-oiksi
	Nonpast
1st	-ao	-aoke	-eo	-eoke	-oo	-ooke
2nd	-aon	-aoŋe	-eon	-eoŋe	-oon	-ooŋe
3rd	-aos	-aoksi	-eos	-eoksi	-oos	-ooksi
	Pluperfect
1st	-ø	-øke	-øi	-øike	-iø	-iøke
2nd	-øn	-øŋe	-øin	-øiŋe	-iøn	-iøŋe
3rd	-øs	-øksi	-øis	-øiksi	-iøs	-iøksi
	Remote past
1st	-ae	-aeke	-ee	-eeke	-oe	-oeke
2nd	-aen	-aeŋe	-een	-eeŋe	-oen	-oeŋe
3rd	-aes	-aeksi	-ees	-eeksi	-oes	-oeksi
	Simple future
1st	-au	-auke	-eu	-euke	-ou	-ouke
2nd	-aun	-auŋe	-eun	-euŋe	-oun	-ouŋe
3rd	-aus	-auksi	-eus	-euksi	-ous	-ouksi
	Nonfuture
1st	-ë	-ëke	-ëi	-ëike	-ië	-iëke
2nd	-ën	-ëŋe	-ëin	-ëiŋe	-iën	-iëŋe
3rd	-ës	-ëksi	-ëis	-ëiksi	-iës	-iëksi
	Future anterior
1st	-y	-yke	-yi	-yike	-iy	-iyke
2nd	-yn	-yŋe	-yin	-yiŋe	-iyn	-iyŋe
3rd	-ys	-yksi	-yis	-yiksi	-iys	-iyksi
	Future-in-the-past
1st	-aa	-aake	-ea	-eake	-oa	-oake
2nd	-aan	-aaŋe	-ean	-eaŋe	-oan	-oaŋe
3rd	-aas	-aaksi	-eas	-eaksi	-oas	-oaksi

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed with the auxilliary verb álaj (to be) and past active participle.

Compound tenses are rarely used, and when they are, usually there's a clause inserted between the auxilliary and the past active participle.

Moods

Mood suffixes

Mood	Long form	Short form
Indicative	-/	-/
Generic	-an	-n
Conditional	-am	-m
Subjunctive	-al	-l
Optative	-ak	-k
Jussive	-ah	-h
Reputative	-ar	-r
Presumptive	-ag	-g
Potential	-as	-s
Hypothetical	-av	-v
Admirative	-at	-t

Imperative

Person	Imperative
	Singular		Dual		Plural
	affirm.	negat.	affirm.	negat.	affirm.	negat.
1st	-/	-/	-et(e)	-ekt(e)	-ot(o)	-okt(e)
2nd	-ar(a)	-ark(e)	-er(e)	-erk(e)	-or(o)	-ork(e)
3rd	-/	-/	-/	-/	-/	-/

Causative

The causative is a verbal form with the meaning of "to make/cause someone/something do something". It is formed with an infixiated verb between the stem of the lexical verb and the inflection of the lexical verb, much like modal and phaseal verbs. Both the lexical verb and the causative infix can be inflected.

The bare causative infix is: -ajsk-

There are three types of causative derived from the original causative above:

• -ajsk- is the default or neuter causative that means both "make" and "cause"
• -ejst- is the volitional causative: to make on purpose, to force
• -ojst- is the non-volitional causatve: to cause by accident

Inflextion of the causative (the agent of the verb) immediately follows the causative infix, and the inflection of the lexical verb is then added to the inflected causative. When negating, the position of the negation depends on what is negated, the lexical verb or the causative infix.

The formation paradigm is as follows: (agent) + (object 1) + [lexical verb]-ajsk-[agent inflection]-[object 1 inflection] + (object 1) + (object 2)

Examples without expressed agents and objects 1

Example 1					Example 2						Example 3
ávaj	ánnan	-ajsk-	-ajskah-		šânvaj	šânnanan	-ajsk-	-ajskaih-	winádo		káulaj	káullan	-ajsk-	-ajskais-	-ajskaiksi-	ýttafa
to go	you go	make	I make		to rule	you rule	make	I made	country		draw	you draw	make	he made	he made not	lines
Ánnajskahan.					Šânnanajskaihan winádo.						Káullajskaiksian ýttafa
go-make-I-you					rule-make-I-ed-you country						draw-make-he-ed-not-you lines
I make you go.					I made you rule the country.						He didn't make you draw the lines.

Examples with agents and objects 1 expressed

Example 4							Example 5								Example 6
ó	se	ávaj	ánnan	-ajsk-	-ajskah-		ó	se	šânvaj	šânnanan	-ajsk-	-ajskaih-	winádo		â	sa	káulaj	káullan	-ajsk-	-ajskais-	-ajskaiksi-	ýttafa.
I	you	to go	you go	make	I make		I	you	to rule	you rule	make	I made	country		he	you	draw	you draw	make	he made	he made not	lines
Ó se ánnajskahan. / Ó ánnajskahan se.							Ó se šânnanajskaihan winádo. / Ó šânnanajskaihan se winádo.								Â sa káullajskaiksian ýttafa. / Â káullajskaiksian sa ýttafa.
I you go-make-I-you / I go-make-I-you you							I you rule-make-I-ed-you country / I rule-make-I-ed-you you country								he you draw-make-he-ed-not-you lines / he draw-make-he-ed-not-you you lines
I make you go.							I made you rule the country.								He didn't make you draw the lines.

Other examples:

• Ánnajskaihaŋe.
  • I made you not go.
• Ánnajskaikeaŋe. / Ánnajskaikehaŋe.
  • I didn't make you not go.
• Ánnajskalléhan. / Ánnajskalléhahan.
  • I can make you go.
• Ánnajskallékehan.
  • I can't make you go.
• Ánnajskallékehaŋe.
  • I can't make you not go.
• Ánnajskalléketeŋe.
  • I can't not make you not go.

Álaj (to be)

Main article: Álaj (verb)

Auxiliary verbs

Several verbs have clitic forms, sometimes they act as infixes, too. In first person, they're simply added to the conjugational suffix; in second and third person, they're inserted between the vowel(s) and the final consonant of the conjugational suffix.

Three main types of auxiliary verbs are:

1. modal verbs
2. phaseal verbs
3. verbs of movement

Examples:

• Vétta. → Véttanné.
  • I give. → I have to give.
• Véttos. → Véttonnés.
  • They give. → They have to give.
• Nótta.→ Nóttanój.
  • I work. → I start to work.
• Nóttos.→ Nóttonójs.
  • They work. → They start to work.

Auxiliary verbs

Full form	Clitic	English
álvaj	-nnó	to wish
élvaj	-nní	to wish
évivaj	-nné	have to, must
vírvij	-ttí	can, to be allowed to
óvlaj	-lló	can be done, to be possible
vélaj	-llé	can
újelaj	-llú	to want
-	-ttý	to like
-	-ttǿ	would like
ávivaj	-nná	should
ǿlvaj	-nnǿ	to wish (to oneself)
ýlvaj	-nný	to wish (to oneself)
nášlaj	-llá	to manage, to be able to
	-ttá	to go

Phaseal verbs

Full form	Clitic	English
onóvaj	-nój	to begin
mâivij	-máj	to finish
nâivij	-náj	to finish/complete
hélaj	-héj	to stop

Auxilliary verb álaj (to be)

The verb to be is used as an ausxilliary verb in compound tenses. The auxilliary is fully inflected and the past active participle is inflected only by number. The auxilliary is somewhat special as it has stress on the actual inflection, which is marked. For moods other than the indicative, the indicative m- is replaced with the appropriate stem.

Auxilliary álaj in the indicative

Person	Simple present
	Singular		Dual		Plural
	affirm.	negat.	affirm.	negat.	affirm.	negat.
1st	má	máke	mé	méke	mó	móke
2nd	mán	máŋe	mén	méŋe	món	móŋe
3rd	más	máksi	més	méksi	mós	móksi
	Simple past
1st	mái	máike	méi	méike	mói	móike
2nd	máin	máiŋe	méin	méiŋe	móin	móiŋe
3rd	máis	máiksi	méis	méiksi	móis	móiksi
	Nonpast
1st	máo	máoke	méo	méoke	móo	móoke
2nd	máon	máoŋe	méon	méoŋe	móon	móoŋe
3rd	máos	máoksi	méos	méoksi	móos	móoksi
	Pluperfect
1st	mǿ	mǿke	mǿi	mǿike	míø	míøke
2nd	mǿn	mǿŋe	mǿin	mǿiŋe	míøn	míøŋe
3rd	mǿs	mǿksi	mǿis	mǿiksi	míøs	míøksi
	Remote past
1st	máe	máeke	mée	méeke	móe	móeke
2nd	máen	máeŋe	méen	méeŋe	-oen	-oeŋe
3rd	máes	máeksi	mées	méeksi	-oes	-oeksi
	Simple future
1st	máu	máuke	méu	méuke	móu	móuke
2nd	máun	máuŋe	méun	méuŋe	móun	móouŋe
3rd	máus	máuksi	méus	méuksi	móus	móuksi
	Nonfuture
1st	mĕ	mĕke	mĕi	mĕike	míë	míëke
2nd	mĕn	mĕŋe	mĕin	mĕiŋe	míën	míëŋe
3rd	mĕs	mĕksi	mĕis	mĕiksi	míës	míëksi
	Future anterior
1st	mý	mýke	mýi	mýike	míy	míyke
2nd	mýn	mýŋe	mýin	mýiŋe	míyn	míyŋe
3rd	mýs	mýksi	mýis	mýiksi	míys	míyksi
	Future-in-the-past
1st	máa	máake	méa	méake	móa	móake
2nd	máan	máaŋe	méan	méaŋe	móan	móaŋe
3rd	máas	máaksi	méas	méaksi	móas	móaksi

Mood stems

Mood	Formation	Example
Generic	enn-	enná
Conditional	enm-	enmá
Subjunctive	enl-	enlá
Optative	enk-	enká
Jussive	enh-	enhá
Reputative	enr-	enrá
Presumptive	eng-	engá
Potential	ens-	ensá
Hypothetical	env-	envá
Admirative	ent-	entá

Non-finite forms

Infinitives

First infinitive

The first infinitive is the basic form of verbs. It is a marked form, the suffixes are -vaj, -laj and -vij. Each suffix corresponds to one verbal class and each class undergoes a different change when conjugating.

Purposive

The purposive or the second infinitive is a form derived from the first infititive. It can be used with one case, the benefactive, although it is mainly omitted; it usually indicates intention. Stem lenghtening does not apply. When combined with reflexive verbs, the forms are slightly changed (shown in brackets).

The forms are:

• -vij → -vyyn (-vyen)
• -laj → -laan (-laen)
• -vaj → -vøøn (-vøen)

Immediative

The immediative or the third infititive is a form of the verb meaning "to be just about to ..." . It is different from other infinitives because it is formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies.

The forms are:

• -vij → -(t)einviaj
• -laj → -(l)ainlaaj
• -vaj → -(n)oinvaaj

Example: Example:

• vévij → vétteinviaj → vétteina
  • to give → to be about to give → I'm about to give
• névvaj → névvannoinvaaj → névvannoina
  • to teach → to be about to teach → I'm about to teach

Progressive infinitive

The progressive infinitive (or the fourth infinitive) is the basic form of verb indicating progressiveness. Both imperfective and perfective verbs can become progressive. The progressive form expresses an action taking place at the moment of speaking. The progressive infinitive is similar to the third infinitive because it's formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies.

The forms are:

• -vij → -(t)eusvinj
• -laj → -(l)auslanj
• -vaj → -(n)ousvanj

Example:

• vévij → vétteusvinj → vétteusa
  • to give → to be giving → I'm giving [at this moment]
• névvaj → névvannousvanj → névvannousa
  • to teach → to be teaching → I'm teaching [at this moment]

Reflexive infinitive

The reflexive infinitive (or the fifth infinitive) is the basic form of reflexive verbs. There are two types, one ending in -ej and one ending in -ij. Stem lenghtening does not apply.

The forms are:

• -vij → -viej, -viij
• -laj → -laej, -laij
• -vaj → -vaej, -vaij

Supines

First supine

The first supine is a form of verbs used after modal verbs (when they are used in their full form instead of the clitic form). Stem lenghtening applies.

The forms are:

• -vij → -tia (type I, II and III verbs), -ia (type IV and V verbs)
• -laj → -tie (type I, II and III verbs), -ie (type IV and V verbs)
• -vaj → -tio (type I, II and III verbs), -io (type IV and V verbs)

NOTE: Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem:

• -tt- → -t-
• -ll- → -l-
• -nn- → -n-

Second supine

The second supine is a form of verbs used after phaseal verbs and verbs of movement. Stem lenghtening applies.

The forms are:

• -vij → -tiau (type I, II and III verbs), -iau (type IV and V verbs)
• -laj → -tieu (type I, II and III verbs), -ieu (type IV and V verbs)
• -vaj → -tiou (type I, II and III verbs), -iou (type IV and V verbs)

NOTE: Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem:

• -tt- → -t-
• -ll- → -l-
• -nn- → -n-

Gerunds and participles

	-VIJ forms	-LAJ forms	-VAJ forms	Stem	Meaning
Gerund (verbal noun)	-voi	-loi	-noi	no, C1	Nominalised verb.
Present Gerundive Present Active Gerund I	-(i)tat	-(i)lat	-(i)nat	yes	Simultaneous events.
Adverbial Gerundive Present Active Gerund II	-(i)taot	-(i)laot	-(i)naot	yes	An adverb of manner.
Past Gerundive Past Active Gerund	-(i)tait	-(i)lait	-(i)nait	yes	An action completed prior to the action of the main verb.
Relative Participle Present Active Participle	-(i)ti / -iei-	-(i)di / -iei-	-(i)ni / -iei-	yes	Adjectvies, replace certain relative clauses.
Qualitative Participle Past Active Participle II	-(i)tui / -iyi-	-(i)dui / -iyi-	-(i)nui / -iyi-	yes	Adjectvies, a quality acquired through action in the past.
Temporal Participle	-(i)tuei	-(i)duei	-(i)nuei	yes	Adjectvies, replace temporal relative clauses.
Locational Participle	-(i)tuai	-(i)duai	-(i)nuai	yes	Adjectvies, replace locational relative clauses.
Adjectival Participle Past Passive Participle	-isi	-isi	-isi	no	Adjectives.
Descriptive Participle Past Active Participle I	-rii (sg) -rie (du) -ria (pl)	-nii (sg) -nie (du) -nia (pl)	-gii (sg) -gie (du) -gia (pl)	yes*	Participles used to form compound tenses.

NOTE: Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem:

• -tt- → -t-
• -ll- → -l-
• -nn- → -n-

Reflexive verbs

There are two types of reflexive verbs, the -ej verbs and the -ij verbs (indicated as -viej, -viij, -laej, -laij, -vaej, -vaij). Their forms change depending on the person and number; and are attached to the verb.

Number	Person	-EJ	-IJ
		clitic	clitic
Singular	1st	-re	-ro
	2nd	-ne	-no
	3rd	-se	-so
Dual	1st	-ri	-ru
	2nd	-ni	-nu
	3rd	-si	-su
Plural	1st	-ra	-rë
	2nd	-na	-në
	3rd	-sa	-së