User:Masako/pataka
nahoki
| 1 | א alha 'a' | ל lam 'l' |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | ב bet 'b' / 'v' | ai |
| 3 | lai | mai |
| alha | bet |
gamla | dal | ha |
wa / u |
zin not used |
heta | teta | yad / ita | kapu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| א | ב | ג | ד | ה | ו | ז | ח | ט | י | כ |
| ך | ||||||||||
| lam | mem | nun |
samka | eyin | pe |
tsad not used |
qupa | ra | shin |
ta |
| ל | מ | נ | ס | ע | פ | צ | ק | ר | ש | ת |
| ם | ן | ף | ץ |
Verbal Morphology
The verbal inflection of Amal is quite simple. There are only two tenses, non-past, and past (present corresponds to the imperfective aspect, and past tense could also be analyzed as the perfective aspect), each marked for person and number. There are three aspects (inceptive, repetitive, and durative) as well as various moods and voices that are also marked on the verb (usually between the verb root and the person).
| form | suffix | verb | IPA | gloss | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | -ek | yemek | /ˈjɛmek/ | eat-INF | to eat |
| Passive Participle | -eshb | yemeshbu | /ˈjɛmɛʃbu/ | eat-PPP-3s | It was eaten. Eaten |
| Past Tense | -esh | yemeshan | /jɛmˈeʃan/ | eat-PST-1s | I ate. |
| Reportative | -un | yemunum | /ˈjɛmunum/ | eat-REP-3pl | They are said to be eating. |
| Desiderative | -ash | yemashut | /ˈjɛmaʃʊt/ | eat-DES-2pl | You (all) want to eat |
| Indicative | - | yeman | /ˈjɛman/ | eat-1s | I eat |
| Interrogative | -em | yememti | /ˈjɛmemti/ | eat-Q-2s | Are you eating? |
| Negative | -la | yemukla | /ˈjɛmuklɑ/ | eat-1pl-NEG | We do not eat |
| Obligative | -id | yemidum | /ˈjɛmidum/ | eat-OBL-3pl | They are obliged to eat. |
| Tentative | -ur | yemuru | /ˈjɛmuɾu/ | eat-TENT-3s | She may (be) eat(ing) |
| Durative | -ab | yemeshabu | /ˈjɛmeʃabu/ | eat-PST-DUR-3s | He was eating |
| Inceptive | -ud | yemudeshuk | /jɛmˈudeʃuk/ | eat-INC-PST-1pl | We began to eat |
| Repetitive | -al | yemalu | /ˈjɛmalu/ | eat-REP-3s | She keeps (on) eating |
| Causative | -ed | yemedanu | /ˈjɛmedanu/ | eat-CAUS-1s-3s | I feed him. |
| Passive | -eb | tawi yemebu | /tawi ˈjɛmedanu/ | chicken eat-PASS-3s | The chicken is eaten. |
| Reflexive | -eg | aryegum | /arʲˈegum/ | see_REFL-3pl | They see each other |
Tense
The only marked tense being the past tense, the suffix -esh appears between the verb root and the subject-object construction.
Mood
There is a set of modal suffixes, similar to our auxiliary verbs:
- The tentative -ur (sometimes called suggestive, future, probable future, or presumptive) indicates that an action is possible or uncertain, or even that it is unsuccessful: haleshuru He tried to walk
- The desiderative -ash expresses that the action is desired by someone -- usually the subject (halashan I want to go), but sometimes the speaker or a third party (halashile it’s desirable that you go)
Aspect
There is also a set of aspect suffixes, which give details about the action’s placement in time:
- The inceptive -ud signals the beginning of an action
- The repetitive -al indicates that the action was repeated or habitual
- The durative -ab, like our progressive, indicates that the action was or is in progress
Voice
The various voices are sometimes combined with other verb modifiers.
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