Nodrostaj
Phonology & Orthography
Consonants
|
Bilabial |
Labiodental |
Dental |
Alveolar |
Postalveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Uvular |
Glottal
|
| Plosive
|
/p b/ p b |
|
/t d/ t d |
|
|
|
/k g/ c g |
/q ɢ/ c g |
/ʔ/ x
|
| Affricate
|
|
|
|
/ts/ ç |
/tʃ/ ḉ |
|
|
|
|
| Nasal
|
/m/ m |
|
/n/ n |
|
|
|
/ŋ/ ng |
/ɴ/ ng |
|
| Trill
|
|
|
/r/ r |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fricative
|
|
/f/ f |
/θ/ z |
/s/ s |
/ʃ/ ś |
|
/x/ k |
/χ/ k |
/h/ h
|
| Lateral Fricative
|
|
|
/ɮ/ l |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Approximant
|
|
/ʋ/ v |
|
|
|
/j/ j |
|
|
|
- /p t k q/ are realized as [p̚ t̚ k̚ q̚] word finally
- /b d g ɢ/ are realized as [β ð ɣ ʁ] after a vowel and before another vowel, a sibilant, or a liquid
- /k ɡ ŋ x/ and /q ɢ ɴ χ/ are in complementary distribution with the former occurring in a syllable containing front vowels and the former occurring in a syllable containing back vowels
- /hm hn hŋ hɴ hr hɮ/ are realized as [m̥ n̥ ŋ̥ ɴ̥ r̥ ɬ]
- /r ɮ/ are realized as [r̥ ɬ] word finally
Vowels
|
Front |
Central |
Back
|
| Close
|
/i y/ i y |
|
/u/ u
|
| Close-Mid
|
/e ø / e ø |
|
/o/ o
|
| Open
|
|
/a/ a |
|
- when unstressed, vowels are lightly raised
- long vowels are represented by doubling the vowel
Vowel Harmony
| Front
|
e |
ø |
y
|
| Back
|
a |
o |
u
|
| Neutral
|
i
|
Stress
Stress normally falls on the first syllable of a word. However, there is irregular stress. This is denoted by an acute accent on that specific syllable's vowel to show the irregularity.
Syllable Structure & Phonotactics
Morphology
Nouns
Verbs
Intransitive
|
SG |
DL |
PL
|
| 1P
|
-vøs/vos |
-vøl/vol |
-venee/vanaa
|
| 2P
|
-d |
-del/dal |
-denee/danaa
|
| 3P
|
-eset/asat |
-esel/asal |
-esnee/asnaa
|
Transitive
|
1P_SG |
2P_SG |
3P_SG |
1P_DL |
2P_DL |
3P_DL |
1P_PL |
2P_PL |
3P_PL
|
| 1P_SG
|
-vøs/vos |
-vøl/vol |
-venee/vanaa
|
| Second Person
|
-d |
-del/dal |
-denee/danaa
|
| Third Person
|
-eset/asat |
-esel/asal |
-esnee/asnaa
|
Syntax
