Novelatine morphology

Main article: Novelatine

Novelatine morphology includes all morphological rules which are part of the Novelatine language.

Nouns

Novelatine retains the complex system of Latin declensions, but the six cases of Latin language have merged in a three-case system: Nominative, Genitive and Accusative. Nouns are grouped in four declensions, but as phonological changes modified some endings, each declension group has more subgroups.

First declension

The first declension has both feminine and masculine nouns, but no neuter nouns. Most nouns (more than 90%) are feminine, and there is no difference in the endings between both genders. The endings are:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-a	-e
Genitive	-e	-arô
Accusative	-ô	-es

• Example: Rosa, rose, feminine

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	rosa	rose
Genitive	rose	rosarô
Accusative	rosô	roses

• Example: Êcowa, inhabitant, masculine

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	êcowa	êcowe
Genitive	êcowe	êcowarô
Accusative	êcowô	êcowes

Even if both genders share the same endings, nouns agree with adjectives, articles, pronouns and verbs according the real gender:

• Se bone poeta: the good poet
• Sa rosa pulcra: the beautiful rose

Remember also, that some nouns (mostly modern loanwords), whose roots end with a velar stop, c [k] or g [g], should preserve this pronunciation in all declined forms, even in front of e:

• Example: Elica, screw:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	elica	eliche
Genitive	eliche	elicarô
Accusative	elicô	eliches

Second declension

The second declension has only masculine and neuter nouns. Each gender forms a different subgroup. There is also a -er subgroup:

Masculine subgroup

The endings for the masculine second declension are:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-e	-yi
Genitive	-yi	-erô
Accusative	-ô	-es

• Example: Lupe, wolf

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lupe	lupyi
Genitive	lupyi	luperô
Accusative	lupô	lupes

If the root already ends with an -y- or with a -w-, the -yi endings become simply -i-:

• Example: Casye, cheese

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	casye	casyi
Genitive	casyi	casyerô
Accusative	casyô	casyes

• Example: Ecwe, horse

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ecwe	ecwi
Genitive	ecwi	ecwerô
Accusative	ecwô	ecwes

Neuter subgroup

The endings for the neuter second declension are:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-ô	-a
Genitive	-yi	-erô
Accusative	-ô	-a

• Example: Pomô, apple

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pomô	poma
Genitive	pomyi	pomerô
Accusative	pomô	poma

If the root already ends with an -y-, the -yi ending becomes simply -i-:

• Example: Brachyô, arm

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	brachyô	brachya
Genitive	brachyi	brachyerô
Accusative	brachyô	brachya

-er subgroup

The -er subgroup contains only masculine nouns whose nominative singular form ends with -er. They add the usual second declension endings in other cases, some nouns losing the -e (the mobile -e-), while some other nouns preserve it:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-yi
Genitive	-yi	-erô
Accusative	-ô	-es

• Example: Ager, field

With mobile -e-
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ager	agryi
Genitive	agryi	agrerô
Accusative	agrô	agres

• Example: Pwer, boy

Without mobile -e-
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pwer	pweryi
Genitive	pweryi	pwererô
Accusative	pwerô	pweres

Labial subgroup

Some nouns, whose root ends in -w-, change this last consonant in -l- before the -yi endings (singular genitive and nominative masculine plural):

• Example: Mawô, evil

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	mawô	mawa
Genitive	malyi	mawerô
Accusative	mawô	mawa

Third declension

The third declension is the most complex and large noun declension group. There are many subgroup, as many nouns has little differences, even if the declension pattern remains the same.

The basic declension patterns for masculine/feminine and for neuter nouns are:

Masculine/Feminine
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-s
Genitive	-s	-ô
Accusative	-ê	-es

Neuter
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-a
Genitive	-s	-ô
Accusative	-	-a

If the root ends with a bilabial stop ([t] or [d]), these consonants merge with the ending -s in z ([ʦ] or [ʣ] respectively), in the genitive singular, and in the masculine and feminine nominative plural:

• Example: Ciwta, city, substantive of the nominative vowel subgroup.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ciwta	ciwtaz
Genitive	ciwtaz	ciwtadô
Accusative	ciwtadê	ciwtades

If the last consonant of the noun root is -s-, or there are two or more consonants, the singular genitive ending becomes -is, while the plural nominative ending becomes -es:

• Example: Pader, father, substantive with mobile -e-.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pader	padres
Genitive	padris	padrô
Accusative	padrê	padres

First subgroup

The first subgroup contains nouns whose singular nominative form coincides with their root. They simply add the regular endings.

• Example: Can, dog.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	can	cans
Genitive	cans	canô
Accusative	canê	canes

Second subgroup (Vowel nominative form)

The second subgroup contains nouns whose root is the plural genitive without the -ô ending. The nominative form usually ends with a vowel, as the root's last consonant was lost in this form.

• Example: Du, leader.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	du	ducs
Genitive	ducs	ducô
Accusative	ducê	duces

A small group of nouns lose two consonant in the nominative form, typically a consonant, preceded by w:

• Example: No, night.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	no	nowz
Genitive	nowz	nowtô
Accusative	nowtê	nowtes

Third subgroup (Nasal subgroup)

The second subgroup contains nouns whose root is the plural genitive without the -ô ending. The nominative form usually ends with a nasal vowel, as the root's last consonant -n merged with the previous vowel in this form. The masculine and feminine nouns usually has -ô at the nominative form, while the neuter nouns usually has -ê.

• Example: Opyinyô, opinion, thought.

Masculine/Feminine declension
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	opyinyô	opyinyons
Genitive	opyinyons	opyinyonô
Accusative	opyinyonê	opyinyones

• Example: Nomê, noun, name.

Neuter declension
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	nomê	nomina
Genitive	nomins	nominô
Accusative	nomê	nomina

Fourth subgroup (Palatal subgroup)

The fourth group contains nouns whose plural genitive form adds an -y- infix before the usual -ô endings. Neuter nouns in this subgroup add the -y- infix also within the plural nominative and accusative forms.

• Example: Awr, ear.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	awr	awrs
Genitive	awrs	awryô
Accusative	awrê	awres

• Example: Mar, sea.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	mar	marya
Genitive	mars	maryô
Accusative	mar	marya

Fifth subgroup (Labial subgroup)

The fifth group contains nouns whose the root's last consonant -l- becomes an -w in the singular nominative form and in the singular accusative form for neuter nouns. The plural forms add the palatal infix -y- according to the rules of the palatal subgroup.

• Example: Pew, skin.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pew	pels
Genitive	pels	pelyô
Accusative	pelê	peles

• Example: Animaw, animal.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	animaw	animalya
Genitive	animals	animalyô
Accusative	animaw	animalya

Sixth subgroup (Rhotic subgroup)

The fifth group contains nouns whose the root's last consonant -r- becomes an -s in the singular nominative form and in the singular accusative form for neuter nouns. The plural forms add the palatal infix -y- according to the rules of the palatal subgroup.

• Example: Mus, mouse.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	mus	murs
Genitive	murs	muryô
Accusative	murê	mures

• Example: Os, mouth.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	os	orya
Genitive	ors	oryô
Accusative	os	orya

Seventh subgroup (participial subgroup)

The sixth subgroup contains nouns whose conjugation is the same as the past participles. The nominative singular final consonant -s is replaced in all other forms with a -t, which merges with the ending -s in -z, when required. The plural forms follow the palatal subgroup declension pattern.

• Example: Dês, tooth.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dês	dêz
Genitive	dêz	dêtyô
Accusative	dêtê	dêtes

• Example: Pôs, bridge.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pôs	pôz
Genitive	pôz	pôtyô
Accusative	pôtê	pôtes

Irregular subgroup

There are a number of nouns, which have an irregular behavior, even if they follow the usual third declension pattern:

• nom. capo; gen. capiz; acc. capo; pl. nom. capita; pl. gen. capitô pl. acc. capita (head, neuter)
• nom. fwe; gen. fwors; acc. fworê; pl. nom. fwors; pl. gen. fworô; pl. acc. fwores (flower, feminine)
• nom. die; gen. diey; acc. diê; pl. nom. dies; pl. gen. dierô; pl. acc. dies (day, masculine)

Fourth declension

The fourth declension has masculine, feminine and neuter nouns. There are two subgroups the -e subgroup and the -o subgroup.

-e subgroup

The -e subgroup contains both masculine and feminine nouns. Most nouns are masculine (more than 95 %), but the few feminine nouns are very used. These are the endings.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-e	-os
Genitive	-os	-wô
Accusative	-ô	-es

• Example: Pase, step, masculine

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pase	pasos
Genitive	pasos	paswô
Accusative	pasô	pases

• Example: Dome, house, home, feminine

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dome	domos
Genitive	domos	domwô
Accusative	domô	domes

-o subgroup

The -o subgroup contains only neuter nouns. These are the endings.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-o	-wa
Genitive	-os	-wô
Accusative	-o	-wa

• Example: Geno, knee

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	geno	genwa
Genitive	genos	genwô
Accusative	geno	genwa

Loanwords

Novelatine has assimilated a number of loanwords during its develop. Some loanwords entered the language a long time ago and they were absorbed and adapted to its morphological system, while other loanwords are younger and underwent different treatments.

As Novelatine is surrounded by the Italian language, most loanwords come from this language, but in the past also French loanwords entered its vocabulary, while in most modern times the loanwords come mostly from English.

Ancient loanwords were adapted to the language, and now they do not raise particular problems:

• môgyar, to dinner, from Italian mangiare, to eat, with a slight shift in meaning, from which Novelatine speakers derived môgya, dinner, which does not exist in Italian.

Most modern loanwords, however, usually enter the language unchanged, and this could be a problem if the desinence does not fit the usual declension patterns of Novelatine.

Some loanwords are still adapted to the declensions, especially if they are very used words:

• * Example: Computer, computer, masculine.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	computer	computers
Genitive	computers	computerô
Accusative	computerê	computeres

Other loanwords are left unchanged in all cases, and they are labelled as indeclinable nouns, while their role, number and gender are usually expressed by articles, adjectives and verbs.

• Software, software, masculine:
  • Se software sties computers nove e, the software of this computer is new
  • Se programater sies software, the programmer of the software

Loanwords from Italian language are particular, especially proper nouns: Feminine nouns, already ending with -a, are declined without any problems, usually retaining the original pronunciation of the last consonant of the root.

• Monica, → gen., Moniche

Masculine nouns, which in Italian usually end with -o, are usually declined as a second declension noun, as the -o would replace the usual -e ending:

• Massimo → gen., Massimyi, acc., Massimô

They usually retain the original pronunciation of the last consonant of the root. The masculine nouns in -a decline as a first declension noun:

• Andrea → gen., Andree, acc., Andreô

Other nouns, ending with other vowels (as Daniele), or with a consonant (mostly foreign noun as Michael or Ivan) are left unchanged, even if sometimes they are declined, especially when one native speaker is named with them. They are not declined when referring to foreign people.

Articles, Adjectives and Pronouns

Articles

Novelatine has a definite article, se. The western dialect has an indefinite article, the numeral une, while the eastern dialect usually uses no indefinite article. The article une declines as a normal first class adjective.

Definite article

The definite article se has an irregular declension:

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	se	sa	sô	syi	se	sa
Genitive	sies	sies	sies	syor	syar	syor
Accusative	sô	sô	sô	ses	ses	sa

The nominative singular masculine and neuter forms usually lose their vowel before another vowel and get an apostrophe, while the nominative neuter singular and all accusative singular forms become son before another vowel:

• S'agricowa son agrô si cow: the farmer cultivates his own field

In the eastern dialect the nominative plural masculine form, syi, gets shorter too:

• W: Syi agricowe ses agres si cow - E: Sy'agricowe ses agres si col: the farmers cultivate their own fields

In the eastern dialect, especially in most marginal area, all plural forms uses the 'sy- alternative root (pronounced [ʃ]-):

• W: Syi agricowe ses agres si cow - E: Sy'agricowe syes agres si col: the farmers cultivate their own fields

In the northern villages of the western valley, before another vowel the accusative forms and the neuter forms in the singular become som instead of son

• W: S'agricowa som agrô si cow: the farmer cultivates his own field

The articles usually merge with the preposition ad, because of the normal merging of the sounds [d] + [s] = [ʣ]. As the preposition ad can be followed by the accusative or the genitive case, these are the merged forms:

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
ad + Genitive	azies	azies	azies	azyor	azyar	azyor
ad + Accusative	azô	azô	azô	azes	azes	aza

Stress and pronunciation

The definite articles are always unstressed, and must be pronounced together their noun(s):

• Sa few, [saˈfɛw], the cat
• Azô mar vade, W: [aʣõˈmar ˈvade]/E: [aʣõˈmar ˈvadə], I go to the beach
• S'amice mi cur, W: [saˈmiʧe mi ˈkur]/E: [saˈmiʧə mi ˈkur] , my friend is running

This triggers some variations in the pronunciation of the s of the singular genitive:

• [s], when is followed by a voiceless consonant and y:
  • Sa lu sies sols: [saˈlu ˌsiesˈsols], The sun's light
• [z], when is followed by a voiced consonant:
  • Sa porta sies domos: [saˈpɔrta ˌsiezˈdɔmos], The door of the house
• [z], when is followed by a vowel:
  • Sa têperatura sies acwe: [satẽˌperaˈtura ˌsiezˈakwe], The tempeature of the water

Adjectives

Adjectives usually decline according to the gender and the number of the noun they qualify. They are usually placed after their nouns, but sometimes they are found before them.

Adjectives are divided in two class, according to their declension pattern:

1st class

The adjectives in this class decline like I and II declension nouns. They use the I declension endings for feminine nouns, and the II declension endings for masculine and neuter nouns:

• Example: Nove, new

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	nove	nova	novô	novyi	nove	nova
Genitive	novyi	nove	novyi	noverô	novarô	noverô
Accusative	novô	novô	novô	noves	noves	nova

They follow the same rules of the II declension, as there are adjectives with mobile e or with a palatal infix -y-

• Example: Veter, old, adjective with mobile e

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	veter	vetra	vetrô	vetryi	vetre	vetra
Genitive	vetryi	vetre	vetryi	vetrerô	vetrarô	vetrerô
Accusative	vetrô	vetrô	vetrô	vetres	vetres	vetra

• Example: Lyiber, free, adjective without mobile e

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	lyiber	lyibera	lyiberô	lyiberyi	lyibere	lyibera
Genitive	lyiberyi	lyibere	lyiberyi	lyibererô	lyiberarô	lyibererô
Accusative	lyiberô	lyiberô	lyiberô	lyiberes	lyiberes	lyibera

2nd class

The adjectives in this class decline like III declension nouns. They use the normal III declension endings for masculine, feminine and neuter nouns, with the same root. They can belong to anyone of all III declension subgroup, except the first one.

• Example: Brev, short, brief, adjective belonging to the palatal subgroup.

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	brev	brev	brev	brevs	brevs	brevya
Genitive	brevs	brevs	brevs	brevyô	brevyô	brevyô
Accusative	brevê	brevê	brev	breves	breves	brevya

• Example: Ceweber, famous, adjective belonging to the palatal subgroup with mobile e.

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ceweber	ceweber	ceweber	cewebres	cewebres	cewebrya
Genitive	cewebris	cewebris	cewebris	cewebryô	cewebryô	cewebryô
Accusative	cewebrê	cewebrê	ceweber	cewebres	cewebres	cewebrya

• Example: Awda, brave, bold, audacious, adjective belonging to the vowel nominative subgroup (for this group the plural forms are the same ones of the palatal subgroup).

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	awda	awda	awda	awdacs	awdacs	awdacya
Genitive	awdacs	awdacs	awdacs	awdacyô	awdacyô	awdacyô
Accusative	awdacê	awdacê	awda	awdaces	awdaces	awdacya

• Example: Agiw, nimble, agile, adjective belonging to the labial subgroup.

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	agiw	agiw	agiw	agils	agils	agilya
Genitive	agils	agils	agils	agilyô	agilyô	agilyô
Accusative	agilê	agilê	agiw	agiles	agiles	agilya

Comparison

There are two ways for creating the various degree of comparison. One is directly retained from the ancient Latin, while the other one is a more recent creation.

The first form of comparison is built by adding some endings to the adjective's root:

• Nove, new, 1st class

Declension of the comparative form
	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	novyer	novyer	novye	novyers	novyers	novyera
Genitive	novyers	novyers	novyers	novyerô	novyerô	novyerô
Accusative	novyerê	novyerê	novye	novyeres	novyeres	novyeres

• Nove, new 1st class

Declension of the superlative form
	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	novisime	novisima	novisimô	novisimyi	novisime	novisima
Genitive	novisimyi	novisime	novisimyi	novisimerô	novisimarô	novisimerô
Accusative	novisimô	novisimô	novisimô	novisimes	novisimes	novisima

• Brev, short, 2st class

Declension of the comparative form
	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	brevyer	brevyer	brevye	brevyers	brevyers	brevyera
Genitive	brevyers	brevyers	brevyers	brevyerô	brevyerô	brevyerô
Accusative	brevyerê	brevyerê	brevye	brevyeres	brevyeres	brevyeres

• Brev, short 2st class

Declension of the superlative form
	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	brevisime	brevisima	brevisimô	brevisimyi	brevisime	novisima
Genitive	brevisimyi	brevisime	brevisimyi	brevisimerô	brevisimarô	brevisimerô
Accusative	brevisimô	brevisimô	brevisimô	brevisimes	brevisimes	brevisima

The second form of comparison is built by using the adverb mags with the normal grade of the adjective. The comparative form is formed by placing mags before the normal declined adjective, while the superlative form is formed with the definite article + mags before the declined adjective.

• bone → mags bone → se mags bone

The second forms are usually used with adjectives with more than three syllables, or with loanwords. This use is, however, not fixed yet. Especially in the Western dialect the use of mags is spreading also with shorter adjectives, while in the Eastern dialect also some longer adjectives use the first forms. In some remote villages of the Western dialect mags is replaced with pwe (from the Latin PLUS).

The comparison endings are usually added to the real root of the adjective, restoring an actually lost consonant:

• agiw → agilyer, agilisime
• awda → awdacyer, awdacisime

In the case of adjectives, whose nominative masculine singular form ends in -er with a mobile e, the superlative ending become -ime and is added directly to the -er ending without losing the -e-:

• veter → vetryer, veterime
• ceweber → cewebryer, ceweberime

Some adjectives have irregular forms for the comparative and superlative grade:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative	English
Bone	melyer	owtime	good
Grôd	mayer	masime	big, great
Mawe	peyer	pesime	bad, evil
Parve	minyer	minime	little, small

Demonstrative adjectives

There are two demonstrative adjectives: isvi which means that, and ste which means this; both they have an irregular conjugation:

• Isvi, that

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	isvi	avi	ivi	yivi	evi	avi
Genitive	iesvi	iesvi	iesvi	orôvi	arôvi	orôvi
Accusative	ôvi	ôvi	ivi	esvi	asvi	avi

• Ste, this

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ste	sta	sto	styi	ste	sta
Genitive	sties	sties	sties	storô	starô	storô
Accusative	stô	stô	sto	stes	stes	sta

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

The personal pronouns in Novelatine have an irregular declension. Some of them have an alternative root in some cases. In the third persons the pronouns are divided for gender, in singular (as in English) and in plural number.

The most important feature, is the retention of the dative forms, for all personal pronouns:

Person	English	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative
1st sing.	I	eo	mey	mi	me
2nd sing.	you (sing.)	tu	tuy	ti	te
3rd sing. f.	he	le	lies	luy	lô
3rd sing. m.	she	la	lies	luy	lô
3rd sing. n.	it	lo	lies	luy	lo
1st plur.	we	nos	nestri	nob	nos
2nd plur.	you (plur.)	vos	vestri	vob	vos
3rd plur. m.	they (m.)	lyi	lyor	lyis	les
3rd plur. f.	they (f.)	le	lyar	lyis	les
3rd plur. n.	they (n.)	la	lyor	lyis	la

The singular accusative masculine and feminine 3rd person form lô becomes lon before a vowel:

• Tu lon ams?: Do you love him/her?

In the northern villages of the western valley, this form becomes lom before a vowel:

• Tu lom ams?: Do you love him/her?

Accusative and dative pronominal forms usually become clitics when they are found after imperative forms, which end with a vowel:

• Dami ses cwaves sies awtomobils: Give me the keys of the car!
• Spewtalo!: Look at it! (to one person)
• Spewtad lo: Look at it! (to two or more people)

If there are two pronominal forms, a dative and an accusative form, they cliticize together, following the ordinary dative-accusative order, only if the forms end in a vowel:

• Damilo: Give it to me
• Danob lo: Give it to us

With most prepositions, which usually require the genitive case, dative forms of personal pronouns are used. The only exception is the preposition cô, which has exceptional forms for the first and the second persons:

• eo: mecô (with me)
• tu: tecô (with you sing.)
• nos: nobiscô (with us)
• vos: vobiscô (with you plur.)

The personal pronouns have also replaced the possessive adjectives and pronouns:

The possession is expressed by the dative personal pronouns, placed after the possessed noun:

• Eo son amicô ti vidye: I see your friend

The dative forms do not agree with the possessed noun, only with the gender and the number of the possessor(s).

• Eo son amicô lyis vidye: I see their friend
• Eo ses amices ti vidye: I see your friends

The genitive forms are used instead of the possessive pronouns, or when the adjectives would be used as object in the sentence.

• Ste can mey e: This dog is mine
• Styi cans mey sôt: These dogs are mine

Relative pronoun

The relative pronoun cwi has an irregular declension:

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	cwi	cwe	cwo	cwi	cwe	cwe
Genitive	chies	chies	chies	cwor	cwar	cwor
Accusative	cwê	cwô	cwo	cwes	cwes	cwe

Indefinite pronouns

• Alcwi: it may mean someone, somebody, something or anyone, anybody, anything. It declines like cwi:

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	alcwi	alcwe	alcwo	alcwi	alcwe	alcwe
Genitive	alchies	alchies	alchies	alcwor	alcwar	alcwor
Accusative	alcwê	alcwô	alcwo	alcwes	alcwes	alcwe

• Nemê: it may mean no one, nobody, only with humans or other animated beings. It has an irregular declension, only in the singular:

Case	Forms
Nominative	nemê
Genitive	nemins
Accusative	neminê

• Niw: it means nothing, with things or action or statuses. It has an irregular declension, only in the singular:

Case	Forms
Nominative	niw
Genitive	nulriy
Accusative	niw

• Omcwi: it may mean everyone, everybody, everything. It declines like cwi:

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	omcwi	omcwe	omcwo	omcwi	omcwe	omcwe
Genitive	omchies	omchies	omchies	omcwor	omcwar	omcwor
Accusative	omcwê	omcwô	omcwo	omcwes	omcwes	omcwe

Numbers

These are the Novelatine numbers, with their cardinal and ordinal forms:

Number	Cardinal	Ordinal
1	une	pryime
2	due	secunde
3	W: tre / E: ter	terce
4	W: cwatre / E: cwater	cwarte
5	cwêc	cwête
6	W: sey / E: ses	seste
7	sewtê	sewtime
8	owto	owtave
9	novê	none
10	decê	decime
11	ôdecê	ôdecime
12	dwodecê	dwodecime
13	tredecê	tredecime
14	cwaterdecê	cwaterdecime
15	cwêdecê	cwêdecime
16	W: seydecê / E: sesdecê	W: seydecime / E: sesdecime
17	sewtêdecê	sewtêdecime
18	dwedevyinti	dwedevyigesime
19	ôdevyinti	ôdevyigesime
20	vyinti	vyigesime
21	vyinti une	vyigesime prime
22	vyinti due	vyigesime secunde
30	tryinta	tryintesime
40	cwadryinta	cwadryintesime
50	cwêcyinta	cwêcyintesime
60	sesyinta	sesyintesime
70	sewtyinta	sewtyintesime
80	owtyinta	owtyintesime
90	novyinta	novyintesime
100	cêtô	cêtesime
200	dwecêtyi	dwecêtesime
300	trecêtyi	trecêtesime
400	cwadregêtyi	cwadregêtesime
500	cwêgêtyi	cwêgêtesime
600	sescêtyi	sescêtesime
700	sewtêgêtyi	sewtêgêtesime
800	owtêgêtyi	owtêgêtesime
900	nôgêtyi	nôgêtesime
1000	mil	milesime
2000	due milya	due milesime
1.000.000	milyô	milyonesime
1.000.000.000	milyarde	milyardesime

Declension

Most numbers are indeclinable, while only a few agree with their nouns.

• Une declines like a 1st class adjectives: une, una, unô, etc. It has no plural forms.
• Due has its own declension: m/f/n nominative: due; m/n genitive: dwor, f genitive: dwar; m/f/n accusative: dues
• The multiples of cêtô, like dwecêtyi, trecêtyi, etc., decline like 1st class plural adjectives, even if there are other indeclinable numbers after them: sescêta vyinti cwêc poma: 625 apples; le dwecêtes dues roses imyit: he bought 202 roses
• Milya is the actual plural of mil, but it is indeclinable.
• Milyô and milyarde are nouns (respectively of III and II declension). They decline according to their rule in the sentence and their nouns are in genitive cases: Due milyons ominô: two million people; unô milyonê bawteryerô côtê, it contains one million bacteria

Verbs

Novelatine has a strictly conservative and quite difficult verbal morphology. The complex verbal system of ancient Latin is retained, also with the passive synthetic forms. Nevertheless an analitic new future tense was developed, together with two conditional tenses. An isolated resultative form was also developed.

When verbs are listed, more forms are presented. As exemple, we list the verb amar, to love:

• Amar: infinitive form
• ame: first singular person of the indicative present tense
• amay: first singular person of the indicative perfect tense
• amate: past participle, masculine nominative singular form

The first singular person of the indicative present tense shows the present root, by dropping the -e, -er or -o ending:

• ame → am-e → am- (present root)

The first singular person of the indicative perfect tense shows the perfect root, by dropping the -ay, -yi or -iyi ending:

• amay → am-ay → am- (perfect root)

This is necessary, as almost all irregular verbs have a different perfect root:

• legsyi → legs-yi → legs- (perfect root) / leg- (present root)

The Novelatine verbs have six moods:

• Infinitive, which has 2 tenses: present, past
• Indicative, which has 5 tenses: present, imperfect, perfect, plusquamperfect and future
• Subjunctive, which has 5 tenses: present, imperfect, perfect, plusquamperfect and future
• Conditional, which has 2 tenses: present, past
• Resultative, which has 1 tense: past
• Imperative, which has 1 tense: present

and four adjectival forms:

• Present participle
• Past participle
• Future participle
• Gerundive

Conjugations

Novelatine verbs are divided in four conjugations:

Conjugation	Ending
I	-ar
II	-er (palatal)
III	-er (non palatal)
IV	-yir

The second conjugation uses the same endings of the third conjugation, plus a palatal infix -y, in many forms. For clarity's sake, we don't consider this verbal class as a subgroup of the third conjugation, but as an independent conjugation class, according to the tradition of Latin four conjugations' pattern.

Indicative

Present tense (têpe praysês)

The present tense is formed by adding some endings to the present root of the chosen verb.

These are the endings:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	ame	monye	lege	finye
II sing.	ams	mons	legs	fins
III sing.	am	mon	leg	fin
I plur.	amem	monyim	legim	finyim
II plur.	amez	monyiz	legiz	finyiz
III plur.	amêt	monyêt	legôt	finyôt

In the singular second person forms, if the root ends with a bilabial stop ([t] or [d]), these consonants merge with the endings in z ([ʦ] or [ʣ] respectively):

• Spewtar, to watch, to look at → spewz [spɛwʦ], you are watching
• Eseder, to eat → esez [ezeʣ], you are eating

However if the root ends with two consonants (except for -yC-, -wC- and -rC- and -lC, with C that is not y), the endings become I: -es, II: -yis, III: -is, IV: -yis

If the verbal root ends with -Vw-, the -w- becomes -l-:

• Êcowar, to inhabit, to live in → êcols, you inhabit, you live in

The third singular person usually adds a Ø-ending or zero ending, or it can be said it adds no ending. If the verbal root ends in more than a consonant, this could trigger some changes in the verbal root:

• if the verbal root ends with -Cr, where C is a stop ([p], [b], [k], [g]), the -r- is retained:

cewebrar: cewebre, cewebres, cewebr, cewebrem...

• if the verbal root ends with -Cw- or Cy, the -w- or -y- are dropped:

locwer: locwe, locwis, loc, locwim...

côsilyar: côsilye, côsilyes, côsil, côsilyem...

punyar: punye, punyes, pun, punyem

(Note that in this example -y- is retained for the second singular person, as it is part of the root, instead of part of the ending)

In the Estern dialect, since the groups -ly-, -ny- and -sy- are read as the single consonants [ʎ], [ɲ] and [ʃ] respectively, in the third singular person l, n and s are still read as [ʎ], [ɲ] and [ʃ], even if the -y- is dropped:

• côsilyes: W [kõˈsiljes] / E [kõˈsiʎes], côsil: W [kõˈsil] / E [kõˈsiʎ]
• punyes: W [ˈpunjes] / E [puɲes], pun: W [ˈpun] / E [ˈpuɲ]

Imperfect tense (têpe êperfewtô)

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amavô	monyivô	legyivô	finyivô
II sing.	amavs	monyivs	legyivs	finyivs
III sing.	amav	monyiv	legyiv	finyiv
I plur.	amavem	monyivem	legyivem	finyivem
II plur.	amavez	monyivez	legyivez	finyivez
III plur.	amavêt	monyivêt	legyivêt	finyivêt

In the third conjugation if the verb root ends in -Cw, the endings lose the -y-:

• Locwer, to speak → locwivô, locwivs, locwiv..

If the verbal root ends in -Vw-, the -w- becomes -l-:

• Cower, to cultivate → colyivô, colyivs, colyiv..

Perfect tense (têpe perfewtô)

The perfect tense is formed by adding some endings to the perfect root of the chosen verb. The perfect root usually coincide with the present root, as we can see in the case of most verbs of the first conjugation, but in the other conjugations, especially with irregular verbs, the root is not the same.

These are the usual endings:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amay	monyi	legsyi	finiyi
II sing.	amayst	monyust	legsyist	finiyist
III sing.	amaw	monyut	legsyit	finiyit
I plur.	amaym	monyum	legsyim	finiyim
II plur.	amayz	monyuz	legsyiz	finiyiz
III plur.	amayerôt	monyerôt	legsyerôt	finiyerôt

When a verbs belongs to a certain conjugation, it will usually add the conjugation's typical endings. However, some irregular verbs of the first, the second and the fourth conjugation, add the third declension's endings to their irregular perfect root.

• Dar, Ir → dedyi, dedyist, dedyit, dedyim, dedyiz, dedyerôt
• Ryider, IIr → ryisyi, ryisyist, ryisyit, ryisyim, ryisyiz, ryisyerôt
• Capyir, IVr → cepyi, cepyist, cepyit, cepyim, cepyiz, cepyerôt

They will be marked with Ir, IIr and IIIr in the Lexycon section.

Plusquamperfect tense (têpe pwuscwôperfewtô)

The following endings have to be added to the perfect root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amayerô	monyerô	legsyerô	finiyerô
II sing.	amayers	monyers	legsyers	finiyers
III sing.	amayer	monyer	legsyer	finiyer
I plur.	amayerem	monyerem	legsyerem	finiyerem
II plur.	amayerez	monyerez	legsyerez	finiyerez
III plur.	amayerêt	monyerêt	legsyerêt	finiyerêt

Future tense (têpe futurô)

The synthetic future tense of ancient Latin has entirely disappeared, and it was replaced by a new analytic future form.

It is formed with the present forms of the verb aber and the infinite form of the main verb:

Person		I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	ao	amar	moner	leger	finyir
II sing.	as	amar	moner	leger	finyir
III sing.	a	amar	moner	leger	finyir
I plur.	avyim	amar	moner	leger	finyir
II plur.	avyiz	amar	moner	leger	finyir
III plur.	ôt	amar	moner	leger	finyir

Examples:

• Eo ao caner: I will sing
• Cras azô mar ao vader: Tomorrow I will go to the beach

Subjunctive

Present tense (têpe praysês)

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amê	monyô	legô	finyô
II sing.	amis	monyes	leges	finyes
III sing.	ami	monye	lege	finye
I plur.	amim	monyem	legem	finyem
II plur.	amiz	monyez	legez	finyez
III plur.	amêt	monyôt	legêt	finyêt

Imperfect tense (têpe êperfewtô)

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amarê	monerê	legerê	finyirê
II sing.	amars	moners	legers	finyirs
III sing.	amar	moner	leger	finyir
I plur.	amarem	monerem	legerem	finyirem
II plur.	amarez	monerez	legerez	finyirez
III plur.	amarêt	monerêt	legerêt	finyirêt

Perfect tense (têpe perfewtô)

The following endings have to be added to the perfect root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amayerê	monyerê	legsyerê	finiyerê
II sing.	amayeris	monyeris	legsyeris	finiyeris
III sing.	amayeri	monyeri	legsyeri	finiyeri
I plur.	amayerim	monyerim	legsyerim	finiyerim
II plur.	amayeriz	monyeriz	legsyeriz	finiyeriz
III plur.	amayerêt	monyerêt	legsyerêt	finiyerêt

Plusquamperfect tense (têpe pwuscwôperfewtô)

The following endings have to be added to the perfect root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amaysê	monyisê	legsyisê	finiyisê
II sing.	amaysis	monyisis	legsyisis	finiyisis
III sing.	amaysi	monyisi	legsyisi	finiyisi
I plur.	amaysim	monyisim	legsyisim	finiyisim
II plur.	amaysiz	monyisiz	legsyisiz	finiyisiz
III plur.	amaysêt	monyisêt	legsyisêt	finiyisêt

Future tense (têpe futurô)

It is formed with the subjunctive present forms of the verb aber and the infinite form of the main verb:

Person		I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	abyô	amar	moner	leger	finyir
II sing.	abyes	amar	moner	leger	finyir
III sing.	abye	amar	moner	leger	finyir
I plur.	abyem	amar	moner	leger	finyir
II plur.	abyez	amar	moner	leger	finyir
III plur.	abyôt	amar	moner	leger	finyir

Examples:

• Crede co abyes caner: I believe you will sing
• Crede co cras azô mar abyes vader: I believe that tomorrow you will go to the beach

Conditional

The conditional forms have two tenses, the present and the past tense. It is an analytic mood, formed with the auxiliary verb aver.

The conditional present is formed with the perfect tense forms of the verb aber, plus the infinitive form of the main verb:

Person		I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	avyi	amar	moner	leger	finyir
II sing.	avyust	amar	moner	leger	finyir
III sing.	avyut	amar	moner	leger	finyir
I plur.	avyum	amar	moner	leger	finyir
II plur.	avyuz	amar	moner	leger	finyir
III plur.	avyerôt	amar	moner	leger	finyir

Examples:

• Eo avyi caner: I would sing
• Cras azô mar avyi vader: Tomorrow I would go to the beach

The conditional past is formed with the plusquamperfect tense form of the verb aber, plus the infinitive form of the main verb:

Person		I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	avyerô	amar	moner	leger	finyir
II sing.	avyers	amar	moner	leger	finyir
III sing.	avyer	amar	moner	leger	finyir
I plur.	avyerem	amar	moner	leger	finyir
II plur.	avyerez	amar	moner	leger	finyir
III plur.	avyerêt	amar	moner	leger	finyir

Examples:

• Eo avyerô caner: I would have sung
• Azô mar avyerô vader: I would have gone to the beach

Resultative

The resultative form is not inherited from Ancient Latin, but it is a later creation, most likely under the influence of the Italian passato prossimo.

It is formed with the present forms of the verb aber and the past participle without the adjectival endings:

• advenyir, to happen → advête → advêt: cwo a advêt?, what has happened? what did just happen?
• facer, to do → fawte → fawt: cwo as fawt?, what have you done? what did you just do?

Its meaning and use are slightly different between the two dialects, but its basic meaning is pointing out the result of an action. In a more linguistically precise definition, it is a perfective past form of the verb.

Imperative

The imperative mood has only one tense, the present tense. It is used to give orders, and it has only the second person forms.

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
II sing.	ama	mone	lege	finyi
II plur.	amad	monyid	legid	finyid

Some III conjugation verbs have a short imperative form:

• dicer, to say, to tell: Di! (instead of dice!), say! tell!
• facer, to do, to make: Fa! (instead of face!): do! make!
• vader, to go: Va! (instead of vade!): go!

Impersonal forms

These forms are called impersonal, because they are not conjugated as usual verbs, but they represent special forms, usually considered as adjectival forms.

Gerundive

The gerundive is an adjectival form, which usually means which must be X-ed. It declines like a normal 1st class adjective, thus we will show only the masculine nominative singular form.

I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
amôde	monêde	legêde	finyêde

Present participle

The present participle is an adjectival form, which usually means which X-s, similar to the English -ing form. With transitive verbs it has an active meaning.

I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
amôs	monês	legês	finyês

They have a special declension (also some nouns decline this way):

• Example: Amôs, loving, which loves.

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	amôs	amôs	amôs	amôz	amôz	amôtya
Genitive	amôz	amôz	amôz	amôtyô	amôtyô	amôtyô
Accusative	amôtê	amôtê	amôs	amôtes	amôtes	amôtya

• Example: Legês, reading, which reads.

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	legês	legês	legês	legêz	legêz	legêtya
Genitive	legêz	legêz	legêz	legêtyô	legêtyô	legêtyô
Accusative	legêtê	legêtê	legês	legêtes	legêtes	legêtya

• Example: Finyês, ending, which ends.

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	finyês	finyês	finyês	finyêz	finyêz	finyêtya
Genitive	finyêz	finyêz	finyêz	finyêtyô	finyêtyô	finyêtyô
Accusative	finyêtê	finyêtê	finyês	finygêtes	finyêtya	finyêtes

Past participle

The past participle is an adjectival form, which usually means X-ed, similar to the English past participle. With transitive verbs it has a passive meaning.

It declines like a normal 1st class adjective, thus we will show only the masculine nominative singular form

I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
amate	monite	lewte	finyite

The forms of the past participle are mostly irregular in the third conjugation. Most irregular verbs have irregular participial forms:

• Caner, to sing → côte, sung
• Corer, to run → curse, run
• Fêger, to fake → fiwte, faked
• Scryiber, to write → scryiwte, written
• Venyir, to come → vête, come

Past participle are usually distinguished by the -te ending, which in some irregular verbs can become -se.

Future participle

The future participle is an adjectival form, which usually means which will X; it has no English counterparts. With transitive verbs it has an active meaning.

It is formed by dropping the masculine ending of the past participle, and adding the -ure endings:

• Venyir, to come → vête → vêt- + -ure → vêture, coming, which will come

It declines like a normal 1st class adjective, thus we will show only the masculine nominative singular form

I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
amature	moniture	lewture	finyiture

Passive forms

Novelatine has particular passive forms for its verbs, because, differently from most modern European language, but similar to Latin and Ancient Greek, in some tenses it has retained simple forms (the verb has one single form), instead of compound forms (as in English auxiliary verb + participle).

• Monyires: you are warned
• Crede co monyôter: I believe they are being warned

Simple form are used in the indicative present and imperfect tense, in subjunctive indicative present and imperfect tense, in the imperative mood and in the infinitive. The other tenses and moods are built like English, with the conjugated forms of the verb eser, to be + the past participle, or, for compound tenses, regularly with the conjugated forms of the verb aber, to have + the passive form of the infinitive.

• Monite fuyist: you were warned
• Tu as moniri: you will be warned

Infinitive

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri

Or instead it can be said, that the passive infinitive form is built by adding -i to the normal infinitive forms.

Indicative present tense

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amer	monyer	leger	finyer
II sing.	ameres	monyires	legires	finyires
III sing.	ameter	monyiter	legiter	finyiter
I plur.	amemer	monyimer	legimer	finyimer
II plur.	amemnyi	monyimnyi	legimnyi	finyimny
III plur.	amêter	monyêter	legôter	finyôter

Indicative imperfect tense

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amaver	monyiver	legyiver	finyiver
II sing.	amaveres	monyiveres	legyiveres	finyiveres
III sing.	amaveter	monyiveter	legyiveter	finyiveter
I plur.	amavemer	monyivemer	legyivemer	finyivemer
II plur.	amavemnyi	monyivemnyi	legyivemnyi	finyivemnyi
III plur.	amavêter	monyivêter	legyivêter	finyivêter

Indicative perfect tense

The passive indicative perfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the past participle, which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the perfect tense forms of the verb eser, to be:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyi
II sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyist
III sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyit
I plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyim
II plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyiz
III plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyerôt

Indicative plusquamperfect tense

The passive indicative plusquamperfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the past participle, which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the plusquamperfect tense forms of the verb eser, to be:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyerô
II sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyers
III sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyer
I plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyerem
II plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyerez
III plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyerêt

Indicative future tense

It is formed with the present forms of the verb aber and the infinite passive form of the main verb:

Person		I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	ao	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
II sing.	as	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
III sing.	a	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
I plur.	avyim	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
II plur.	avyiz	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
III plur.	ôt	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri

Examples:

• Syi documêtyi cras ôt videri: The documents will be seen tomorrow

Subjunctive present tense

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amêr	monyôr	legôr	finyôr
II sing.	amires	monyeres	legeres	finyeres
III sing.	amiter	monyeter	legeter	finyeter
I plur.	amimer	monyemer	legemer	finyemer
II plur.	amimnyi	monyemnyi	legemnyi	finyemnyi
III plur.	amêter	monyôter	legêter	finyêter

Subjunctive imperfect tense

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amarer	monerer	legerer	finyirer
II sing.	amareres	monereres	legereres	finyireres
III sing.	amareter	monereter	legereter	finyireter
I plur.	amaremer	moneremer	legeremer	finyiremer
II plur.	amaremnyi	moneremnyi	legerenyi	finyiremnyi
III plur.	amarêter	monerêter	legerêter	finyirêter

Subjunctive perfect tense

The passive subjunctive perfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the past participle, which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the subjunctive perfect tense forms of the verb eser, to be:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyerê
II sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyers
III sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyer
I plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyerim
II plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyeriz
III plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyerêt

Subjunctive plusquamperfect tense

The passive subjunctive plusquamperfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the past participle, which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the subjunctive plusquamperfect tense forms of the verb eser, to be:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyisê
II sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyisis
III sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyisi
I plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyisim
II plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyisiz
III plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyisêt

Subjunctive future tense

It is formed with the present subjunctive forms of the verb aber and the infinite passive form of the main verb:

Person		I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	abyô	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
II sing.	abyes	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
III sing.	abye	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
I plur.	abyem	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
II plur.	abyez	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
III plur.	abyôt	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri

Examples:

• Crede co syi documêtyi cras abyôt videri: I believe the documents will be seen tomorrow

Conditional present tense

It is formed with the perfect tense forms of the verb aber and the infinite passive form of the main verb:

Person		I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	avyi	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
II sing.	avyust	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
III sing.	avyut	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
I plur.	avyum	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
II plur.	avyuz	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
III plur.	avyerôt	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri

Examples:

• Syi documêtyi avyerôt videri: The documents would be seen

Conditional past tense

It is formed with the plusquamperfect tense forms of the verb aber and the infinite passive form of the main verb:

Person		I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	avyerô	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
II sing.	avyers	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
III sing.	avyer	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
I plur.	avyerem	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
II plur.	avyerez	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
III plur.	avyerêt	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri

Examples:

• Syi documêtyi avyerêt videri: The documents would have been seen

Verb eser (to be)

Indicative
Person	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pl.perfect
I sing.	sô	erô	fuyi	fuyerô
II sing.	es	ers	fuyist	fuyers
III sing.	e	er	fuyit	fuyer
I plur.	some	erem	fuyim	fuyerem
II plur.	ez	erez	fuyiz	fuyerez
III plur.	sôt	erôt	fuyerôt	fuyerêt

Subjunctive
Person	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pl.perfect
I sing.	sê	eserê	fuyerê	fuyisê
II sing.	ses	eseris	fuyers	fuyisis
III sing.	set	eseri	fuyer	fuyisi
I plur.	sem	eserim	fuyerim	fuyisim
II plur.	sez	eseriz	fuyeriz	fuyisiz
III plur.	sêt	eserêt	fuyerêt	fuyisêt

Other compound tenses and moods are formed according to the usual grammar rules.

Other irregular verbs

I conjugation

• dar: do, das, da, dam, daz, dôt
• star: sto, stas, sta, stam, staz, stôt

II conjugation

• aber: ao, as, a, avyim, avyiz, ôt, perf.: aviy, avyust...
• poser: posô, podes, pode, W:posom/E:posome, podez, posôt, imperf.: poderô, poders...; perf.: podiy, podyust..; subj. pres.: posê, poses, pose, posem, posez, posêt; subj. imperf.: poserê, posers...
• tener: tenye, tens, tê, tenyim, tenyiz, W: tenyêt/E: têt
• voler: volye, vows, vut, volyim, volyiz, volyôt

III conjugation

• facer: facye, W: facs/E: fac, W: fac/ E: fa, facim, faciz, facyôt
• noscer: nosce, noscis, nos, noscim, nosciz, noscôt