Proto-Uralic/E
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Std. PU *e_i
Finnic *e_i, Permic *oo, Khanty *e
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ê_i (S. *ɤ_ɤ, Mo. *e, Ms. *i, Smy *ê → Ng. /ɨ/, *i elsewhere) | ||||||||||
| "to fear" | *pel-kä- | *pɤlɤ- | peĺe- | - | *pool- | feel- | *pil- | *pel- | *pêj- | |
| "blood" | *veri | *vɤrɤ | veŕ | *wʏr | *vir | veer | *wiɣər | *wer | - | |
| "water" | *veci | - | veď | *wʏt | *voo | viiz | *wit | - | *wêt | ← IE? |
| "to go" | *mene- | *mɤnɤ- | - | *mije- | *mun(ɨ)- | mën- | *min- | *men- | *mên- | Ma. cf. Kar. mäne- |
| "to do" | *teke- | *tɤkɤ- | teje~tije- | - | - | tëv- | *tij- | *tej- | - | ← IE |
| "lip" | - | *pɤŋsɤm | - | - | - | - | *piťem | *peɬem | *peptän | -ms- ? |
| "to take" | *vee- | *vīkɤ- | vije- | - | *vaj(ɨ)- | vi- | *wi- | *we- | *ü- | *êx > *ix in S/Mo?? |
| "owl" | *hüüp- | *ɤpɤkē | - | - | - | - | *jipəɣ | *jepəɣ | - | Onomatopoetics in F.? |
| "warm" | E. eha | NS áccagas | eže- | - | - | - | *iš- | - | - | |
| "bee" | *mehi- | - | mekš | *mükš | *mooš | meex | - | - | - | ← II |
| "honey" | *meci | - | meď | *müj | *moo | meez | - | - | - | ← II |
| "skin" | *keri | *kɤrɤ | keŕ | *kʏr | *koor | keerëg | *kiir | *käär | - | ObU *kEr |
| "skin" | *keci | *kɤtɤ | keď | - | - | - | - | - | *kêt | Cf. prev; also *käðʲi → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən |
| "to must" | - | *kɤlkɤ- | keĺge- | Me. küle- ~ Hi. kele- | *kool- | kell- | - | - | - | Cf. IE. Check if not *i? |
| "young tree, twig" | - | - | - | *nörɣə | *ńɤr | ńiir | *ńir ~ TJ ńär |
*nér | - | Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë? |
| "exchange" | *vero | - | veŕe-nc | *werć- | U. vur | - | - | *weer | - | |
| "handle" | - | *nɤvtɤ | - | - | *nud | - | - | - | - | *-ŋt-. Check if not *i |
| "middle" | *keski | *kɤskɤ | keska | - | *koos | - | - | - | - | |
| "throat" | *kero | *kɤrɤs | - | - | *goor | - | - | - | - | |
| "to wash" | *pese- | *pɤsɤ- | pezo- | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "to stretch" | *venü- | *vɤnɤ- | veńeme- | - | - | - | - | - | *wênä | Smy "rope" |
| "boat" | *veneh | *vɤnɤs | veńeš | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to be in time" | *ehti- | *ɤstɤ- | - | *əšte- | K. eštɨ- | - | - | - | - | K. ← F? |
| "leaf" | *lehti | *lɤstɤ | - | *ləštaš | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "work" | *töö | - | ťev | - | - | - | - | - | - | *têwi; cf. *têki |
| "lime, bast" | *lehmus | - | ĺevos | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "dove" | F metti- ~ E meikka- | - | meče | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "pestle" | *petkel | - | peťkeĺ | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "feather" | *hewhen | *sɤvsɤm | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match |
| "to tear" | *repe- | *rɤpɤ- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "next" | *enti | *ɤvtɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *-ŋt- |
| "stalk, axle" | - | - | E. sad | *šüðər | *zoo | - | - | - | - | |
| *e_i (S. *ē_ɤ, Mo. *i, Smy. *i) | all old cases long or difthongal? see also *äx | |||||||||
| "to cook" | - | - | pije- | - | K. pu- | (föö-) | *pääj- | - | *pi- | *pexi-; cf. *pEsa- ! |
| "matter" | - | *sējɤ | sij | *šü | *śiś | eev | *säj | *ɬöj | *tiəj | *sexji |
| "7" | *sejcem | *čēčɤm | śiśem | *səm | *śiźɨm | - | - | - | - | ← IE? |
| "lichen on trees" | - | *jēvjɤmē | - | - | - | - | - | *jej | *jüjə | Pre-Smy *ew → *ü ? |
| "to sell" | *möö- | *mēkɤ- | mije- | - | *med | - | *miɣ- | *me- | *mi- | *mexi |
| "round" | *kehkerä | - | kičkere | *kəškär | - | - | - | - | ||
| "to drink" | *seemV- | - | śime- | - | - | - | - | - | - | (check if a loan) |
| "brother" | *velji | *vēljɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Short! ← IE? |
| "clear" | *selke- | *čēlkɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid." |
| "to boil" | *kee-, *kei- | *kí- | - | *küa- | - | köve- | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| *E_i (as per *e_i but Ms, Kh *ii) | generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri | |||||||||
| "mushroom" | *seeni | *čānā | - | *šeen | U. śeńki | - | *šiinəɣ | *säänəɣ | - | *śExni ? |
| "to cut" | *vejci | - | - | - | K. vɤź- | vees- | - | *wäänť- | - | K. delabzn / loss of *ŋ? F. "knife" |
| "girl" | *nejtVj | *nējtɤ | ni | - | *nɨl | - | *nii | *niiŋ | *nê | Wrt. S (& Mo?) cf. difthong |
| "to eat" | *söö- | - | śeve- | - | *śooj | ëv- | *tii-, *tääj- | *ɬii- | *ti-mä | Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch! |
| "soul, breath, steam" | *lewlü | *lēvlɤ | - | - | *lool | leelek | *liil | *ɬiiɬ | - | Wrt. S, cf. difthong |
| "front" | *eti | - | - | - | - | elöö | *iil | *iiɬ | *ê/ir- | Smy. "row" |
| "edge" | - | - | - | - | - | seel | *siil | *siiɬ | - | |
| Finnic *öö is confusing | ||||||||||
| "to hit" | *löö- | - | - | *lüje- | K. lɨj- | löv- | *li- | - | *jöw- | *lêxi? *lêwi? |
Std. PU *e_a
Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_ē, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Mari *ə/*ʏ, Permic *oo, Mansi *ä, Khanty *e (/*ö next to a velar), Samoyedic *ê (not *i!)
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *e_a | ||||||||||
| "to liv" | *elä- | *ealē- | - | *ɪle- | *ool- | eel- | *jäl- | *jeɬ- | *êlä- | Is ObU *j- original? Mo. *era-? |
| "to collect" | *kerä- | - | - | - | *koor- | keer- | - | - | - | |
| "skillful" | *seppä | *čeappē | - | - | - | seep | - | - | - | |
| "ear" | - | *pealjē | *piĺɜ | *pələš | *peĺ | fül | *päĺ | *peɬ | - | |
| "big, uncle" | *enä | *eanē | *ińɜ | - | *uuna | - | *jänə | *enə | *ênä | |
| "to shake" | - | - | - | *rʏze- | - | rësk | *räsɣ- | *reńť- | - | |
| "blade" | *terä | *tearē | - | *tʏr | - | töör | - | - | - | |
| "dog" | *penVj | *peanɤk | *pińɜ | *pij ~ *pʊni | *poon(ɨ) | (fene) | - | - | - | Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong |
| "pine" | *petäkä | *peacē | *pičɜ | *pʏnće | *poožɨm | - | - | - | - | |
| "uncle" | *setä | *čeacē | Er. čiče | *čʏčö | *čoož | - | *šäša | - | *čêčä' | Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož |
| "uncle" | - | *eakē | - | *äkii | *iikii | Ne. ńeekka? | ||||
| "to love" | - | *eaccē | - | - | - | - | - | *ješəɣ | - | Weak. |
| "ring" | E. kets | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kösə | - | Cf. *kesrä |
| "back" | *selkä ~ *sälkä |
*čēlkē | - | *šɪle | - | - | - | - | - | …*säälkä ?? |
| "ring" | *kesrä | *kearsē | Er. *ščeŕe ~ Mk. kšťiŕ |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "to get free" | - | *meanō- | mäńe- | K. mɨn- | ment- | - | - | Ne. mina- | Cf. *mêni- | |
| "summer" | *kesä | *keasē | *kizɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE? |
| "fox" | *repä | *rēp- | Er. ŕiveś | *rəwəž | *ruć(i) | ravas | ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately? | |||
| "tip" | *kasa | *keačē | - | hëɟ | - | - | - | F. "pile" may not belong | ||
| "a fish" | *keso | L. kääčuk | - | - | K. gɨć | keseg | *kääsəŋ | *kosə | - | |
| "to fly" | - | - | - | - | K. šɨlgɨ- | - | *täɣl- | *ɬeɣəɬ- | - | |
| "to serch" | - | - | - | *kə/ɪčälä- | *kooč-k/j- | - | *känš- | *kenč- | - | |
| "side, rib" | - | *earttē | *irdɜ | *örðəž | *oord- | - | - | - | - | ← II *erdʰa- |
| "man" | - | - | *mirďɜ | - | *moort | - | - | - | - | ← II *mṛt- |
| "to scrape" | - | *neaskē- | - | *nʏžä- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "ghost" | - | *šeartɤ | - | *šərt | U. šurd- | ördög | - | - | - | ~ Russian čert, Iranian? |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| *ê_a & such (FSM per *ü, Ma. *ü?, Ms *i; see also *ü_a) | ||||||||||
| "corn" | *jüvä | - | juv | - | U. ju ~ K. jɨki | - | - | - | - | ← IE *jewa (Avestan yava etc.) Also explained as "sporadic labialization" in F. |
| "brother-in-law" | *kütü | - | - | - | - | - | *kil | *küɬi ? | - | |
| "heart" | *sütäm | *čɤðēm | *śeďeŋ | *šüm | U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm |
siiv | *šim | *sem | *sejə | |
| "to plow" | *küntä- | - | - | *künče- | - | - | - | - | - | F. could be a later derivation from *künči |
| West *e; East *ê | ||||||||||
| "ring" | *kehä | *kēsɤ | (či) | *keče | *kɨč | keeɟ | *kiš | *köč | *keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong | |
| "neck" | *sepä | *čeapē | *śivɜ | *šüj | *śil | - | *šip | *sääpəɬ | - | |
| "nest" | *pesä | *peasē | *pizɜ | *pəžäš | *pooz | feesek | *pit | *peɬ | *pêtä | |
| "4" | *neljä | *ńealjē | *ńiĺɜ | *nəl | *ńooĺ | neeɟ | *nilə | *ńeɬää | - | U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? |
| "to hit" | *peksä- | - | *piksə- | - | *pös- | - | - | - | *pêtV- | 2ndary length in F. pieksä- |
| "thumb" | - | *pealkē | *päĺka | - | U. pɤlɨ ~ K. pel |
- | - | - | *pêj | F. *pewka- ← Gmc. |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "light" | *kep-edä | *keappē | - | - | U. kapći | keveeš | - | - | #šEpä | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "oar" | *mela | *mealē | *miĺɜ | - | K. maĺ? | - | - | - | - | Looks newer per F. -a, |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| *E_a (S. *ɤ, Ms. *ii, Kh. *ää) | ||||||||||
| "2" | (*kakti) | (*kōktē) | (kavta) | (kok) | *kɨk | keet | *kit | *kiit, käät | *kêtä | Ms. *i before a cluster? FV *kakta |
| "price" | - | - | - | - | *doon | - | *tin | *tään | - | (no evidence for a cluster) |
| "to dodge" | - | *kɤrvē- | - | - | - | kerül- | *kir- | *käärəɣ- | - | Ms. *i before a cluster? |
| "to cook" | - | *pɤsē- | - | - | *pɤɤž- | - | *piit- | *pääɬ- | - | P. delabzn!? Cf. *pexi- |
| "(to) thin" | - | *keancē | - | - | - | keskëń | - | *käänť- | - | Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh. |
| "bay, moor" | - | - | - | - | *kääl- | *kiiləɣ | *kääɭəɣ ? | Sk. keeĺ, köl | ||
| Substrate loans? (Mari *i; note phonotax) | ||||||||||
| "wheat" | *vehnä | - | viš | *wište | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "cow ~ horse" | *lehmä | - | *ĺišmɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "rope" | - | *reašmē | *riśmɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | No plzn. in Mo? Cf. B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma) |
| IE loans | ||||||||||
| "alder" | *leppä | *leapē | *ĺepɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← B. |
| Junk | ||||||||||
| "bundle" | *kerä | - | *kiŕɜ | - | - | - | *käärək | *keer | West *e ~ East *ä? | |
| "to prick" | - | *peaðē- | Er. pele- | - | - | - | *piil- | *peeɬ- | - | No regularity really |
| "warm" | - | - | - | - | *rög | reeg, rög | *räɣ | *reɣ | - | *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-? |
| "face" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *weenč | Sk. wandV | |
| "thin" | - | - | - | - | *vek- | veek- | - | - | - | |
| "time" | - | - | - | - | K. kad | kedig | - | - | - | |
| "spring, summer" | *kevät | - | - | *keŋəž | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "times" | *kerta | *keartē | *kirda | Hi. -kerðə | ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt- | |||||
| "alder" | - | - | - | *lööl | *lool | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
