Draga
This page provides an overview of the draqa (or, "draga", pron. '/t◌̪ɚ. æ. ɦæ/' ) language, and some of its lexical items. Draga is my own personal conlang, and is in daily use by a speakership of one. It is intended to useable by human beings, but I wanted to break a few universals in the process. The phonology comes from analysis of my personal random "babbling". I also wanted to pursue ways of thinking mostly alien to my native language (English) and culture (American/Black), and create a better vehicle for expressing certain personal, perhaps "mystic" experiences in everyday speech. The "lofty" goals, however, are relatively recent. Originally, it was just something fun to do.
Introduction
draqa (draga) is a personal constructed language, "spoken" by an exile population who call their homeland Qhyra. Technically, "draqa" (with a 'q') refers to an ancient form of the language, and "draga" (with a 'g') to the modern language; however, the spelling "draqa" is often used for either. Even more ancient -.preceding draqa - is draga (pronounced /dra. ga/ and technically referred to as proto-draga), which evolved from dragat.
The history of the draga people is quite mysterious. Apparently, the civilization of Qhrya arose in the North American continent, contemporary with (but not related to) the Atlantean civilization of the second destruction (~13,500 B.C.) Within 1.000 years of that cataclysm, Qhrya was completely sacked, leaving fewer than 2,000 souls to wander for almost 200 years. Finding no respite, apparently the nation astrally projected themselves en masse into a parallel reality, where they have continued to thrive. The prophecies say that eventually the nation will reincarnate into this world in the 20th, 21st and 22nd centuries, at first scattered across the continents but eventually re-unified into a small nation again.
The draga are a dream-travelling people, whose primary mode of long-distance (as well as inter-dimensional and temporal) travel is astral-projection. Hence, culturally and linguistically, they are easily adapted to "primitive", "high-tech" and even "psychic" environments.
Phonetic Inventory
Consonants
labial | dental | alveolar | palatal | velar | post-velar | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plosives: | pʼ (p) | t_ | tʼtz ʈ | cʼ(c) | kʷ kʲ | q | ʔ | |
aspirates: | pʰ | tʰ | cʰ | qʰ | ||||
fricative: | f (ʰɸ) | (ð) | s | ʃ (ç) | (x) | ʜ ɦ | ||
liquids: | w | l | j | |||||
trills: | ʙ̥ | r̥ | ʀ̥ | |||||
nasals: | m | (n_) | (n) | ɲ | ||||
implosives: | ɓ (ʘʷ) | ǃ |
Vowels
i | ʊ | |||||||||||
ʷɔˑ | ||||||||||||
ə(ʌ) | ɚ | |||||||||||
æ |
Orthography / Phonological Considerations
Transliteration of the draga language uses 25 characters of the Roman alphabet: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, ñ, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, w, x, y, z - and both the single-quote ( ' ) and double-quote ( " ) symbols to represent the sounds. In addition, the acute accent is used to represent pitch-accenting: á í ú. Traditionally, draga is written in a native alphabetic script that is supplemented by many logographs which are used to represent the most frequently used particles and lexemes. For some unfathomable reason, there is also a rare transliteration scheme which utilizes the Coptic alphabet.
Consonants
p | [pʼ] or [p] | ph | [pʰ] | ||||
d | [t_] initially ; [d_] or [ð] medially ; [ð] after 'ñ': ñd [n_ð] | ||||||
t' | [tʼ] | t | [tʰ] | ty | [ʈ] | ||
c | [cʼ] or [c] | ch | [cʰ] | ||||
q | [q] | qh | [qʰ] | kw | [kʷ] | ky | [kʲ] |
f | [f], [ʰɸ] before 'w': fw [ʰɸw] | ||||||
s | [s] | j | [tʼz] or [tz] | x | [ʃ] | ||
m | [m] | ||||||
ñ | [ɲ], [n_] before 'd': ñd [n_ð] | ||||||
w | [w], [ʘʷ] (bilabial click) following initial syllabic 'm': mw [mʘʷ] | ||||||
l | [l] | ||||||
y | [j] | ||||||
h | [ʜ], [x] before 'l' or 'w', [ç] before 'y' | g | [ɦ] (voiced /h/) | ||||
b | [ɓ] (bilabial implosive) | ||||||
z | [ǃ] (alveolar implosive, i.e. click) | ||||||
p" | [ʙ̥] (voiceless bilabial trill) | ||||||
t" | [r̥] (voiceless alveolar trill) | ||||||
q" | [ʀ̥] (voiceless post-velar trill) | ||||||
' | [ʔ] ; or abbreviated spelling of certain prefixes: x'-, h'-, f'- |
Vowels
There are 12 vowels in the draga language:
ï, í, i /i/
á, a /æ/
ae /æeˑ/
e /əˑ/
ei /əiˑ/
ou /ʷɔˑ/
ú, o /ʊ/
r /ɚˑ/
Draga is a pitch-accented language:
i, a, e, o are intoned at median pitch. They are considered unaccented.
í, á, r are intoned at high pitch - typically 3-5 whole tones above the median.
ï is intoned at very high pitch - typically 5 - 8 whole tones above the median
ú is intoned with a high, falling pitch.
ae, ei are obviously dpthongs, but are treated as invididual vowels. They are both intoned at median pitch.
ou is always intoned with a slightly long, low pitch
Rhoticization.
Some vowels can be found rhoticized. The r here is intoned at median pitch:
ír, ir, ár, ar, aer, or
Special Cases:
ïr is intoned falling from very high pitch to median.
úor is intoned falling from high pitch to low pitch.
ra is intoned falling from high pitch to median.
Spelling Conventions
The following spellings are found interchangably in draga transliteration, ea and eu being the most commonly used:
io <-> iu <-> eu
ia <-> ea
Syllable and Word Structure
draga Syllables are formed as follows:
C1 = Any Consonsant, or †Cluster ; V = Any Vowel or Compound ; C2 = Any Final Consonant: ( f, m, w, p", s, c, x, ñ, q)
(C1) - (V) - (C2 |/ʔ/)
- V (/ʔ/).
- C2.
- C1 - V (/ʔ/).
- C1 - C2.
- C1 - V - C2.
†Allowable Consonant Clusters: pw, py, phw, phy, phl, tw, tl, jw, zw, z', qhw, qhl, xw, xl (sl), fw/hw, hl, hy, gw, gy, ml, lw, ly, bw, by
draga Words (Roots) are typically 2-4 syllables in length, and generally begin with any sound but g /ɦ/. The phone e /ə/ is thus far unattested formally as a final vowel, and the phone ' /ʔ/ never ends a word. Many Roots may also have more than one related form, which are pretty much interchangeable and are selected for by context, e.g. ftyeañ /f. ʈiæɲ/, might alternatively be pronounced 'ftyañ' /f. ʈæˑɲˑ/, or 'ftyaña' /f. ʈæ. ɲæ/. Orthographically, this phenomenon is very much up in the air: There is some debate around whether certain "standard" forms of words should be written at all times, or whether actual or intended pronunciation should be indicated.
Grammar Notes
Preface
draga has two types of morphemes, Particles and Roots. Roots are generally "content" words, and include what would be Nouns, Verbs and Adjectives in English, even Adverbs. None of those distinctions are made in the draga language, and theoretically, any applicable Particle can be used with any Root. So, to say lyíañc "Home + My (My home)", skyaác "Running + My (I run)", and phoiac "Joyful + My (I am happy)" - the same construction is used throughout. Of course, skyaác could also mean "My running" or "My run"; and phoiac could mean "My joy" depending on context.
This context is based on a relationship between a Predicate and its Argument(s), which are the roles available to Roots in the draga language. A Predicate may or may not be modified, or juxtaposed, with one or multiple Arguments - and the relationship of these Roots (or phrases) to each other may or may not be made more explicit by some Particle. This is the general role of Particles in the draga language: to modify the meaning of a Root, or to clarify the relationships among Roots or phrases.
However, there is a special type of Particle in draga which is always essential. This is the Speech Act Particle (SAP), which is always the beginning of a sentence. The SAP may contain evidential, or mood information - or it may indicate that a question is being asked, a command given, etc. Often, an SAP may be the whole of the sentence in and of itself.
Some basic SAPs that will be useful right away:
- ía Introduces a subjective personal 1st person (me, my) experience: ía phoia: "I am happy."
- fwoia Indicates that "I witness(ed) this personally": fwoia phoiada: "I see that s/he is happy."
- mú Is used to asked a 2nd person (you) question: mú phoia: "Are you happy?"
- eia Is used when telling stories, or relating information one has overheard at some point, but not having experience it personally: eia phoiada: "S/he was happy", "They say that s/he is happy."
- es Is used to express a negative sentence: es phoiada: "S/he is not happy
BTW, the punctuation mark ' : ' indicates the end of a draga sentence.
Definite Articles
There are two in draga, the weak and the strong definite articles. The weak article acts like "the", "some", "this", etc. in referring to a specific instance of what you're talking about:
- pha-lyíañ Home, the home, this home, my home, etc.
- pha-haña This / that / the human being
- pha-síaha The deer, etc.
- pha-laex The drinking water
- pha-skyaá Running, The run, this running, etc.
The weak (or Iconic) definite article creates a word referencing an iconic or essential form of the concept at hand. Examples of this kind of thing in English would be: "The MAN", "Big Government", "Justice", "The Law", "God", "They", etc. Fittingly, of course, none of those particular examples are concepts that actually exist in the draga language:
- xían-pa
- syú-pa
Pronominals
Personal Pronominal forms come in two flavors: Generic and Agency. The Generic form does not specify anything about the relationship between the pronominal (i.e. the "person") and the Predicate it is related to. The Agency form specifically indicates that the "person" has acted in some way with regard to the concept described by the Predicate. This agency is not necessarily volitional (intentional) or even animate.
Generic Root | Agency Root | Generic Particle | Agency Particle | Person |
phayac | phaxían | -(w)(e)c | -xían, -xi | 1st Person Exclusive |
phawix | phawaqs | -wix | -weaqs, -waqs | 1st Person Inclusive |
phameí | phamagyi | -mei | -magyi | 2nd Person |
phayañ | phalor | -ña | lor | *Referent (2nd or 3rd Person) |
phayañ | phadae | -da | -dae | 3rd Person Animate/ Abstract |
phakwoi | phakwoi | -kwoi | -kwoi | 3rd Person Inanimate |
phafeas | phafeas | -feas | -feas | 4th Person (Obviate) Animate/ Abstract |
phakwoiaf | phakwoiaf | -kwoiaf | -kwoiaf | 4th Person (Obviate) Inanimate |
- The Referent is the "person" under discussion, or the "main character", per se. In classic draga there was no specific Pronominal form for 2p direct address, and it's use is still relatively infrequent - primarily for clarity, emphasis or endearment. The Referent is a 3rd person form (animate, abstract or inanimate), whose reference can be "switched" to indicate a 2nd person, i.e. "S/he (which is you)." The referent switches include: mú, m and añmagyi.
Examples: (fbaí "surface, table", skyaá "running", phoia "joy", siha "green")
- fbaí-c "My table" (That I own, or is related to me in some way)
- fbaí-xïañ "My table" (That I act upon in some way)
- skyaá-wíx "Our running", "We run/ran¨ or even ¨We were run¨
- skyaá-waqs "Running that we do/did/are doing"
- phoia-da "His/her joy", "S/he is happy"
- siha-ña "It's green-ness", "It is green", "Her/your green (-ness) (-ing) (thing)", etc.
- siha-lor ¨The greening/greenness/etc. that s/he (or you) influence/act-upon¨, etc.
Locatives
The Locatives are Particles that indicate location, motion and direction. However, their broad usage allows for simple creation of useful sentences:
Unbound | Semi-bound | Fully Bound | ||
ie | -qor | at, in, on, to, toward, from | ||
yor- | -yir | toward | ||
fwor-, yor- | -tyíar | at, in, on | ||
hyañ- | -pyír | successfully to | ||
swor- | -síar | unsuccessfully toward | ||
jwor- | -tyoi, -chou | (originating) from | ||
-fir | in the general direction of | |||
-teyou | in a general direction away from |
Examples: (lyaña "home", kyïafa "understanding", phuia "joy")
- yor-lyíañ "Toward home", "Going home"
- kyïafa-síar "Try unsuccessfully to understand"
- phoia-tyoi "Originating from (a place of ) joy," e.g. within one'sself, etc.
Example Sentences:
- ía yor-lyíañ: "I am going home."
- mú hyañ-kyïafa: "Were you able to finally understand?"
- fwoia phoia-teyou-da: "I see that s/he is becoming less joyful."
Genitives
The Genitives are the Particles that clarify the relationship between Roots. The structure used is Predicate - Genitive - Argument - where the Predicate is a Root, of which further information about it is given by the Argument , which is also a Root. The meaning would translate to "The X (Predicate) OF Y (Argument)". The Genitive, then, clarifies what type of OF is being referred to:
xor-, x'- | Of (generic) |
cor- | Of (explicit) Agent ... |
háñ- | Associated with, Correlated with, Identified with |
em- | Portion, part of |
ho-, húa- | Attributed with, Filled with |
mes- | Composed of |
war- | Functioning as, In the role of |
tañ- | (Of) Benificiary |
táyañ- | (Of) Benefactor |
Examples: (skyaá "running", síaha "deer", qhowa "writing, book", sohui "student", fañta "wall", peuñ "stone", ñama "food, meal" )
- skyaá x'síaha - "Deer's running"
- síaha ho-skyaá - "Deer which is/are running"
- qhowa háñ-sohui - "Book for students, i.e. which is associated with students / studenthood"
- fañta mes-peuñ - "Wall made of stone"
- ñama tañ-ec - "Meal for me "
- ñama táyañ-magyi - "Meal that you (2p) prepared (for someone)"
- ñama tañec táyañmagyi - "Meal that you prepare for me"
You may have noticed, from the last three examples above - that when using the Pronominal forms combined with Genitives, the Root or the Particle form might be used, with or without Agency - depending on the Genitive:
Phrase-Final Root Forms
There are certain Roots which are used commonly in a nearly auxiliary function, and are often pushed to the end of a phrase. Whether their roles would or could be analyzed as Predicate or Argument is a source of debate. In any case, the phrase-final Root forms are used quite frequently and regularly.
Root | Phrase-final form | Meaning | Example |
kyíañ | kyae | want. need | |
haán | hae | something finished, done, completed | |
fwaí | fwae' | like | |
mïa | mae | let, allow, help, give | |
'seia | sae | no, not |
Conjunctions
Root Level
hya | And; And / Or (Inclusive 'Or') |
s.ña | Exclusive 'or'; Negative 'Or' ("nor") |
xwío | Together with (inclusive emphasis) |
xwoi | Along with (exclusive emphasis) |
Phrasals: h' (hei) and dañ
The phrasal Conjunctions h' and dañ are extremely important in creating lengthier and more complex sentences in draga. They are used to join one phrase to another.
h' has the meaning of "In addition, and also, etc.", and continues to add information to the idea expressed in the previous phrase:
dañ has the meaning of "With regards to, about, concerning, etc.":
Speech Act Particles
Any draqa sentence begins with a Speech Act Particle (SAP), often used in conjunction with a Qualifier. The SAPs fall into three types: Evidentials, Mood Indicators, and Speech Act Indicators. More than one SAP can also be used sometimes at the beginning of a sentence. A complete sentence often may consist of nothing but the Speech Act Particle:
Evidentials
huia | 1st Person Objective, i.e. "I experienced it (external perception)" |
fwuia | 1st Person Visual. i.e. "I witnessed it" |
awo | 1st Person Auditory, i.e. "It sounds to me like" |
ía | 1st Person Subjective, i.e. "I experienced it (internal perception)" |
skyea-tae | 1st Person Psionic i.e. "I know it from a dream, vision, intuition, etc." |
ámiña | ,i.e. "I heard from someone who said s/he experienced it" |
ámiñ-tae | ,i.e. "I heard from someone who said s/he witnessed it" |
(a') phx-a | ,i.e. "I heard from someone unreliable who said s/he experienced it" |
phx.a-tae | ,i.e. "I heard from someone unreliable who said s/he witnessed it" |
Mood Indicators
mpaha | Opiniative (Probable) Mood |
sempa | Opiniative (Negative Probability) Mood |
xweña | Expectant Mood |
qhwui-a | 1st Person Imperative Mood |
fo | Irrealis Mood |
(a)skyea | Dreaming (Psionic) Mood |
Speech Act Indicators
eia | Narrative Speech Act |
a | Subjective (Non-Realis) Speech Act |
xe'a | Interrogative Speech Act |
mú | 2nd Person Interrogative Speech Act |
sei, es | Negative Statement or Negative Imperative Speech Act |
Qualifiers
ido- | Indicates the Evidential source |
añ- | Topicalizing Particle |
m, -magyi | Indicates a 2nd Person Referent |
Phrase Level Conjunctions
dañ | "About, Regarding, With respect to, Concerning..." |
ou | "And correspondingly / correlatedly / provoking..." |
pái | "Intentionally provoking..." |
la.qs.a | "Unintentionally provoking..." |
z'ou | "And of increasing correlation... " |
dasi | "In response to...", "Motivated by... " |
dada | "Intending (that)...", "In order to..." |
he'ae | "And surprisingly..." |
chúmae | "And unsurprisingly..." |
kwmaskwa, msqa | "And then / simultaneously / simulfactively..." |
m.yamwa | "Otherwise... " |
saáñ | "Rather / Instead / But not... " |
ñáwa | "However..." |
ñúwi | "Although / Despite..." |
m.miema | "Except... " |
haf | "In comparison to... " |
Other Useful Particles
Negative
sei, sei- | Negative Article |
Active Particles
Demonstrative
síaf- | -seaf | Reflexive |
- | -tyigi | Reciprocal |
fr- | -fir | Immediate |
qhwo- | -kwo | Proximal |
yelo- | Peri-Proximal | |
báwo- | Distal | |
t'ou- | -tou | Absent |
Examples: (aqa "person", phuia "joy")
- aqa-seaf "The person her/himself"
- phuia-seaf "Self-joy, enjoy one's self"
- aqa-tyigi "Those reciprocating each other"
- phuia-tyigi "Enjoy each other, Give each other joy"
- fr-aqa "This person here, me"
- phuia-fir "This (immediate) joy"
- t'ou-aqa "Person who is not here"
- phuia-tou "Joy which is (perhaps figuratively) absent"
Compound Locatives
This set of locatives express relative position rather direction. They are combined forms of 2 parts:
Heads: fwía- "Above", jeuq- "Below", daea- "Level with", qhow- "In front of", qhaw- "Behind", duia- "Next to"
Codas: -da- "Located", -ha- "Touching, Connected or Attached", -sui- "Not touching or attached, disconnected, separate from"
The combined forms appear as prefixes:
fwíada- | jeuqda- | daeada- | qhowda- | qhawda- | duiada- |
fwíaha- | jeuqha- | daeaha- | qhowha- | qhawha- | duiaha- |
fwíasui- | jeuqsui- | daeasui- | qhowsui- | qhawsui- | duiasui- |
Examples: (fbaí "surface, table")
- fwíada-fbaí - "(Somewhere) above the top the table"
- fwíaha-fbaí - "On top of the table"
- fwíasui-fbaí - "Above the table (not touching it)"
Classification:
aqa- | person: human, animal, spirit, etc. | xigi- | round object |
phoso- | plant | hyoci- | open sided structure |
dowa- | location, situation | quiyo- | box-shaped object |
hayou- | action, process, occurrence, state | kwú- | type, class; ethnic group |
hío- | Tool | sakyií- | flying thing |
sbor- | spatial area; integral portion, body part | o'ya- | container, ceramic, dish |
tfuio- (tfoyo-) | flat discrete object | phesqa- | textile, clothing |
xwao- | mass object | tasi- | machine |
peda- | long, narrow object |
Numbers
The draga number system is base-6. During the material height of the draga civilization, a base-30 system was devised and used for hundreds of years alongside the original base-6, and some vestiges can still be found, especially in the writing system and the calendar.
base-6 | base-10 | base-6 | base-10 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ifa | 01 * pinky | 1 | íwa ñaxwae | 24 | 16 |
aña | 02 * add ring | 2 | amwa ñaxwae | 25 | 17 |
dows | 03 * add middle | 3 | doxwae | 30 | 18 |
íwa | 04 * add pointer | 4 | íxwae | 40 | 24 |
amwa | 05 * add thumb | 5 | maxwae | 50 | 30 |
ihoa | 10 * close fist | 6 | walo | 1,00 | 36 |
hyawo | 11 | 7 | ifa walo | 1,01 | 37 |
fawo | 12 | 8 | ihoa walo | 1,10 | 42 |
bií | 13 | 9 | walo aña | 2,00 | 72 |
qhowei | 14 | 10 | walo dows | 3,00 | 108 |
amwae | 15 | 11 | walo íwa | 4,00 | 144 |
ñaxwae | 20 | 12 | walo amwa | 5,00 | 180 |
ifa ñaxwae | 21 | 13 | walo ihoa | 10,00 | 216 |
aña ñaxwae | 22 | 14 | wegwalo | 1,00,00 | 1,296 |
dows ñaxwae | 23 | 15 | ' |
Ordinals:
Special Roots
There are many Roots in draga whose meanings are often grammaticized in other languages. These include Roots that are Pronomial, Aspectual, that indicate Number, Intensity, Frequency, Consistency and even words with meanings like 1p acting on 2p ("I do to you"), 3p acting on 1p ("S/he does to me"), etc.
Kinship / Relationship
More commonly than Pronominal Roots, especially when talking in the Second person, it is preferable and considered much more sociable to use kinship or other personal-relationship terms:
pea, paí | Mother, Mama |
paya | Mother, Mother's sibling |
fi-pea, fipaí | Mother's younger sibling |
pea-ñou, paí-ño | Mother's older sibling |
fía-fi-paí | Mother's youngest sibling |
fía-paí-ño | Mother's oldest sibling |
mae | Grandma |
maya | Grandmother, Grandmother's sibling |
fi-mae | Grandmother's younger sibling |
mae-ño | Grandmother's older sibling |
fía-fimae | Grandmother's youngest sibling |
fía-mae-ñou | Grandmother's oldest sibling |
wica | Younger sibling |
wiwica | Youngest sibling |
píwi | Older sibling |
pipíwi | Oldest sibling |
tíowa | Cousin |
fitíowa | Younger cousin |
tíowa-ñou | Older cousin |
twí | Offspring, Sibling's offspring |
------------ | |
figwi | Primary partner |
pwouxi | "Soul" friend or partner |
swae | Lover, Sexual friend or partner |
xaf | Survival, domestic friend or partner |
sehwiñ | Mother's partner |
sepaxi | Mother's romantic / sexual partner at the time of pregnancy |
se'alo | Mother's friend |
------------ | |
hiñda | Acquaintance |
hiña | Friendly Acquaintance |
hui | Friend |
haxa | Very close friend |
Temporary immediate friend | |
fago | Stranger |
xamtií | Suitor, Person of mutual interest |
twiís | Classmate, Fellow, Group member |
q"aña | Friendly client or customer |
q"om | Regular client or customer |
t'aám | Business partner; Co-worker |
chakyi | Rival |
jáo | Adversary |
Interpersonal Action
xweiam, xwemi | 1p Excl. → 2p | "I do it to you", "What I did to you" |
xweiar, xir | 1p Excl. → 3p | "I do it to her/him", "What I did to her/him" |
xweiaf | 1p Excl. → 4p | "I do it to the other one", "What I did to the other one" |
------------ | ||
phweiañ | 1p Incl. → 3p | "We do it to her/him", "What we did to them" |
phweiaf | 1p Incl. → 4p | "You do it to the other one", "What we did to the other one" |
------------ | ||
mweiax, mwexi | 2p → 1p | "You do it to me/us", "What you did to me/us" |
mweiar, mir | 2p → 3p | "You do it to her/him", "What you did to her/him" |
mweiaf | 1p → 4p | "You do it to the other one", "What you did to the other one" |
------------ | ||
lweiax, lwix | 3p → 1p | "S/he does it to me/us", "What s/he did to me/us" |
lweiañ, lwim | 3p → 2p | "S/he does it to you", "What s/he did to you" |
lweiaf | 1p → 3p | "S/he does it to the other one", "What s/he did to the other one" |
------------ | ||
feiax | 4p → 1p | "The other one does it to me/us", "What the other one did to me/us" |
feiam | 4p → 2p | "The other one does it to you", "What the other one did to you" |
feiar | 4p → 3p | "The other one does it to her/him", "What the other one did to her/him" |
Aspectual
yom | Progressive | "Right now", "Doing it right now" |
hae | Perfective | "[Something that] Has/had/will have been done or completed" |
seu | Discontinuous | "Used to do / was doing, but no longer" |
pyío | Continuous | "Still doing, Keep on doing" |
kyila | Habitual | "Done regularly", "Habit" |
------------ | ||
kwiha | "Not yet", "Something not yet happened", before | |
kyaha | "Already", "Something already completed", after | |
yom-kwiha | "About to begin" | |
kwiha-yom | "Just starting" | |
yom-kyaha | "Finishing up" | |
kyaha-yom | "Just finished" | |
------------ | ||
sya'a | "A short time" | |
íoyo | "A long time" | |
trwa | "Ending abruptly, suddenly" | |
wíwa | "Ending gradually" | |
sya'atr | "Short and suddenly ending" | |
sya'awíw | "Short and gradually ending" | |
íotr | "Lengthy and suddenly endling" | |
íowiw | "Lengthy and gradually ending" |
Others
Intensity
úalo , úgalo, lawor | Extreme intensity, "Very, very" |
skwui | High intensity,"Very" |
skwaer | Moderate intensity, "Moderately" |
skwala | Mild intensity, "Mildly" |
skwemya | Low intensity, "Very slightly" |
fewa / kyeu | Overly-intense, Too (much) |
sasa | Under-intense, Too little |
phweilo | Good, "right" intensity or level |
áwei(kya) | More, More intense |
weiwa(kya), wiwi | Less, Less intense |
ajíawa | Of varying/ modulating/ oscillating intensity |
Number
fía-fikwo | All, every, each |
fikwo | Most |
fíañ | Many |
kyíeca | Some |
tío | A few |
síama | Very few |
síama-fiq | None |
fewei | Too many |
míewei | Too few |
phweawei | Good or "right" number |
ajíawei | Of varying/ modulating/ oscillating degrees of number |
áwei | More |
wiwi | Fewer, Less |
zewetya | Usual, Quite Often |
sbaelo | Half the time, Somewhat often or common |
sfíoña, safíoñ | Infrequent, Unlikely |
sfeudiñ | Rare, Highly unusual / unlikely |
Constistency
wáowo | Extremely consistent |
íwo | Highly consistent |
pomwo | Moderately consistent |
eswo | Mildly inconsistent |
p"ckya | Highly inconsistent |
fewo | Overly-consistent |
síawo | Under-consistent |
áweiwo | More consistent |
weiwo | Less consistent |
phwíawo | Good, or "right" consistency, About the same consistency as |
ajíawo | Of varying/ modulating/ oscillating consistency |
Useful Expressions
a píawañ ciñ: | Hello, Goodbye |
a cawa: | Thank you, Your welcome, Please, It's okay |
mú wañ: | How are you? What's up with ya? |
ía phuia: | I'm happy |
ía phíw: | I'm not doing so well |
ía xapo: | All's well, I'm chillin' |
fo mae: | Excuse me, May I?, Help! |
a jwae: | Yes |
a seiañ: | No |
ía meqeña: | I'm hungry |
mú meqeña: | Are you hungry? |
mú fwae: | Do you like it? Would you recommend it? |
ía fwae: | I like it |
a hleu: | How nice! Beautiful! |
qhwúi! a jwae: | Let's do it! |
kyeafasae: | I don't know |
íasefwae: | I don't like it |
ía ñamaxa-meu: | I very much enjoy the meal |
fei-acawa:, acawafei: | Thank You Universe! (Almost like "Thanks be to God" or "Thank (you) God") |
xe'a wañ mieqs dañ... | Where can I find ... |
xe'a wañ t'aí dañ... | Which way to ... |
xe'a wañ dañ fou: | What's up with the cannabis - (could you pass it please?) |
añ dañ phíacaxou-papeloxui ("The Tower of Babel") | .mp3
a phawui pei -
eia fe'alatew dañ pígwokyeax ho-feañsieñ dirxeñamesis:
eia cada x'kyíeñewapa, hei hyañ-doasbaí húahamorxiñdarxui, hei yíamphalyaña-mei:
eia pígwotyigi, báwa - "qhwui! a xígwo, hei heuxaeq dañ phawui,
hei píoñ war quiokwae, hei lofoña war cwae":
eia pígwotyigi, báwa - "qhwui! a pehwo, hei xígwo dañ phíacalyañ xwui phaphíaca húa-úaloxou":
h'báwa - "yíamhíesda-skwaer dañ xeñaweiaqs: h'xweña, fo phawuisieñ ou yamargya-daqtew yíamxqaweipaweiaqs":
eia fwíatyui YaHWaHoxui, dada yíamkyeafalor dañ xígwo-phahaña, hei phíacalyañ xwui phíaca-xou:
eia pígwo YaHWaHoxui, báwa - "qoei! a-wui dañ haña":
h'báwa - "añfe'alatew fwuia dañ phakyíeñewa: añfe'alatew fwuia dañ hyiírxñ:
fwuia añpehwo hokwihayom, ou phyáoqo sei jiwa dañ híewajorga-mei":
báwa - "fo jeuqyir-xeañ, hei phapígwomei xqemi x'phayac, dada kyíafasieñtyigi hañpígwo-mei":
eia wui YaHWaHoxui, pái fíaxqaweipa-fñmei yamargya-daqtew,
he'eia sehae x'phíacalyañ hopapoloxui-dirxeña, dasi ie yr-mieqspa xqemi-YaHWaHoxui dirpígwo,
ou mieqspachou yíámfíaxqaweipa-hañapa, hei yarmargya-daqtew:
Sentence Patterns
So... for years I've tried to describe draga sentence structure in "technical" or "scientific"-type terminology, but it has been so unintuitive with regards to how the language is actually used to translate thoughts into sounds. Very little gets done this way. draga really does have quite a simple structure, probably better illustrated in terms of its regular sentence patterns:
ía ... / mú ...
This is a very basic, common and useful sentence pattern. Learn a few vocabulary words and you can begin very rudimentary draga conversation. The Speech Act Particle (SAP) ía means I experience(d) it internally or subjectively. The SAP mú is used to ask a question where you (2nd person) are the subject. Thus:
- ía sofa: I am content.
- mú phuia: Are you happy?
- mú fwae: Do you like it?
- mú yrlyaña: Are you (going) toward home?
- ía lyañadae: I am at home.
- mú skyá: Are you running? Do you run?
- ía haña: I am (a) human/person -or- I experience (that it was) a person/human. So, for further clarification:
- ía wui haña: / ía haña wui: I experience that there/it was a person. (wui means Manifestation, instantiation)
- ía haña-tui: I experience (some) people/person.
- ía phahaña-tui: I (viscerally) experience a/the person. The strong definite article is needed here, because a specific person is being referred to.
- ía yíam-haña: I [experience(d)] becoming-a-human. i.e. I am human. But this more likely means "I am becoming a human":
- ía yíamhaña hae: I becoming-a-human have-done-it(perfective). Which fully clarifies "I am (a) human" . Despite this clarification, the ambiguous original (ía haña) is the most likely off the cuff usage.
The affixes -tui (strong visceral experience) and yíama- (becoming, arriving at a state) are listed above under Root Morphology. The word hae belongs to a class of words that are phrase-final forms of specific roots. These forms always appear only at the end of a phrase, and cannot be modified by prefix or suffix. hae is the phrase final form of haáñ which means "Something that has (already) been done or completed":
- mú haáñ: / mú hae: Have you done it (yet)? Are you done?
A couple other useful phrase finals include kyae (kyeañ) Need or want, and sae (sei) No, not
- mú sofa kyae: Do / don't you need contentment?
- ía sae: Not me. It wasn't me. It's not mine. etc.
- ía sei kyeañ: / ía kyeañ sae: I don't want/need it.
A common shortened form of ía sei... is íase:
- íase yrlyaña kyae: I don't want to go home.
mú wañ ... ( dañ ... )
The word wañ is the interrogative pronominal root. It means Who? What? Which? etc.. It is used in conjunction with the interrogative SAP's mú and xe'a :
- mú wañ: What's up with you? How are you? What are you doing? Etc. A short colloquialism for this common sentence is múañ:
- mú lyaña wan: / mú wañ lyaña: Which home is yours?
- mú míeqs wañ: / mú wañ míeqs: Where are you? (míeqs means Place, location)
- mú fwae wañ: / mú wañ fwae: What do you like?
- mú haña wañ yrlyaña / mú wañ haña yrlyaña: What person/people are at your home.
The word dañ is a Conjunctive particle meaning About, Concerning, With regards to, etc.. It is the most commonly used and productive conjunctive particle in draga usage:
- mú wañ dañ tyouñ: What are you thinking? (tyoun means Immediate, conscious thoughts)
- mú míeqs wañ dañ kwou: Where are you going? (kwou means Movement in a direction)
fwuia ...
This is another very important basic sentence pattern. The word fwuia indicates that I (1st Person) personally witness this with my own eyes. It specifically refers to direct visual evidence without inference:
- fwuia: I see. I witness it. etc.
- fwuia hae: I saw what happened.
- fwuia jwae: I see that it is indeed the case. The word jwae is the phrase-final form of jweia "Yes, Affirmative"
- fwuia siha x'phyala: (I see) the grass is green, i.e. siha Green, x'phyala Of grass
- fwuia skyá x'seahañ: (I see) the deer run, i.e. skyá Running, x'seahañ Of deer
- fwuia lyañyir x'haña: (I see) a person going home,i.e. lyañayir (Going) toward home, x'haña Of (a) person
- fwuia lyañyir x'phayañ: (I see) her/him going home.
The word phayañ illustrates how pronominal roots are formed, from the definite article + genitive suffix. The list being: phaxeañ / phayac, phaweiaqs, phamui / phayañ, phamagyi, phalor, phakwui, phafeas, phakwuifes. These have already been listed above in Root Morphology.
a ... dañ ...
The SAP a indicates an indeterminate truth or evidence value of the information that follows. The following pattern can be used with most any SAP. What is important here is the role of dañ, which as mentioned above is the most productive conjunctive particle in draga, and means About, concerning, with regards to, etc.
- ía phui dañ kyíafa: I am happy to understand. (phui is a variation of phuia Joy, kyíafa means Recognize, realise, understand, "know", etc.)
- a phuiamei dañ kyíafa: S/he is happy to understand.
- a phuiamei dañ kyíafaxeañ: S/he is happy that I understand.
- a píomei dañ tyouñ: He talks (pío) about what he is thinking.
- a phaxeañ píomei dañ tyouñ: He talks (to) me about what he is thinking.
- a kyíomei lagyi: = a kyíomei dañ lagyi: S/he gives (someone) a ring:
- a kyíomei lagyi tañxeañ: He gives (kyío) me (the beneficiary) a/the ring (lagyi).
- a kyíomei tañxeañ dañ lagyi: His gift to me was a ring, or The ring was his gift to me.
- a kyíomei lagyi tañxeañ dañ haxa: He gives me a ring, (with regards to) love (haxa Deep Affection, or Romantic love).
- íase fwae dañ lyeaq: I don't like that smell (lyeaq).
a... h' ...
The word hei is often pronounced /ʜə/, and usually spelled h' . It is a conjunctive particle that can often be translated as "and (also), in addition" - it indicates a concatenation or continuation of the preceding idea, or a compounding of the information:
The word hei takes variant forms when used as continuance of certain SAPs:
fo ... ( a ... )
The SAP fo indicates that the following statement is hypothetical. It begins if/then statements, but also commands and wishes:
xe'a wañ ... ( dañ ... )
xe'a ... ( dao ... )
a... ou ...
a ...
Brief Examples Using Other SAPs
- huia
- awo skyá x'seahañ lalyañ-deqtou: I hear deer running through the forest.
- skyea kwou-weiaqs: I dreamt that we were going (someplace).
- skyea-tae teia x'pía dañ paá: I know from my dream, that my mother will find it.
- ámiña
- ámiñ-tae
- px.a
- px.a-tae
- mpaha jwae: I think so (too).
- sempa
- xweña hae: I expect that it will be done. (There is no future tense, but xweña will often express a similar idea)
- qhwui! a ñayo: Let's eat!