Nodrostaj
Phonology & Orthography
Consonants
|
Bilabial |
Labiodental |
Dental |
Alveolar |
Postalveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Uvular |
Glottal
|
| Plosive
|
/p b/ p b |
|
/t d/ t d |
|
|
|
/k g/ c g |
/q ɢ/ c g |
/ʔ/ x
|
| Affricate
|
|
|
|
/ts/ ç |
/tʃ/ ḉ |
|
|
|
|
| Nasal
|
/m/ m |
|
/n/ n |
|
|
|
/ŋ/ ng |
/ɴ/ ng |
|
| Trill
|
|
|
/r/ r |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fricative
|
|
/f/ f |
/θ/ z |
/s/ s |
/ʃ/ ś |
|
/x/ k |
/χ/ k |
/h/ h
|
| Lateral Fricative
|
|
|
/ɮ/ l |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Approximant
|
|
/ʋ/ v |
|
|
|
/j/ j |
|
|
|
- /p t k q/ are realized as [p̚ t̚ k̚ q̚] word finally
- /b d g ɢ/ are realized as [β ð ɣ ʁ] after a vowel and before another vowel, a sibilant, or a liquid
- /k ɡ ŋ x/ and /q ɢ ɴ χ/ are in complementary distribution with the former occurring in a syllable containing front vowels and the latter occurring in a syllable containing back vowels
- /hm hn hŋ hɴ hr hɮ/ are realized as [m̥ n̥ ŋ̥ ɴ̥ r̥ ɬ]
- /r ɮ/ are realized as [r̥ ɬ] word finally
- geminated consonants are represented by doubling the consonants
Vowels
|
Front |
Central |
Back
|
| Close
|
/iː yː/ ii yy |
|
/uː/ uu
|
| Near-close
|
/ɪ ʏ/ i y |
|
/ʊ/ u
|
| Close-mid
|
/eː øː/ ee öö |
|
/oː/ oo
|
| Open-mid
|
/ɛ œ/ e ö |
/ɜː/ aa |
/ɔ/ o
|
| Open
|
|
/a/ a |
|
- when unstressed, vowels become more central
- /a/ and /ɜː/ is realized as [ɑ] and [ʌː], respectively, when before or after a uvular consonant
Vowel Harmony
The vowel harmony of Nodrostic is based on front/back harmony.
| Front
|
e |
ee |
ö |
öö |
y |
yy
|
| Back
|
a |
aa |
o |
oo |
u |
uu
|
| Neutral
|
i ii
|
- a word whose vowels are only i or ii would take the front variants' affixing
Syllable Structure & Phonotactics
Morphology
Nouns
Verbs
Intransitive
|
SG |
DL |
PL
|
| 1P
|
-ös/os |
-öl/ol |
-enee/anaa
|
| 2P
|
-d |
-del/dal |
-denee/danaa
|
| 3P
|
-eset/asat |
-esel/asal |
-esnee/asnaa
|
Transitive
|
1P_SG |
2P_SG |
3P_SG |
1P_DL |
2P_DL |
3P_DL |
1P_PL |
2P_PL |
3P_PL
|
| 1P_SG
|
-vøs/vos |
-vøl/vol |
-venee/vanaa
|
| Second Person
|
-d |
-del/dal |
-denee/danaa
|
| Third Person
|
-eset/asat |
-esel/asal |
-esnee/asnaa
|
Syntax
