User:Masako/pataka
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Kala’s grammar is fairly regular and equally as simple. This is an explanation based on a story. The story is fairly simple and involves a few situations that are common to the human experience.
John, his dog, and his friends
- yohano ina
- John eat
- John eats. or John is eating.
- This is the simplest type of phrase in Kala. It includes the subject yohano and the action ina. The important thing to recognize is that ina can also mean food. The clue to its meaning in this phrase is word order, which, in Kala, is always (Subject)-(Object)-Verb. Verbs can be used alone when the phrase is an interjection, simply a statement of observance, or response to a question. Note the example below:
- pana
- rain
- It is raining or Rain!
tense
- To express the tense, simple suffixes are used:
- yohano inaye
- John eat-PST
- John ate.
- yohano inatli
- John eat-FUT
- John will eat.
- There are a few temporal adverbs that specify tense, they precede the verb phrase:
- ayehi yohano ina
- past-DIM John eat
- John ate a short while ago.
- ayeha yohano ina
- past-AUG John eat
- John ate a long while ago.
- atlihi yohano ina
- future-DIM John eat
- John will eat in a short while.
- atliha yohano ina
- future-AUG John eat
- John will eat long while from now.
subject vs object
- yohano nyoma inaye
- John rice eat-PST
- John ate the rice
- In the above phrase the strict SVO word order indicates that the rice is the object, or patient (recipient of the action). The particle ke marks the patient. It also function as a nominalizer (makes it a noun). The below is an example of a phrase that lacks a subject:
- ke nyoma inaye
- O rice eat-PST
- The rice was eaten.
- mita yohanoyo ke nyoma inaye
- dog John-POSS O rice eat-PST
- John's dog ate the rice.
