Senjecas - List of Conjunctions
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Pronunciation table
peműko (labial) |
रीसु॓कॊ riisűko (dental) |
मुइतु॓को muitűko (alveolar) |
भइनु॓को vainűko (palatal) |
च्युस्वे॓नोस् ṡ̨uuše̋nos (vowels with प) |
नि॓थो च्युस्वे॓नोस् nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos (weak vowels) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | f | v | m̃ | m | t | d | þ | ð | ɫ | l | ṡ | ż | s | z | r | n | k | g | x | ƣ | h | ȝ | t̬ | t̨ | i | e | a | ɔ | o | u | ĭ | ĕ | ŭ | |||||||||||||
| ब | फ | भ | म़ | म | त | द | थ | ध | ल़ | ल | च | ज | स | स़ | र | न | क | ग | क़ | ग़ | ह | य | त्व | त्य | इ ई पि पी |
ए एै पे पै |
अ आ प पा |
ऒ ॵ पॊ पॏ |
ओ औ पो पौ |
उ ऊ पु पू |
तं | तऺ | तॅ | |||||||||||||
| /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /m̥/ | /m/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /l̥/ | /l/ | /ʦ/ | /ʣ/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ɾ̥/ | /n/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ç/ | /ʝ/ | /j̊/ | /j/ | /tʷ/ | /tʲ/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ä/ | /ɒ/ | /o/ | /u/ | /ɪ/ | /ɛ/ | /ʊ/ | ||||||||||||
Coordinating conjunctions - párƣeðsa̋m̃o
- 1. da connects two clauses or sentences: and.
- éȝu se̋dom áfa e-e̋e̋ga da te̋rom e-vı̋da:
- She got up from her chair and left the room.
- éȝu se̋dom áfa e-e̋e̋ga da te̋rom e-vı̋da:
- 2. ésti denotes in spite of what preceded: but, however, yet, although, nevertheless, on the other hand
- mu mum tum że̋e̋nu e-na̋ma. ésti műnu e-vűűa:
- I thought I knew you, yet I was wrong.
- mu mum tum że̋e̋nu e-na̋ma. ésti műnu e-vűűa:
- 3. éti denotes in addition to: plus, and in addition to, as well as.
- ande̋ru ṡa̋bom éti suumnı̋zom e-sa̋a:
- In addition to the hat, the lady bought an umbrella.
- ande̋ru ṡa̋bom éti suumnı̋zom e-sa̋a:
- 4. -m̃e denotes two alternatives, either of which could be true: or.
- ma̋a̋ma dork̬ős tááda m̃úm do alvĕða̋a̋nomm̃e k̬a̋zomm̃e u-tőƣa:
- Mother will bring us barley bread or wheat bread for supper.
- ma̋a̋ma dork̬ős tááda m̃úm do alvĕða̋a̋nomm̃e k̬a̋zomm̃e u-tőƣa:
- 5. m̃o denotes a situation in which there are only two alternatives: or, or else.
- mum sűne m̃o ɠa̋le:
- Go with me or stay.
- mum sűne m̃o ɠa̋le:
- 6. ném̃o denotes negative alternative: or not.
- tu mum sune̋ȝa ném̃o:
- You may go with me or not.
- tu mum sune̋ȝa ném̃o:
- 7. ƥűvi denotes a consequence; so-, (such-, -that).
- kétu me̋e̋a a̋han e-sűűm̃a. ƥűvi pa̋ðo e-ne̋va:
- It rained so many days that the dam burst.
- kétu me̋e̋a a̋han e-sűűm̃a. ƥűvi pa̋ðo e-ne̋va:
Subordinating conjunctions - fásƣeðsa̋m̃o
- 8. ávi denotes at the moment when: as soon as.
- nőmom e-vĭvı̋da. ávi ha̋m̃aþu e-ı̋la:
- He had left home as soon as he was called.
- nőmom e-vĭvı̋da. ávi ha̋m̃aþu e-ı̋la:
- 9. ébi denotes possibility: in case, in the event that, if
- m̃us nómþi u-ɠa̋a̋la. ébi suum̃e̋ȝa:
- If it rains, we'll stay home.
- m̃us nómþi u-ɠa̋a̋la. ébi suum̃e̋ȝa:
- 10. épi denotes in the same way that: as, so, in like manner, the way; in the capacity of.
- mu éȝom u-kı̋a. épi e̋e̋vlu e̋e̋va:
- I will do it as the commander has ordered.
- mu éȝom u-kı̋a. épi e̋e̋vlu e̋e̋va:
- 11. fési denotes up to the time that: before, until, ere.
- ðűűo ǧa̋rom éva me̋e̋e sűűm̃em e-pa̋usa. fési m̃u-le̋ðom e-tőpa:
- Before (ere) it reached our valley the storm dumped a lot of rain on the mountain.
- ðűűo ǧa̋rom éva me̋e̋e sűűm̃em e-pa̋usa. fési m̃u-le̋ðom e-tőpa:
- 12. hi denotes by or for the cause that: because, as, for, since, now that, given that.
- m̃us bázvi na̋a̋nu ke̋la. hi la̋a̋ta ááþvi tőpa:
- We must return early since (because, as, for, given that) night falls quickly.
- m̃us bázvi na̋a̋nu ke̋la. hi la̋a̋ta ááþvi tőpa:
- 13. k̨ára denotes in the circumstance(s) that: if, provided that, on the condition that, whether, as long as [with sbj.].
- vĭva̋dos ese̋ȝa. k̨ára mum e-sune̋ȝa:
- It would be better if (provided that, as long as) you went with me.
- vĭva̋dos ese̋ȝa. k̨ára mum e-sune̋ȝa:
- 14. láṡ̬i denotes in a manner suggesting: as if, as though, like [with sbj.].
- mől̤u kı̋a. láṡ̬i túmave̋ȝa:
- The miller acts as if he were about to sneeze.
- mől̤u kı̋a. láṡ̬i túmave̋ȝa:
- 15. méi denotes varying through time in the same proportion that: as.
- mu ziþa̋sa. méi ðűűo e-ȝőba:
- I began to worry as the storm approached.
- mu ziþa̋sa. méi ðűűo e-ȝőba:
- 16. metáádi denotes for fear that: lest, so that...not [with sbj.].
- éȝu sa̋mpam bu a̋tu ke̋la. metáádi nőbon vane̋ȝa:
- He should go outside for a moment lest (so that) he (not) damage his lungs.
- éȝu sa̋mpam bu a̋tu ke̋la. metáádi nőbon vane̋ȝa:
- 17. méti denotes at such time as: when, at the same time-, -that, -as, at the time that, at the time(s) at which, whenever, while, during the time at which, as, as-, -long-, -soon-, -as.
- m̃us étu tőnom e-ve̋na. méti num tűmu e-ve̋na:
- When we heard him sneeze, we also heard the thunder.
- m̃us étu tőnom e-ve̋na. méti num tűmu e-ve̋na:
- 18. móódi denotes in such or which way: how
- mu sa̋a̋ra. móódi dőþom de̋xu ma̋ƣa:
- I know how I can get some money.
- mu sa̋a̋ra. móódi dőþom de̋xu ma̋ƣa:
- 19. nóóli denotes to such an extent: insofar as, inasmuch as, in that.
- m̃ı̋ru m̃un e-þőna. nóóli kőuku e-e̋sa:
- Inasmuch as the man was a cripple, he helped us.
- m̃ı̋ru m̃un e-þőna. nóóli kőuku e-e̋sa:
- 20. ópi introduces an indirect question: whether
- mu sa̋a̋ra ne. ópi atı̋ı̋ha:
- I do not know whether I want to go.
- mu sa̋a̋ra ne. ópi atı̋ı̋ha:
- 21. pósi denotes that an action takes place after another action: after.
- tu le̋idu vide̋ȝa. pósi sűűm̃e u-de̋usa:
- You may go out to play after the rain stops.
- tu le̋idu vide̋ȝa. pósi sűűm̃e u-de̋usa:
- 22. sáámi denotes a concession: though, although, while, notwithstanding, even-, -if, -though, albeit.
- kı̋lrus éstu ǧarfőőlan na̋a̋a. sáámi sűűm̃e fésvi alme̋e̋a a̋han e-de̋usa:
- Although the rain stopped several days ago, the [Lithan] villagers still fear landslides.
- kı̋lrus éstu ǧarfőőlan na̋a̋a. sáámi sűűm̃e fésvi alme̋e̋a a̋han e-de̋usa:
- 23. sííri denotes up to a certain time or place: as far/much/ many as, until.
- e-suum̃e̋la. sííri da̋a̋es e-þ̨a̋la:
- It rained and rained until the rivers overflowed.
- e-suum̃e̋la. sííri da̋a̋es e-þ̨a̋la:
- 24. síti denotes as example: as, such as, for example, by way of.
- m̃us ǧa̋lam ga̋uða. síti fésu nĭna̋ka neánu:
- We are experiencing a drought such as we’ve never seen before.
- m̃us ǧa̋lam ga̋uða. síti fésu nĭna̋ka neánu:
- 25. sómi denotes a comparison: like; than [when comparing sentences].
- mu gáámvi tum ka̋a. sómi éȝum:
- I like you more than (I like) her.
- mu gáámvi tum ka̋a. sómi éȝum:
- mu gáámvi tum ka̋a. sómi éȝu tum ka̋a:
- I like you more than she does (likes you).
- mu gáámvi tum ka̋a. sómi éȝu tum ka̋a:
- 26. ši denotes an exception to a previous statement: except (that), but (that), were it not that.
- mu me̋xam vide̋ȝa. ši mőre nĭne̋ṡa:
- I would leave the country but (that) (except that, were it not that) my horse has died.
- mu me̋xam vide̋ȝa. ši mőre nĭne̋ṡa:
- 27. táádi denotes purpose: so that, in order that [with sbj.].
- mu ánem sa' u-ke̋la. táádi ta̋ƣom tode̋ȝa:
- I will have to buy another so that I may start the journey.
- mu ánem sa' u-ke̋la. táádi ta̋ƣom tode̋ȝa:
- 28. toári denotes in a certain case: then [apodosis] [N.B. This clause is placed after the protasis, since the protasis is also a dependent clause.]
- ébi mu ánem sae̋ȝa. toári taƣe̋dom sa̋' u-ke̋la:
- If I buy another, (then) I will have to buy provisions.
- ébi mu ánem sae̋ȝa. toári taƣe̋dom sa̋' u-ke̋la:
- 29. vái denotes at or in which place or situation: where.
- mu m̃ŭm̃űna. vái mu-ta̋a̋zlos e-ðe̋e̋a:
- I have forgotten where I put my keys.
- mu m̃ŭm̃űna. vái mu-ta̋a̋zlos e-ðe̋e̋a:
Correlative conjunctions - ȝémƣeðsa̋m̃o
- 30. épi ...épi... denotes a comparison of the same way or like manner: as...so....
- épi t' u-se̋e̋a. épi t' u-me̋e̋þa:
- As you sow, so shall you reap.
- épi t' u-se̋e̋a. épi t' u-me̋e̋þa:
- 31. -k̬e...-k̬e connects two words: and.
- éȝu' sa̋xomk̬e ka̋komk̬e k̬a̋zomk̬e tőƣu móóda u-aðne̋ma:
- They will contribute by bringing beer, chicken and bread.
- éȝu' sa̋xomk̬e ka̋komk̬e k̬a̋zomk̬e tőƣu móóda u-aðne̋ma:
- 32. m̃o... m̃o... denotes a situation in which there are only two alternatives: either...or.
- tu m̃o dőrk̬om ávi u-e̋da m̃o u-de̋e̋a:
- You will either eat your dinner right now or you will go to bed.
- tu m̃o dőrk̬om ávi u-e̋da m̃o u-de̋e̋a:
- 33. nék̬e...nék̬e denotes the negative of either; neither... nor.
- nék̬e se̋sos nék̬e gűno bőþam ápa sőþlum e-sűka:
- Neither threats nor torture turned the soldier from his duty.
- nék̬e se̋sos nék̬e gűno bőþam ápa sőþlum e-sűka:
- 34. ne sólvi... ésti étu, not only...but also.
- ne sólvi gőbu vűűa. ésti étu ƣosa̋a̋ru vűűa:
- Not only is he handsome, (but) he is also brilliant.
- ne sólvi gőbu vűűa. ésti étu ƣosa̋a̋ru vűűa:
- 35. ópi...ópi... denotes multiple alternative possibilities; whether...or.
- ópi tu ɠa̋a̋la. ópi a̋ta tu-re̋ko e̋sa:
- Whether you stay or go is your decision.
- ópi tu ɠa̋a̋la. ópi a̋ta tu-re̋ko e̋sa:
- 36. sómi...sómi..., (just) as...so.
- sóm' iðr̨őnus m̃ɔðga̋þon żűsa. sómi aaþ̨őnu' s̨oofga̋þon żűsa:
- Just as Ethrans love rosehips, so Pyrans love sloe berries.
- sóm' iðr̨őnus m̃ɔðga̋þon żűsa. sómi aaþ̨őnu' s̨oofga̋þon żűsa:
- 37. vóói...vóói... denotes including two alternatives; both...and...
- vóói sőþlus vóói kőővus me̋bom do u-ǧe̋ma:
- Both the soldiers and the nobles will come to the dance.
- vóói sőþlus vóói kőővus me̋bom do u-ǧe̋ma:
