Proto-Austronesian Hebrew/Morphology
Nouns
Like everything in PAH, nouns are generally derived from tri-consonantal roots. There are some one-letter-root words. They are all masculine.
- グ/gu - noise
- ヅ/du - this
- ス/su - who
- プ/pu - mouth
- ス゚/cu - ship
- ク゚/ŋu - mouse-deer
In the singular-construct state, they are monoptotic and the vowel changes to -ey.
Masculine
| case | Singular | Dual | Plural | case |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct | -u | -āmi | -ūma | D |
| Genitive | -i | -aymi | -īma | O |
| Indirect | -a |
| case | Singular | Dual | Plural | case |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct | -Ø | -ām | -ūm | D |
| Genitive | -aym | -īm | O | |
| Indirect |
Feminine
| case | Singular | Dual | Plural | case |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct | -atu | -atōmi | -ōtu | D |
| Genitive | -ati | -ataymi | -ōti | O |
| Indirect | -ata |
| case | Singular | Dual | Plural | case |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct | -at | -atōm | -ōt | D |
| Genitive | -ataym | O | ||
| Indirect |
Pronouns
Personal - Independent
Personal pronouns are often omitted, except in verbless clauses. There are two forms: one can exist independently and the other is a suffix attached to the construct/pronominal-state noun.
| case | Common | # |
|---|---|---|
| D | アク 'aku |
sing. |
| O | ||
| D | アニ 'ani |
dual |
| O | ||
| D | アニ̅ヌ̅ 'anīnū |
pl. |
| O | アニ̅ニ̅ 'anīnī |
| case | Masc. | Fem. | # |
|---|---|---|---|
| D | ア̅ッタ̅ 'āttā |
ア̅ッチ 'ātti |
sing |
| O | |||
| D | アッツマ̅ 'attumā |
dual | |
| O | アッツマィ 'attumay | ||
| D | アッツム̅ 'attumū |
アッチッナ̅ 'attinnā |
plural |
| O | アッツミ̅ 'attumī | ||
| case | Masc. | Fem. | # |
|---|---|---|---|
| D | フワ huwa |
ヒヤ hiya |
sing. |
| O | フワチ huwati |
ヒヤチ hiyati | |
| D | フマ̅ humā |
dual | |
| O | フマィ humay | ||
| D | フム̅ humū |
ヒッナ̅ hinnā |
plural |
| O | フミ̅ humī | ||
Personal - Suffix
| Sing. | Dual | Pl. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1c | -ī -ya -nī |
-nayā | -nū |
| 2m | -ka | -kumā | -kum |
| 2f | -ki | -kun | |
| 3m | -ō | -humā | -hum |
| 3f | -ah | -hin |
The customary noun in Hebrew grammars to show the enclitic personal pronouns is סוּס/sūs, which means 'horse'. Horses were unknown in Southeast Asai in the first millenium B.C., and so that meaning of the word became mythical. The ordinary meaning of スス, however was 'canoe', the meaning we will use here.
| kana | roman. | gloss |
|---|---|---|
| スシ̅ スㇲヤ スㇲニ̅ |
susī susya susnī |
my canoe of my canoe my canoe |
| スㇲカ | suska | your (m) canoe |
| スㇲキ | suski | your (f) canoe |
| スソ̅ | susō | his canoe |
| スサㇷ | susah | her canoe |
| スㇲナヤ̅ | susnayā | our² canoe |
| スㇲクマ̅ | suskumā | y'all's² canoe |
| スㇲフマ̅ | sushumā | their² canoe |
| スㇲヌ̅ | susnū | our canoe |
| スㇲクㇺ | suskum | y'all's (m) canoe |
| スㇲクㇴ | suskun | y'all's (f) canoe |
| スㇲフㇺ | sushum | their (m) canoe |
| スㇲヒㇴ | sushin | their (f) canoe |
Relative
The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Akkadian/Ugaritic pronoun *ðu-. The progress of the consonant seems to have been *ð > *z > *s. For single-word relative clauses, the relative pronoun acts as a proclitic particle. Otherwise, it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect).
| case | Masc. | Fem. | # |
|---|---|---|---|
| D | ス su |
サ̅ツ sātu |
sing. |
| G | シ si |
サ̅チ sāti | |
| I | サ sa |
サ̅タ sāta | |
| D | ス̅ツ̅ sūtū |
dual / plural | |
| O | ス̅チ̅ sūtī | ||
Demonstrative
Near
| case | Masc. | Fem. | # |
|---|---|---|---|
| D | ヅ du |
ド̅ツ dōtu |
sing. |
| G | ヂ di |
ド̅チ dōti | |
| I | ダ da |
ド̅タ dōta | |
| D | イル̅゜ 'illū |
dual / plural | |
| O | イリ̅゜ 'illī | ||
Far
The 3rd person personal pronoun is used as if it were a far-deitic pronoun/adjective.
Interrogative and Indefinite
Unlike all the other pronouns, these inflect for personal vs. impersonal, not gender. Note, the dual and plural forms are sometimes used for emphasis against a single referent.
Interrogative
| case | Who? | What(ever)? | # |
|---|---|---|---|
| D | ミ̅ユ mīyu |
マ̅ mā |
sing. |
| G | ミ̅マ mīya | ||
| I | ミ̅乂 mīyi | ||
| D | ミ̅ヨ̅ミ mīyōmi |
マ̅マ̅ māmā |
dual |
| O | ミ̅マィミ mīyaymi |
マ̅マィ māmay | |
| D | ミ̅ユ̅マ mīyūma |
マ̅ム̅ māmū |
plural |
| O | ミ̅乂̅マ mīyīma |
マ̅ミ̅ māmī |
Indefinite
These forms often take enclitic pronouns. Again, there are personal and impersonal forms, not genders.
| case | personal | impersonal | # |
|---|---|---|---|
| D | マッヌ mannu |
ミ̅ヌ mīnu |
sing. |
| G | マッナ manna |
ミ̅ナ mīna | |
| I | マッニ manni |
ミ̅ニ mīni | |
| D | マッヌマ̅ mannumā |
ミ̅ヌマ̅ mīnumā |
dual |
| O | マッヌマィ mannumay |
ミ̅ヌマィ mīnumay | |
| D | マッヌム̅ mannumū |
ミ̅ヌム̅ mīnumū |
plural |
| O | マッヌミ̅ mannumī |
ミ̅ヌミ̅ mīnumī |
The dual and plural of mannu can be used impersonally. The construct forms are man- and mīn- in the singular and mannum- and mīnum- in the dual/plural.
Adverbs
These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun.
- -(a)h
- This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'. It can be used locally or temporally. Note, this can be identical to the 3rd person feminine singular possessive suffix. 'ahdh = together
- -(a)m
- This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix.
- -yda
- Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers. e.g. tinayda = twice
Independent adverbs include
- tm
- there
- hlm/hlny/hnny
- here
- `nt/`tn/ht
- now
- 'apnk/'idk
- then, thereupon
- 'axr
- afterwards, after
- 'al
- surely with imperfect, not with jussives
- kn
- thus
- mid
- very much
- 'ayka(m)
- how?
- 'iyyi/'i
- where?
- 'an
- where?
- lima
- why? for what
- md`
- why?
- lō
- not
- bal
- no, without
- halū/halā/hlk/hln
- behold, is it not
- hinnī?
- behold, there
- la/lū
- O, vocative marker
- yā + word + m
- vocative marker
- ying
- there is/are
- ayin
- there is/are not
Particles
- he
- question particle
- wi
- common conjunction
- pē
- clause conjunction
- ap
- also
- 'ō
- or, adversative
- hlm
- when, as soon as
- hm
- if, or
- koy
- since, because, if, when, which
- da
- until
Prepositions
- bi
- with, in, from, to
- le
- to, on, from
- ki
- as, like
- 'atr
- after
- beyna
- between
- bāda
- behind
- taqetay
- under
Verbs
- See the main page on verbs for a more complete listing.
