Monzo

Mònzo is an Italo-Carune language spoken in Monze, Carune. It is similar to Carune, but incorporates grave accents as stress markers because of the loss of some final letters.

Mònzo
Pronounced:	/m"Onts)o/
Timeline and Universe:	Alternate Earth, modern era
Species:	Human
Spoken:	Carune
Total speakers:	5 million
Writing system:	Roman
Genealogy:	Indo-European  Italic   Italo-Western    Ibero-Italic     Italo-Carune      Eastern Carune       Monzo
Typology
Morphological type:	Inflecting
Morphosyntactic alignment:	Fusional
Basic word order:	SVO
Credits
Creator:	Sectori
Created:	December 2005

Phonology/Orthography

Monzo has _ phonemes.

• Plosives: /p t k b d g/ < p t ch b d g >
• Fricatives: /f h s v/ < f h s v >
• Affricates: /ts) tS)/ < z c >
• Approximants: /l r\ L/ < l r lh >
• Nasals: /m n J/ < m n nh >
• Unstressed Vowels: /a e i o u/ < a e i o u >
• Stressed Vowels: /"A "E "I "O "U/ < à è ì ò ù >
• Labialized Plosives: /kw/ < qu >
• In diphthongs, /i/ becomes /j/ and /u/ becomes /w/

Syntax and Stress

Stress falls on the penultimate syllable, unless the word ends in a vowel, in which case it lands on the ultimate syllable:

• Mònzo: /m"Onts)o/
• Parlàr: /parl"Ar\/
• Che: /k"e/
• Grazie: /grats)j"e/

Subject Pronouns

Mònzo has nine subject pronouns. It distinguishes two singular forms, one formal and one informal.

• Eo: I
• Tu: you (informal)
• Lho: he
• Lha: she
• Vùzu: you (formal)
• Nòze: we
• Vòze: you (plural)
• Lhi: they (masculine)
• Lhe: they (feminine)

Verbal Morphology: Indicative Mood Simple Tenses

There are four types of verbs: -a stem, -e stem, -i stem, and irregulars. The infinitive forms are -àr, -èr, -ìr, and -e respectively. To conjugate, remove them and add the correct endings.

Present Indicative Conjugation

This describes actions that happen in the present. Regular verbs conjugate as follows.

• The eo form ends in -ò.
• The tu form ends in -(stem vowel)s
• The lho, lha, and vùzu forms end in -(stem vowel)
• The nòze form ends in -(stem vowel)mo
• The vòze form ends in -(stem vowel)z
• The lhi and lhe forms end in -(stem vowel)n
• Thus, parlàr conjugates as follows: parlò, parlas, parla, parlamo, parlaz, parlan
• Savèr: savò, saves, save, savemo, savez, saven
• Venìr: venò, venis, veni, venimo, veniz, venin
• The irregular verb pusse (to be able to) conjugates like this: pò, pes, pe, pemo, pez, pen.

Preterit Indicative Conjugation

The preterit describes actions that have happened in the past.

• The eo form ends in -è for -a stem verbs and -ì for -e and -i stem verbs.
• The tu form ends in -ast for -a stem verbs and -ist for -e and -i stem verbs.
• The lho, lha, and vùzu forms end in -u for all types of verbs.
• The nòzo form ends in -àm for -a stem verbs and -ìm for -e and -i stem verbs.
• The vòzo form ends in -àste for -a stem verbs and -ìste for -e and -i stem verbs.
• The lhi and lhe forms end in -àtu and -ìtu for -e and -i stem verbs.
• Parlàr: parlè, parlast, parlu, parlàm, parlàste, parlàtu.
• Savèr: savì, savist, savu, savìm, savìste, savìtu
• Venìr: venì, venist, venu, venìm, venìste, venìtu
• Pusse: puì, puist, peu, puìm, puìste, puìtu

Future Indicative Conjugation

The future tense describes actions that have yet to occur.

• The eo ending is -e.
• The tu ending is -as.
• The lho, lha, and vùzu ending is -i.
• The nòzo ending is -emo
• The vòzo ending is -az.
• The lhi and lhe ending is -in
• Parlàr: parlàre, parlàras, parlàri, parlàremo, parlàraz, parlàrin
• Savèr: savère, savèras, savèri, savèrimo, savèraz, savèrin
• Venìr: venìre, venìras, venìri, venìremo, venìraz, venìrin
• Pusse: puère, puèras, puèri, puèremo, puèraz, puèrin

Imperfect Indicative Conjugation

The imperfect tense describes an action that occurred at an unspecified past time. In -a stem verbs, it is formed by removing the final -r, adding -v-, and then adding the normal present tense ending. If this would change the stress placement, the stress stays with the infinitive ending. In -e and -i stem forms it is conjugated as follows:

• The eo form is -ià.
• The tu form is -iàs.
• The lho, lha, and vùzu form ends in -ià.
• The nòzo form ends in -iàmo
• The vòzo form ends in -iàz
• The lhi and lhe form ends in -iàn
• Parlàr: parlàvo, parlàvas, parlàva, parlàvamo, parlàvas, parlàvan
• Savèr: savià, saviàs, savià, saviàmo, saviàz, saviàn
• Venìr: venià, veniàs, venià, veniàmo, veniàz, veniàn
• Pusse: puià, puiàs, puià, puiàmo, puiàz, puiàn

Present Conditional Conjugation

The present conditional describes things that would happen. It conjugates by adding certain endings to the full infinitive of a verb. When the stress of the added ending conflicts with the stress of the infinitive, the stress stays with the added ending.

• The eo form is -ià.
• The tu form is -iàs.
• The lho, lha, and vùzu form is -ià.
• The nòzo form is -iàmo
• The vòzo form is -iàz
• The lhi and lhe form is -iàn
• Parlàr: parlarià, parlariàs, parlarià, parlariàmo, parlariàz, parlariàn.
• Savèr: saverià, saveriàs, saverià, saveriàmo, saveriàz, saveriàn.
• Venìr: venirià, veniriàs, venirià, veniriàmo, veniriàz, veniriàn.
• Pusse: puerià, pueriàs, puerià, pueriàmo, pueriàz, pueriàn.

Nominal Morphology: Gender and Number

In common with other Italo-Carune languages, Mònzo has three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.

• Masculine nouns end in -o in the singular. To make them plural, change -o to -i. For example: il bambino>lhi bambini (bambino=boy).
• Feminine nouns end in -a in the singular. To make them plural, change -a to -e. For example: al bambina>lhe bambine (bambina=girl).
• Neuter nouns end in -u in the singular. To make them plural, change -u to e. For example: el frasu>lhe frase (frasu=sentence).

Direct Object Pronouns

Direct object pronouns reflect the immediate object of an action: I have the book to him.; She loves me. Mònzo nouns do not reflect the accusative (direct object) case, but pronouns do. The direct object pronouns are as follows.

• Me: me
• Te: you
• Lho: him
• Lha: her
• Lhu: it
• Ne: us
• Ve: you
• Lhi: them (masculine)
• Lhe: them (feminine or neuter)

Indirect Object Pronouns

Indirect object pronouns reflect the indirect object of a sentence: She gave the book to me. Nouns in Mònzo do not reflect the dative (indirect object) case, but pronouns do.

• Me: to/for me
• Te: to/for you
• Lo: to/for him
• La: to/for her
• Lu: to/for it
• Ne: to/for us
• Ve: to/for you
• Li: to/for them (masculine)
• Le: to/for them (feminine or neuter)

Prepositional Object Pronouns

Prepositional object pronouns reflect the object of a preposition: I am going away from her. Nouns in Mònzo do not decline to show the locative/ablative (prepositional object) case, but pronouns do.

• Mi: me
• Ti: you
• Si: him, her, it, them
• Ni: us
• Vi: you

Reflexive Verbs/Pronouns

Reflexive verbs are the reflection of an action done by the speaker to the speaker: She gave the book to herself. There are two ways of dealing with reflexives: conjugate them, or leave them as infinitives. As conjugated verbs, reflexives look like normal verbs, but have a reflexive pronoun tacked onto the beginning.

• Lavèr-si: to wash oneself
• Mi lavò: I wash myself
• Ti laves: you wash yourself
• Si lave: he/she/you washes/wash him/her/yourself
• Ni lavemo: we wash ourselves
• Vi lavez: you wash yourselves
• Si laven: they wash themselves

In their infinitive forms, reflexives look like normal verbs with a reflexive pronoun tacked on at the end.

• Sentìr-si: to feel
• Sentìr-mi: to feel (I)
• Sentìr-ti: to feel (you)
• Sentìr-si: to feel (he, she, it, they)
• Sentìr-ni: to feel (we)
• Sentìr-vi: to feel (you)

The second type of reflexive is always used after a conjugated verb, never in place of one.

Verbal Morphology: Irregular Verbs

You have already learned to conjugate one irregular verb: pusse (to be able to, can). This section will teach you a number of the most common irregular verbs. Irregular verbs end in -e, and typically more specifically in -sse. The most common irregular verbs are as follows.

• esse: to be
• Present Indicative: sò, es, è, somo, soz, son
• Preterite Indicative: fuì, fuist, fuu, fuìm, fuìste, fuìtu
• Future Indicative: sierre, sierras, sierri, sierremo, sierraz, sierrin
• Imperfect Indicative: erò, eras, era, eramo, eraz, eran
• Present Conditional: sierrià, sierriàs, sierrià, sierriàmo, sierriàz, sierriàn

• avesse: to have (auxiliary)
• Present Indicative: hò, has, ha, hamo, haz, han
• Preterite Indicative: hè, hast, hu, hàm, haste, hàtu
• Future Indicative: hàre, hàras, hàri, hàremo, hàraz, hàrin
• Imperfect Indicative: hià, hiàs, hià, hiàmo, hiàz, hiàn
• Present Conditional: harià, hariàs, harià, hariàmo, hariàz, hariàn

• ire: to go
• Present Indicative: vò, vas, va, vamo, vaz, van
• Preterite Indicative: fuì, fuist, fuu, fuìm, fuìste, fuìtu
• Future Indicative: ire, iras, iri, iremo, iraz, irin
• Imperfect Indicative: ià, iàs, ià, iàmo, iàz, iàn
• Present Conditional: irià, iriàs, irià, iriàmo, iriàz, iriàn

• disse: to say, tell
• Present Indicative: dico, dices, dice, dicemo, dicez, dicen
• Preterite Indicative: dehì, dehist, dehu, dehìm, dehìste, dehìtu
• Future Indicative: dehère, dehèras, dehèri, dehèremo, dehèraz, dehèrin
• Imperfect Indicative: dià, diàs, dià, diàmo, diàz, diàn
• Present Conditional: deherià, deheriàs, deherià, deheriàmo, deheriàz, deheriàn

Verbal Morphology: Subjunctive Mood Simple Tenses

The subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood) is a grammatical mood of the verb that expresses wishes, commands (in subordinate clauses), emotion, possibility, judgment, necessity and statements that are contrary to fact.[1]