Introduction
Phonology
Consonants
|
labial
|
alveolar
|
post-alveolar
|
palatal
|
velar
|
glottal
|
plosive |
p pʼ (b) |
t tʼ (d) |
|
c cʼ |
k kʼ (g) |
|
nasal |
m |
n |
|
ɲ |
(ŋ) |
|
fricative |
f (v) |
s z (sʲ zʲ) |
ʃ ʒ |
ɕ |
(x) |
h
|
affricate |
|
ts |
tʃ dʒ |
(tɕ tɕʼ) |
|
|
trills |
|
r |
|
|
|
|
laterals |
|
l (ɬ) |
|
(ʎ) |
|
|
approximants |
w ʍ |
|
|
j |
|
|
Vowels
Monophthongs:
|
front
|
central
|
back
|
high |
i ĩ |
|
u ũ
|
central |
ɛ ɛ̃ |
|
ɔ ɔ̃
|
low |
|
a ã |
|
Diphthongs:
|
front
|
central
|
back
|
high |
iʊ̯ |
|
uɪ̯
|
central |
ɛɪ̯ |
|
ɔɪ̯
|
low |
|
aɪ̯ aʊ̯ |
|
Latin Orthography
Nouns
Adjectives
Pronouns
Determiners
Verbs
Finite Verbs forms
The slot model
slot 1
|
slot 2
|
|
slot 3
|
|
slot 4
|
|
slot 5
|
|
VERB STEM |
-wa-/-ya- |
PAST |
-im- |
1SG.NOM |
-im- |
1SG.ACC |
-an |
IND.IPFV
|
|
|
|
-iš- |
2SG.NOM |
-iš |
2SG.ACC |
-Ø-/-at- |
IND.PFV
|
|
|
|
-iw-/-if-/-it |
3SG.NOM |
-iw-/-it |
3SG.ACC |
-ui/-ao |
IND.FUT
|
|
|
|
-am- |
1PL.NOM |
-am- |
1PL.ACC |
-ai |
COND
|
|
|
|
-aš- |
2PL.NOM |
-aš- |
2PL.ACC |
-ai/-Ø |
IPFV
|
|
|
|
-aw-/-af-/-at |
3PL.NOM |
-aw-/-at |
2PL.ACC |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-ar- |
PASS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-ast- |
REFL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-ahw- |
RECP |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-asj- |
IMPERS |
|
|
Agreement rules
Type of Subject
|
Type of Object
|
Subject Agreement
|
Object Agreement
|
Example sentence
|
Translation
|
noun |
no object |
NO |
NO |
Kaika lufjan. |
The cat is sleeping.
|
pronoun |
no object |
YES |
NO |
Woi lufiwan. |
He is sleeping.
|
omitted pronoun |
no object |
YES |
NO |
Lufiwan. |
He is sleeping.
|
phrase |
no object |
NO |
NO |
Luzjan, sta ši anhi. |
It's nice (literally: It makes happy) that you are here.
|
noun
|
nouns |
NO |
NO |
|
pronouns |
YES |
YES |
|
omitted pronouns |
YES |
YES |
|
phrase |
NO |
NO |
|
(omitted) pronoun
|
nouns |
YES |
NO |
|
pronouns |
YES |
YES |
|
omitted pronouns |
YES |
YES |
|
phrase |
YES |
NO |
|
phrase
|
nouns |
NO |
NO |
|
pronouns |
YES |
NO |
|
omitted pronouns |
YES |
NO |
|
Copula
Prepositions
Numbers
Syntax
Derivation