Proto-Austronesian Hebrew/Morphology

Nouns

Like everything in PAH, nouns are generally derived from tri-consonantal roots. There are some one-letter-root words. They are all masculine.

• グ/gu - noise
• ス/su - this
• プ/pu - mouth
• ス゚/͏cu - ship
• ク゚/͏ŋu - who

In the singular-construct state, they are monoptotic and the vowel changes to -ey.

PH segolates follow the form CvCCu in the absolute and CvCvC in the construct, in PAH.

Masculine

Absolute State

case	Singular	Dual	Plural	case
Direct	-u	-āmi	-ūma	D
Genitive	-i	-aymi	-īma	O
Indirect	-a

Construct State

case	Singular	Dual	Plural	case
Direct	-Ø	-ām	-ūm	D
Genitive		-aym	-īm	O
Indirect

Feminine

Absolute State

case	Singular	Dual	Plural	case
Direct	-atu	-atōmi	-ōtu	D
Genitive	-ati	-ataymi	-ōti	O
Indirect	-ata

Construct State

case	Singular	Dual	Plural	case
Direct	-at	-atōm	-ōt	D
Genitive		-ataym		O
Indirect

Pronouns

Personal - Independent

Personal pronouns are often omitted, except in verbless clauses. There are two forms: one can exist independently and the other is a suffix attached to the construct/pronominal-state noun.

First person

case	Common	#
D	アク 'aku	sing.
O
D	アニ 'ani	dual
O
D	アニ̅ヌ̅ 'anīnū	pl.
O	アニ̅ニ̅ 'anīnī

Second person

case	Masc.	Fem.	#
D	ア̅ッタ̅ 'āttā	ア̅ッチ 'ātti	sing
O
D	アッツマ̅ 'attumā		dual
O	アッツマィ 'attumay
D	アッツム̅ 'attumū	アッチッナ̅ 'attinnā	plural
O	アッツミ̅ 'attumī

Third person

case	Masc.	Fem.	#
D	フワ huwa	ヒヤ hiya	sing.
O	フワチ huwati	ヒヤチ hiyati
D	フマ̅ humā		dual
O	フマィ humay
D	フム̅ humū	ヒッナ̅ hinnā	plural
O	フミ̅ humī

Personal - Suffix

	Sing.	Dual	Pl.
1c	-ī -nī	-nayā	-nū
2m	-kā	-kumā	-kem
2f	-ki		-kin
3m	-ō	-humā	-hem
3f	-hā		-hin

The customary noun in Hebrew grammars to show the enclitic personal pronouns is סוּס/sūs, which means 'horse'. Horses were unknown in Southeast Asai in the first millenium B.C., and so that meaning of the word became mythical. The ordinary meaning of スス, however was 'canoe', the meaning we will use here.

kana	roman.	gloss
スシ̅ スㇲニ̅	susī susnī	my canoe of my canoe
スㇲカ	suska	your (m) canoe
スㇲキ	suski	your (f) canoe
スソ̅	susō	his canoe
スㇲハ̅	sushā	her canoe
スㇲナヤ̅	susnayā	our² canoe
スㇲクマ̅	suskumā	y'all's² canoe
スㇲフマ̅	sushumā	their² canoe
スㇲヌ̅	susnū	our canoe
スㇲケㇺ	suskem	y'all's (m) canoe
スㇲキㇴ	suskin	y'all's (f) canoe
スㇲヘㇺ	sushem	their (m) canoe
スㇲヒㇴ	sushin	their (f) canoe

Relative

The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Aramaic pronoun *šu-. The relative pronoun can act as a proclitic particle or it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect).

case	Masc.	Fem.	#
D	ク゚͏ ŋu	カ゚̅ツ͏ ŋātu	sing.
G	キ゚͏ ŋi	カ゚̅チ ŋāti
I	カ゚͏ ŋa	カ゚̅タ ŋāta
D	ク゚̅ツ̅ ŋūtū		dual / plural
O	ク゚̅チ̅ ŋūtī

Demonstrative

Near

case	Masc.	Fem.	#
D	ス su	ソ̅ツ sōtu	sing.
G	シ si	ソ̅チ sōti
I	サ sa	ソ̅タ sōta
D	イッル゚̅ 'illū		dual / plural
O	イッリ゚̅ 'illī

Far

The 3rd person personal pronoun is used as if it were a far-deitic pronoun/adjective. It is also used in verbless clauses, like all pronouns. More confusingly, huwa/hiya also functions like a relative pronoun, or better yet as "that is". "the one", "the very one", or "that one".

Interrogative and Indefinite

Unlike all the other pronouns, these inflect for personal vs. impersonal, not gender. Note, the dual and plural forms are sometimes used for emphasis against a single referent.

Interrogative

case	Who?	What(ever)?	#
D	ミ̅ユ mīyu	マ̅ mā	sing.
G	ミ̅マ mīya
I	ミ̅乂 mīyi
D	ミ̅ヨ̅ミ mīyōmi	マ̅マ̅ māmā	dual
O	ミ̅マィミ mīyaymi	マ̅マィ māmay
D	ミ̅ユ̅マ mīyūma	マ̅ム̅ māmū	plural
O	ミ̅乂̅マ mīyīma	マ̅ミ̅ māmī

Indefinite

These forms often take enclitic pronouns. Again, there are personal and impersonal forms, not genders.

"Which(ever)"

case	personal	impersonal	#
D	マッヌ mannu	ミ̅ヌ mīnu	sing.
G	マッナ manna	ミ̅ナ mīna
I	マッニ manni	ミ̅ニ mīni
D	マッヌマ̅ mannumā	ミ̅ヌマ̅ mīnumā	dual
O	マッヌマィ mannumay	ミ̅ヌマィ mīnumay
D	マッヌム̅ mannumū	ミ̅ヌム̅ mīnumū	plural
O	マッヌミ̅ mannumī	ミ̅ヌミ̅ mīnumī

The dual and plural of mannu can be used impersonally. The construct forms are man- and mīn- in the singular and mannum- and mīnum- in the dual/plural.

Adverbs

Suffixing

These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun.

-ㇷ/-h

This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'. It can be used locally or temporally. It attaches to the genitive/oblique case.
e.g. アㇽサ゚ㇷ/'arcah = towards the earth/groundward ; カ゚̅マィミㇷ/ŋāmaymih = towards the sky/heavenward. There is a unique construction, ア̅ダㇷ/'ādah = together (not "one-ward").

-ㇺ/-m

This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix. It attaches to the singular genitive, although there are dual constructions:
ヤマナィミㇺ /yamanaymim - ambidextrously ("two-right-handedly"). Be sure an ya- has not been added to the front of the word, otherwise -m is just part of a vocative construction.

ヤ̅-...-ㇺ/yā-...-m

vocative marker

-ィダ/-yda

Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers. e.g. チナィダ/tinayda = twice

Independent

tm

there

hlm/hlny/hnny

here

`nt/`tn/ht

now

'apnk/'idk

then, thereupon

'al

'surely' with imperfect, 'not' with jussives

kn

rightly, thus

mid

very much

'ayka(m)

how?

'iyyi/'i

where?

'an

where?

lama

why? for what

lō

not

bal

no, without

ying

there is/are

'ayin

there is/are not

Particles

he

question particle

wi

common conjunction

pē

clause conjunction

ap

also

'ō

or, adversative

hlm

when, as soon as

hm

if, or

koy

since, because, if, when, which

Prepositions

Inseparable Prepositions

バ-/ba- means in, at, among, (or 'when' with infinitive construct verbs), etc. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms:

	Sing.	Dual	Pl.
1c	ビ̅ bī	バナヤ̅ banayā	バヌ̅ banū
2m	バカ̅ bakā	バクマ̅ bakumā	バケㇺ bakem
2f	バキ baki		バキㇴ bakin
3m	ボ̅ bō	バフマ̅ bahumā	バヘㇺ bahem
3f	バハ̅ bahā		バヒㇴ bahin

ラ͏͏͏͏゚-/͏la- means to, onto, for, etc. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms:

	Sing.	Dual	Pl.
1c	リ̅゜ lī	ラ゚ナヤ̅ lanayā	ラ゚ヌ̅ lanū
2m	ラ゚カ̅ lakā	ラ゚クマ̅ lakumā	ラ゚ケㇺ͏ lakem
2f	ラ゚キ͏ laki		ラ゚キㇴ͏ lakin
3m	ロ̅゜ lō	ラ゚フマ̅ lahumā	ラ゚ヘㇺ͏ lahem
3f	ラ゚ハ̅ lahā		ラ゚ヒㇴ͏ lahin

カ-/ka- means 'like' or 'as'. The primitive Hebrew form カモ/kamo re-emerges when pronouns are attached and in poetry.

	Sing.	Dual	Pl.
1c	カモィ kamoy	カモナヤ̅ kamonayā	カモヌ̅ kamonū
2m	カモカ̅ kamokā	カモクマ̅ kamokumā	カモケㇺ͏ kamokem
2f	カモキ͏ kamoki		カモキㇴ͏ kamokin
3m	カモゥ kamow	カモフマ̅ kamohumā	カモヘㇺ͏ kamohem
3f	カモハ̅ kamohā		カモヒㇴ͏ kamohin

タ/ta- is the definite direct object marker. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew 'ot(a)- re-emerges:

Mixed

ミㇴ/ミッ/min-/mi+ is preposition meaning from, or than. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew mimmē- re-emerges:

'it(ta)

with

gal(e)

'upon'

'im(ma)

'with'

'od(d)

still, yet

da

until

taqat(a)

under

'aqar(e)

after

lapan(a)

before

sabīb(e)

around

hinn(a)

ergative

Separable

beyna

between

bāda

behind

Verbs

See the main page on verbs for a more complete listing.

Repeated patterns are marked, but are most often distinguished by ablaut.

Non-present perfective

#	g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
1	c.	-tū	-nayā	-nū
2	m.	-tā	-temā	-temū
	f.	-tī		-tinā
3	m.	-a	-ā	-ū
	f.	-ō	-tā

Non-past Progressive/Imperfective

#	g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
1	c.	'a- - -u	na- - -ā	na- - -u
2	m.	ta- - -u	ta- - -āna	ta- - -ūna
	f.	ta- - -īna		ta- - -nā
3	m.	ya- - -u	ya- - -āni	ya- - -ūna
	f.	ta- - -u		ya- - -nā

Past Imperfective (Narrative)

#	g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
1	c.	wa- - -	wana- - -
2	m.	watta- - -	watta- - -ā	watta- - -ū
	f.	watta- - -ī		watta- - -ā
3	m.	wayya- - -	wayya- - -ā	wayya- - -ū
	f.	watta- - -		wayya- - -ā

Contemplative/Jussive

#	g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
1	c.	'a- - -	na- - -
2	m.	ta- - -	ta- - -ā	ta- - -ū
	f.	ta- - -ī		ta- - -ā
3	m.	ya- - -	ya- - -ā	ya- - -ū
	f.	ta- - -		ta- - -ā

Cohortative and Imperative

#	g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
1	c.	'a- - -a	na- - -a
2	m.	-(a)	-ā	-ū
	f.	-ī		-nā

Participles follow the predicable -u/-atu normal ending pattern. Infinitives are sometimes the same as participles, but usually are distinguish by ablaut.

Stem	Actor	Object	Local	Benefact.
Simple	QaTaL-	naQTaL-	'iQtuTiL-	QuTuTuL-
Intensive	QiTTaL-	QuTTal-	hitQaTTel-	QuTTōTel-
Causative	hiQTīL-	hoQTaL-	ŋitQaTel-	ŋuQTaTel-

Numerals

All forms are given in the absolute state, direct case. Numbers are treated like adjective and match their nouns in case, gender, state, and definiteness.

Cardinals

#	m.	f.
1	'ādu	'ādtu
2	ŋenāmi	ŋettōmi

One and two are frequently used as attributive adjectives. They normally follow the noun they modifies. They may also be used substantively in the construct state.

#	m.	f.
3	ŋalōŋu	ŋalōŋtu
4	'arbu	'arabatu
5	gameŋu	gameŋatu
6	ŋeŋu	ŋeŋatu
7	ŋabu	ŋabatu
8	ŋamonu	ŋamonatu
9	tiŋu	tiŋatu
10	'aŋaru	'aŋatatu

The numbers 3 to 10 can also be substantive, but there is the opposite of gender-agreement. As in Hebrew, this is called chiastic agreement. That means, the masculine form is used with feminine nouns and the masculine form is used with feminine nouns. The construct form always precedes the noun it modifies. The absolute, typically in apposition, typically precedes the noun.

Ordinal

After 10, cardinals are used as ordinals.