Kalo

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Revision as of 04:23, 16 January 2020 by Masako (talk | contribs) (→‎Vowels)
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Introduction

Phonology

Consonants

Stops

  • t - /t/ >> /tʰ/
  • k - /k/ >> /kʰ/
  • kw - /kʷ/

Nasals

In anyomo each nasal consonant has a geminate counterpart, and gemination is lexically contrastive.

  • m - /m/ >> /mː/
  • n - /n/ >> /nː/
  • ny - /ɲ/ >> /ɲː/

Approximants

  • h - /ɦ/
  • w - /w/
  • y - /j/

Vowels

Front Back
Close e o
Open a

There are only three phonemic vowels: /a e o/. They can be long or short and be one of three tones. Length can be lexical, but tone is strictly phonemic.

  • aàáeèéoòó

Tones

There are three phonemic tones, traditionally described as mid, high, and low; in transcription the mid tone is unmarked, and the high and low tones are indicated with acute and grave accents respectively.

high mid low
front é e è
central á a à
back ó o ò

Morphosyntax

anyomo is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.

Pronouns

Singular Plural
1 o- wà-
2 ko- kwà-
3 yà-

Aspect

imperfective

  • -a

perfective

  • -e
  • They have arrived.
  • I've bought it.
  • We all went.
  • This morning I ate breakfast.

durative

  • I'll read, and you listen.
  • We will do it, and you all watch.
  • Sit for a while. I'll be right back.
  • She likes to eat standing up.
  • Smiling, he said, "I'm sorry."

progressive

  • She is reading.
  • Mom is making a phone call.
  • Who is taking a shower in there?
  • The cleaning lady is cleaning our room right now.
  • Yesterday at 7pm, we were eating dinner.
  • I am working now. It's not convenient for me to leave.

Derivation

Nominalization

Lexicon

affixes

stems

  • nyom - speak; talk; converse; chat; discuss
  • h - walk; go (away); run; move (of vehicle); visit; leave

Phrases