Sevvufery
Sevvufery is a language spoken by the Sevvuferýkilý of Sevvuferý, a country at the centre of contemporary maps of the fictional planet Erad. Its inhabitants are similar to humans, apart from differences in intellectual capacity. Though there has been some change in the language, not much has evolved over time, which is why this page's information was taken from a time when the language had lived for about 200 years.
Phonology
Consonants
Sevvufery has 27 consonants. Some of these are represented using two of the same letter, but they are treated as one letter in writing, and would be considered as such to a native speaker. The same applies for "ΔΓ". Where two consonants are in the same cell, the one on the left represents the voiceless version.
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p b | t d | k [k]* vv [g] | |||||||
Nasal | m | n | ɳ* | ΔΓ [ŋ] | ||||||
Trill | r | |||||||||
Affricate | g[ʧ] | yy [dʑ] | ||||||||
Fricative | f v | å [θ] ð [ð] | s [s] x [z] | rr [ʃ] ii [ʒ] | hh [χ] | h/ʰ [h]* [ɦ]* | ||||
Lateral Fricative | ∞ [ɬ] | |||||||||
Approximant | w [ʋ] | j | ||||||||
Lateral Approximant | l |
[k] is not released if preceding another consonant, even between words. For example, the phrase "nek got" (/nɛk̚ ʧɔt/) meaning "I don't know".
[n] becomes [ɳ] before another consonant.
[h] becomes [ɦ] if it is the last letter of a word. ʰ is pronounced as a weaker version of [h] and cannot appear at the start or end of words.
[ʋ] can sometimes be reduced to [ʷ] if a consonant is either before or after it. For example, the word "ywtar" (/eʷtar/) meaning "weather". Similarly, other consonants, especially in clusters, can be reduced to affecting the previous letter. As another example, the word "silnif" (/silⁿif/) meaning "son".
Letters representing consonant clusters
The cluster [ks] is represented by the letter 'z'
The cluster [zχ] is represented by the "letter" 'zz'
Monopthongs
Sevvufery uses 17 letters to represent vowel/dipthong sounds. Of these, 13 represent monopthongs. Where two sounds are included in the same row, the one on the left represents the unrounded version
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i/ý [i]* u [y] | ö [u] | |
Near-close | í [ɪ] | ||
Close-mid | y [e] | ä [ɵː] | |
Mid | õ [o̞ː] | ||
Open-mid | e [ɛ] | o [ɔ] | |
Near-open | ú [ɐ] | ||
Open | a | ã [ɑː] |
i and ý both make the [i] sound, but ý is pronounced [ĭ], being shorter than 'i'. the value of 'ý' also varies between just [ĭ] and [ĭʔ], with the latter being less common in normal speech but more so when someone is speaking slowly/emphatically or in works of literature.
Dipthongs
Vowel clusters are banned in Sevvufery, so other letters are used for dipthongs, as are shown below:
- ÿ [ai]
- ø [aɔ]
- ë [ɛi]
- ï [ɪi] (or, less commmonly, [ei])
- ü [ɐi]
Morphology
Sound clusters
Start of a word
Most sound clusters are banned at the start of words, but there are three which are permitted: kr, tr and kw, although the latter is rarely used since it would replace the "q" sound, a sound which is virtually absent in Sevvufery to begin with.
For example, in the word 'krut' (/kryt/) meaning 'synagogue'
Middle
However, in the middle of words, consonant clusters are allowed, if they are no longer than two letters (with one exception : ntr), provided that a vowel both preceeds and proceeds them.
For example, the word 'ysry' (/esre/) meaning 'voice'.
End of a word
There is some more lenience at the end of words, although not much. Again though, the clusters must not be any longer than 2 letters. The following are permitted: ns, nt, nk. And here the effect I mentioned earlier occurs, where the n shifts to being pronounced as [ɳ] because it precedes another consonant.
For example, the word 'nunk' (/nyɳk/) meaning 'to notice'.
Uses of ʰ
Vowel lengthening
Now, with the exception of 'i' and 'ý', Sevvufery does not distinguish between long and short vowels with the use of different letters. In order to lengthen another vowel, two of the same vowel are placed on either side of the letter ʰ.
For example: the word "hyliʰi" (/heliː/) meaning 'certain' or 'specific'
Although this is rare, this can also occur for vowels that are already long, so they are lengthened exaggeratedly.
For example: the word "ãʰãsi" (/ɑːːsi/) meaing 'to annoy'
Joining vowels in a very weak dipthong
The other use of ʰ is less subtle, and places more importance on its pronunciation. When two vowels occur next to each other whose dipthong is not already covered by one of the letters mentioned earlier, ʰ is used to connect these since it does act as a consonant, just a weakly pronounced one.
For example, in the word 'yʰale' (/ehalɛ/) meaning 'phase'.
affixes
Grammar
Nouns and Adjectives
Nouns in Sevvufery employ a highly inflectional structure, where each case, apart from the nominative singular, is marked with a suffix. Adjectives precede the noun they describe, and must agree with it in number, but not in case (so, for example, an adjective in the dative plural does not need to be followed by a noun in the dative plural, but the noun must still be in the plural form, and not the singular). This will be explained further in the section 'Articles' burden'. All nouns and adjectives decline differently depending on whether they end in a consonant, or a vowel.
Regular nouns
Nouns in Sevvufery can have eight cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, possessive*, dative, ablative, locative, resultant, which serve the following purposes:
The Nominative acts as the subject of the sentence. Some prepositions, such as "nas" meaning "against", are followed by the nominative.
The Accusative acts as the object of a sentence.
The Genitive indicates possession, as does the Possessive, but the latter can be combined with any case, to achieve meanings such as 'of my' or 'to his' etc.
The Dative can be used in either a locative sense, or to indicate the recipient of an action.
The Ablative can be used in four different ways:
- By itself, without an article. In this case, it means 'in' or 'on'
- By itself, with an article. Either the article is in the ablative, or the noun is, but it is the presence In this case, it indicates an instrumental sense (i.e 'by [insert noun]')
- With the word 'ibajo', without an article. In this case, it means 'from' or 'out of'
- With the word 'ibajo', with an article. In this case, it means 'with', both in an instrumental sense and in a sense of companionship.
The Locative indicates a locational sense where the observer is 'at' their destination. So, indeed, it means 'at [insert noun]'
The Resultant has two uses:
- Following comparatives, to achieve the meaning 'than [insert noun]'
- Indirect statements, to achieve the meaning 'that [insert noun]'
Consonant | Vowel | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | - | -ý | - | -jý |
Accusative | -en | -ýjen | -mon | -kýmon |
Genitive | -ime | -ölig | -jetöd | -zze |
Possessive | -tel | |||
Dative | -aiiu | -ajahh | -fodyl | -kömë |
Ablative | -ymal | -ýmal | -byn | -býn |
Locative | -gúd | -mød | -úd | -ød |
Resultant | -ymuvv | -imuvv | -bylø | -belø |
Adjectives
Adjectives decline in the exact same way as regular nouns, so that will not be covered in this section.
Table of Contractions
Letter | e-contraction | i-contraction | ú-contraction |
---|---|---|---|
a | y | ÿ | ø |
ä | ä | ú | o |
e | e | i | í |
ö | õ | u | ö |
ë, ï and ü have not been included here, since they would just be reduced to e + j, í + j, and ú + j respectively, after which they follow the consonant endings.
Rules of formation
Although adjectives may end in any consonant, they cannot end in any vowel. Only the following are permitted, due to the way this plays into comparatives, superlatives and absolutives, having mentioned the table of contractions in the previous section: a, ä, e, ë, ï, ö, ü.
Comparative
This is the mode adjectives take in order to, well, compare nouns to others, as is the case for many natural languages. Comparatives decline like regular adjectives. They are formed by adding -egan to consonant endings, and adding the e-contracted version of the last vowel of the adjective + gan if the adjective ends in a vowel. Refer to the Table of Contractions. Comparatives are followed by the resultant case to achieve the meaning 'than [insert object]'
For example, "dögegan TËIRymuvv mo."
I am better than him.
Superlative
This is the mode adjectives take only to indicate a substantial amount of the adjective's quality, not per se to indicate the highest possible amount of it. The latter function is taken up by the absolutive.
The Sevvuferyn superlative is formed by adding either '-ivvino' to adjectives ending in consonants, or the adjective's last vowel's i-contracted version + -vvino to adjectives ending in vowels.
Take this sentence, for example:
Oheå sytejýn dögivvino soran. | |||
Oheå | sytejýn | dögivvino | soran |
---|---|---|---|
This | bread | good.SUPER | be.IND.ACT.3rd.SING |
This bread is very good.
Absolutive
As mentioned previously, adjectives take this mode to indicate the highest possible amount of an adjective's quality. They are formed either by adding 'úme' to adjectives ending in consonants, or by adding the adjective's last vowel's ú-contracted version + -me to adjectives ending in vowels.
For example:
Soran et nagríme Sevvuferÿl* ediga. | ||||
Soran | et | nagríme | Sevvuferÿl | ediga |
---|---|---|---|---|
be.IND.ACT.3rd.SING | the.NOM.SING | big.ABS | Sevvuferý.ABL.SING | bridge.NOM.SING |
It is the biggest bridge in Sevvuferý.
*you may notice that the ablative of 'Sevvuferý' is not what you would expect. This is covered in the section "Irregular Terminations of 'Sevvuferý' and 'Sevvufery'"
Numbers
Number System
The way Sevvufery deals with numbers is... more mathematical than most languages can be bothered to include. But to begin, the numbers 0-10 are just direct translations (and the ordinals are also shown here):
English | Sevvufery | Sevvuferyn ordinal |
---|---|---|
zero | nihilil | nihilal |
one | oiienzzi | oiienal |
two | dojeni | dojenal |
three | trezeni | trezenal |
four | ereja | erejal |
five | kwinkwa | kwinkwal |
six | xis | xisal |
seven | pente | pentejal |
eight | ohhoj | ohhojal |
nine | xande | xandejal |
ten | zortýn | zortyjal |
However, for numbers greater than 10, Sevvufery actually just says the digits, in base 10, of the number, starting with the biggest. However, it does not use these forms of said numbers. It uses the shortened stems instead. The other stems which are shown here will be explained afterwards, but here is a list of said stems:
Number | Shortened stem(s) | Root |
---|---|---|
nihilil | níh,* ní,* íh,* í* | n/a |
oiienzzi | oii | o |
dojeni | doj | id |
trezeni | trez | ter |
ereja | erej | er |
kwinkwa | kwin | ki |
xis | xit | i |
pente | pen | e |
ohhoj | ohh | y |
xande | xan | ax |
zortýn | n/a | zo |
Those for 0 will vary based on the phonetics of the numbers before and after it. For example, 204 is dojíhereja, but 505 is peníkwinkwa. Granted, the "n" here was already part of the shortened stem for the number 5, but the stem is still different in that it does not have the "h" that the stem in dojíhereja had.
Another useful thing to note is that this does not apply to multiples of ten. For these, we simply add -anos to the shortened stems (and -anal for the ordinal form).
For multiples of 100, we add -oðe to the shortened stems, with the exception of 100 itself, which has the name 'xendato' (ordinal: xendatal)
And for greater numbers, we use this formula:
S + R + -mil
Where S is the shortened stem and R is the root, or combination of roots. ʰ will sometimes be necessary in said combination.
For example, the current estimate for the number of atoms in the universe, in Sevvufery, is 'xendatidimil' (/zɛndatidimil/) which can be broken down into 'xendat' + 'id' 'i' + mil i.e 100 x 10^3(20 + 6) or 10^78 x 10^2, which equals 10^80
Cases
Although numbers have an almost completely different declination system to regular nouns, they also do not decline for the accusative singular and plural. This can lead to some ambiguity, as, for example, the sentence "trezeni ivvuåÿhe" can mean either "three [people/beings] understand" or "they understand three [people/beings]". Granted, this can be avoided in most cases by switching the word order for the second example, and leaving the first to be understood from context.
Vowel | Consonant | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | - | -mý | - | -emý |
Accusative | - | -mý | - | -emý |
Genitive | -jÿ | -mlÿ | -ÿ | -emÿ |
Dative | -lo | -lmo | -ilo | -emo |
Ablative | -byn | -býn | -ymal | -ýmal |
Locative | -ú | -ö | -ú | -ö |
Resultant | -eΔΓ | -eΔΓý | -eΔΓ | -eΔΓý |
Note that for the locative and resultant, vowel and consonant endings are the same. This is because, if the number ends in a vowel, said vowel is lost in place of the ending: for example, "ereja" becomes "erejú" in the locative singular.
Combining Cases with the Possessive
Remember how there are two ways to express possession in Sevvufery? Well, the possessive can, as stated earlier, be combined with other cases. It declines like any regular noun that ends in a consonant, but the stem now has "-tel" added to it.
For example, the word "nostelymuvv" (/nɔstɛlemyg/), meaning "that the king's".
For plural subjects, the letter 'ý' is added before '-tel' to the stem. Thus, for the plural form of the same word, we have "nosýtelymuvv" (/nɔsĭtɛlemyg/) meaning "that the kings'".
Articles' burden
This refers to the fact that, in Sevvufery, the definite and indefinite articles do not need to agree with the noun they describe, similar to adjectives, in case. They will need to agree in number, however. Thus, you might as well say that the article "takes the burden" of the case upon itself so that the following noun does not have to.
This also applies to the 2nd and 4th uses of the ablative (see the section Regular Nouns for more information).
For example: Sytejýnen gafus (I eat bread) becomes "eten sytejýn gafus (I eat the bread).
Irregular Terminations of 'Sevvuferý' and 'Sevvufery'
These irregularities are due to the influence of neighbouring languages such as North-East Sevvufery and Cathlushenian, since those humans would more commonly use these words than the Sevvuferýkilý.
Sevvuferý | Sevvufery | +possessive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Sevvuferý | Sevvufery | n/a | |
Accusative | Sevvuferýj | Sevvuferyj | n/a | |
Genitive | Sevvuferýn | Sevvuferyn | SevvuferýΔΓ | SevvuferyΔΓ |
Possessive | Sevvuferýn | Sevvuferyn | n/a | |
Dative | Sevvuferým | Sevvuferem | Sevvuferýmní | Sevvuferymne |
Ablative | Sevvuferyl | Sevvuferÿl | Sevvuferýle | Sevvuferyle |
Locative | Sevvuferu | Sevvuferø | Sevvuferun | Sevvuferøn |
Resultant | Sevvuferýd | Sevvuferyd | Sevvuferýnde | Sevvuferynde |
Verbs
Sevvuferyn verbs fall into four categories, and these have distinctly different endings. The standard form used for study, and for giving explanations about verbs, is the present infinitive.
Simplest verb
Historically, this was the first word added to Sevvufery, when its first ruler had just arrived and before the language merged with those of its neighbours. It means 'to' but without indicating what the action is. It declines irregularly and its present tense is the source of Sevvuferyn pronouns. 'Yr' (/er/) was originally the present tense infinitive, but over time that has contracted into 'yk' (/ek/). A table of the past and future tenses will be shown below ― since the pronouns are, well, nouns, these will be omitted, being the present tense of 'yk'.
Past | Future | |
---|---|---|
INFINITIVE | arre | kyzzø |
1st person singular | errø | ixo |
2nd person singular | rrolú | jilu |
3rd person singular | minzze | dizz |
1st person plural | ösö | ximar |
2nd person plural | rrúntis | kyzzö |
3rd person plural | zzøme | ezzi |
Since Sevvufery can turn verbs into participles in the present, past and future (as is shown in the section Participles), these will also be shown here.
Active | Passive | |
---|---|---|
Present | nin | ne* |
Past | sa | kaå* |
Future | bölyb | böleb* |
*The passive forms of these participles are actually used as the participles for the word 'si' (to be), since they technically align in meaning.
Indicative Mood
Nothing unusual to see here. This is just what you would expect, the mood used to indicate a statement or fact.
Active Voice
Present Tenses
Let us begin with something basic, the Simple Present Tense. The four example verbs mean "to appear (in the sense of making an apparition, not as a synonym of "to seem")", "to say", "to go", and "to notice", respectively, and these will also be used as examples for all other tenses. The parts in bold are the endings, whereas the regular parts indicate the stem.
1st conjugation | 2nd conjugation | 3rd conjugation | 4th conjugation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | apar | ysi | nigon | nunk |
1st person singular | apa | ys* | nigot | nul |
2nd person singular | apal | ysora | nigo | nu |
3rd person singular | apansí | ysoran | nigotamunt | numan |
1st person plural | aparamnes | ysoranos | nigotus | nuta |
2nd person plural | aparasí | ysojilo | nigotis | nutys |
3rd person plural | aparante | ysorajyn | nigotinen | nuåÿhe |
*some verbs instead use the ending -mo for the 1st person singular, which is also the irregular 1st person singular form of the verb "si". Verbs that do this are either those that combine prepositions with it (e.g "tiposi" (to be present) --> "tipomo") or verbs for which the stem would otherwise contain two consonants (e.g "pelsi" (to sleep) --> "pels"* --> "pelmo").
The verb "si", meaning "to be", belongs in the second declension. However, aside from its irregular participles, it can also be used to form compound and continuous tenses through what are called mutations. Below are the present ones, which are used for the following tenses:
Present continuous
Perfect
Near-Future
And these work in a very simple way: first the stem includes a participle of the first part of this tense (think about the imperfect in English, for example: "I was" is part of the ending, and "doing" is part of the stem), such that the present continuous is literally "doing I am", the perfect is "having done I am", and the near-future is "about to do I am", when transliterated.
mutation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
vowel | consonant | |||
1st person singular | -s* | -ís | ||
2nd person singular | -ra | -a | ||
3rd person singular | -ran | -an | ||
1st person plural | -nos | -os | ||
2nd person plural | -ilo* | -o | ||
3rd person plural | -jyn | -y |
* in the Perfect Tense, the first person singular is actually contracted from "ås" (θs) to "z" (ks), because the former would not be permitted in Sevvufery. * -ilo starting with a vowel will cause the verbs formed to have a dipthong. For example, in the word "nösÿlo" (/nusailo/) meaning "you all have noticed"
Past Tenses
Now Sevvufery has two Simple Past tenses – the Past Tense and the Historic Conditional – and five Compound Past tenses – the Imperfect Tense, the Perfect Tense, the Pluperfect Tense, the Future Perfect Tense and the Past Future Tense. The Historic Conditional Tense has its own section, therefore this one will be dedicated to the Past Tense.
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
---|---|---|---|---|
INFINITIVE | apavvÿ | yse | nigovõ | nö |
1st person singular | apavv | ysele | nigov | nuv |
2nd person singular | apavves | yselen | nigova | nöiieb |
3rd person singular | apavven | yseres | nigovali | nöΔΓo |
1st person plural | apavvemes | ysemas | nigovolis | nönuwös |
2nd person plural | apavvejos | ysejil | nigovolon | nödeg |
3rd person plural | apavvenÿ | yserelin | nigovalens | nöna |
And the mutations, used for the following tenses:
Imperfect (was doing)
Pluperfect (had done)
Near-Future Past (was about to do)
Mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Vowel | Consonant | |
1st person singular | -le | -e |
2nd person singular | -len | -en |
3rd person singular | -res | -es |
1st person plural | -mas | -as |
2nd person plural | -il | |
3rd person plural | -lín | -ín |
Historic Conditional Tense
Now, this tense is NOT to be confused with the regular conditional, used for probable events. This tense is used to describe what would usually happen in the past, if you are speaking from the present. An example in English is "when he was sick, I would visit him in the hospital" or "If we had too much, we would usually give some of them back". Note the use of the word "usually" which is, pun not intended, usually used with this tense in English.
This is the only simple tense to have no infinitive and no participle, and its endings are slightly irregular, especially in the plural forms.
1st Conjugation | 2nd conjugation | 3rd conjugation | 4th conjugation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | apagø | ysyle | nigorro | nüne |
2nd person singular | apagøne | ysyla | nigorrimo | nújä |
3rd person singular | apagi | ysysyn | nigoðo | nújø |
1st person plural | apagolmes | ysemys | nigoðäm | numo |
2nd person plural | aparëni | yselyn | nigorri | nunhi |
3rd person plural | apahýnÿ | ysinyju | nigomä | niiie |
Future tenses
There is one simple future tense, and there are 5 compound future tenses, the Future Continuous Tense, Future Perfect Tense, Near-Future Tense, Near-Future Past Tense and the Near-Future Future Tense. The simple future conjugations are shown below.
1st conjugation | 2nd conjugation | 3rd conjugation | 4th conjugation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
INFINITIVE | apariiii | ysý | nigopobyn | nÿm |
1st person singular | apari | ysýly | nigopot | nÿje |
2nd person singular | aparite | ysýlan | nigopolo | nÿmena |
3rd person singular | aparimam | ysýlal | nigoponis | nÿkada |
1st person plural | aparimamos | ysýnamis | nigopoterem | nÿmos |
2nd person plural | aparinat | ysýlol | nigopotitis | nÿlyn |
3rd person plural | aparinoj | ysýryjun | nigopoja | nÿsija |
And the mutations, used for the following tenses:
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Near-Future Future
Mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Vowel | Consonant | |
1st person singular | -lý | ýl |
2nd person singular | -lýn | -ýn |
3rd person singular | -lal | -al |
1st person plural | -mis | -is |
2nd person plural | -ol* | |
3rd person plural | -jun | -un |
* e + ol becomes 'el'
Passive Voice
Now, the passive voice is the same as its active counterpart, but this time the subject has the action done to it, rather than it doing the action. This is similar to most languages that have a passive voice.
Present Tenses
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
---|---|---|---|---|
INFINITIVE | apaåÿ | ysoåÿ | nigoteåÿ | nuåÿ |
1st person singular | apanawo | ysonawo | nigotawo | nunawo |
2nd person singular | apanawö | ysonawö | nigotawö | nunawö |
3rd person singular | apanada | ysonada | nigotada | nunada |
1st person plural | apanas | ysonas | nigotas | nunas |
2nd person plural | apanetas | ysonetas | nigotetas | nunetas |
3rd person plural | apanonas | ysononas | nigotonas | nunonas |
Past Tenses
Historic Conditional Tense
Future Tenses
Subjunctive Mood
The subjunctive is used to state a possibility, i.e what one 'might' do in a situation. Unlike some languages, Sevvufery distinguishes between the Future Subjunctive Tense and the 'Present Subjunctive Tense, as will be shown later.
It is formed by taking the genitive of the future participle as the stem, and adding mutations to it to determine tense and person.
Active voice
Present tense
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
---|---|---|---|---|
INFINITIVE | apariiiibölybar | ysýbölybiʰi | nigopobynbölybon | nÿmbölybunk |
1st person singular | apariiiibölybimes | ysýbölybimes | nigopobynbölybimes | nÿmbölybimes |
Past tense
Future tense
Uses
Imperative Mood
Participles
Participles exist in three tenses (present, past and future), two voices(active and passive), and one mood (subjunctive). Their uses will be shown later, but for now, here are the formations, which are each formed using the infinitive of a given tense, sometimes with a few modifiers for ease of pronunciation. Note that Sevvufery does not distinguish between long and short consonants, so any two that would go together are written and said as a single consonant. For example, this is why you will see that the 3rd conjugation's present participle is "nigonin" and not "nigonnin*"
Formation
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Present Active | apanin | ysinin | nigonin | nunin |
Present Passive | apane | ysine | nigone | nune |
Past Active | apavvÿsa | ysesa | nigovõsa | nösa |
Past Passive | apavvÿkaå | ysekaå | nigovõkaå | nökaå |
Future Active | apariiiibölyb | ysýbölyb | nigopobynbölyb | nÿmbölyb |
Future Passive | apariiiiböleb | ysýböleb | nigopobynböleb | nÿmböleb |
Cases
The Past Active and Past Passive participles of the 4th conjugation will be shown here as examples, but this pattern is the same for participles of all tenses, only varying based on whether their last letter is a vowel or consonant.
nösa | nökaå | ||
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Singular | nösa | nökaå |
Plural | nösajý | nökaåý | |
Accusative | Singular | nösa | nökaå |
Plural | nösajý | nökaåý | |
Genitive | Singular | nösajetöd | nökaåime |
Plural | nösazze | nökaåölig | |
Possessive (Obsolete) | Singular | nösatel | nökaåel/nökaåtel |
Plural | nösajýtel | nökaåýtel | |
Dative | Singular | nösafodyl | nökaåaiiu |
Plural | nösakömë | nökaåajahh | |
Ablative | Singular | nösabyn | nökaåymal |
Plural | nösabýn | nökaåýmal | |
Locative | Singular | nösagúd | nökaåúd |
Plural | nösamød | nökaåød | |
Resultant | Singular | nösabylø | nökaåymuvv |
Plural | nösabelø | nökaåimuvv |
Adjectival use and Temporal use
Now, all these cases are nice, but useless without, well, a use. And in Sevvufery, the way participles work changes with how they are used. They can be used in a temporal sense (i.e having destroyed the temple, the men laughed) or an adjectival sense (they looked at the [having been] destroyed temple). The latter is the only use for which participles decline, but for the former there is no changing of the participle: after all, the participle is describing an action, not an object. Thus, why would it need to agree with the doer of the action?
Here are some more examples:
Tüsä urökaå gafusenada.
The food, having been found, was eaten (no conjugation, because participle describes time and manner of action, so not linked to food specifically).
Gafuserelin eten etyldovõkaåime syjve tüsa.
We ate the food of the destroyed tree (participle conjugated as an adjective would be, because of specific link to tree).
Resultant Absolute
This carries the same meaning as latin's ablative absolute (with... being done/having been done/about to be done, etc.). However, its formation is different, because only the participles adopt an absolutive form. Frankly, the reason for naming it the "resultant absolute" is simply that the endings resemble those of the resultant case.
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Present Active | apanym | ysinym | nigonym | nunym |
Present Passive | apanuvv | ysinuvv | nigonuvv | nunuvv |
Past Active | apavvÿsøg | ysesøg | nigovõsøg | nösøg |
Past Passive | apavvÿkøå | ysekøå | nigovõkøå | nökøå |
Future Active | apariiiibõly | ysýbõly | nigopobynbõly | nÿmbõly |
Future Passive | apariiiibõle | ysýbõle | nigopobynbõle | nÿmbõle |