Calcoradish
This page is edited by a Japanese-native-speaker. Please forgive me for that there may be incorrect English use.
Calcoradish is a language which is spoken in Calcoradenadúr as its official language. This language is called "Calcoradetár[kalkoradeta:r]" in Calcoradish.
Phonology
Consonants
Calcoradish has about twenty consonants.
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p [p] / b [b] | t [t] / d [d] | c [k] / g[g] | |||
| Affricative | ts [ts] | |||||
| Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | ||||
| Fricative | f [f] / v [v] | th [θ] / dh [ð] | s [s] / z [z] | ch [x] / gh [ɣ] | h [h] | |
| Approximant | r [r] | |||||
| Lateral | l [l] |
In latin transcription, "c" is always pronounced [k], and "k" is never used.
Vowel
Calcoradish has nine vowels. The vowel length is distinctive. But /ɔ/ always appear as a long vowel. And the distinction between the long vowel /i:/ and /e:/ is not clear in many dialect.
Long vowels are spelled with acute accent(For example, the spell "á" is pronounced [a:]).
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | |||
| Close | i [i] | y [y] | u [u] | |
| Close-mid | e [e] | o [o] | ||
| Open-mid | æ [ε] | ø [œ] | ||
| Open | a [a] | |||
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | |||
| Close | ( í [i:] ) | ý [y:] | ú [u:] | |
| Close-mid | é [e:] | ó [o:] | ||
| Open-mid | ǽ [ε:] | ǿ [œ:] | â [ɔ:] | |
| Open | á [a:] | |||
Some combination of two vowels are pronounced as diphthong.
- ei, ai, æi [εi]
- øi [œi]
- yi [ɥi]
- oi [ɔi]
- ui [ui]
- ae [aε]
- oe [ɔε]
- ue [uε]
Writing system
Calcoradish is written in segmental script called Ádian. In Calcoradish, 29 letters are used.
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Grammar
Nouns
Noun classes(Grammatical gender)
Any nouns in Calcoradish are classified into two noun classes. There are "material noun" and "non-material noun" in Calcoradish.
- Examples of material noun: nór (a person), vór (a car), vedh (water), geth (a house)
- Examples of non-material noun: vønge (spirit, heart), vadúr (law), chradhem (goodness), vorde (power)
Cases
Calcoradish noun has four cases, nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative. Nominative is unmarked. The other cases are marked with case proposition. The form of genitive is [e + noun], dative is [vem + noun], accusative is [Ø(zero case-proposition) + noun]. Actually, accusative is the same form of nominative.
Nominative will be the subject in the sentence. Accusative, genitive, and dative will be the object in the sentence. You must remember which case will be used as object to the verb. For example, the verb "odǽl"(to eat) needs accusative object. The verb "vethnǿl"(to love) needs genitive object.
Articles
In Calcoradish, there is no distinction between definite articles and indefinite articles. Calcoradish articles are "chol" and "na". "Chol" is used in front of a material noun. "Na" is used in front of a non-material noun.
- Example: chol constadum (a/the building), na cambrál (an/the accident)
Verbs
Form of verbs
Infinitives of verb have ending "-ǽl", "-ǿl" or "-úl". A verb which ends with -ǽl is called "Class I verb". A verb which ends with -ǿl is called "Class II verb". A verb which ends with -úl is called "Class III verb".
| Infinitive ending | Examples | |
|---|---|---|
| Class I | -ǽl | cadǽl (to open), stǽl (to write) |
| Class II | -ǿl | grǿl (to obtain), dragǿl (to bring) |
| Class III | -úl | gardúl (to walk), corúl (to read) |
Verbs are conjugated to indicate tense, aspect, and mood. But there is no conjugation for grammatical person(like most of Indo-European languages).
Tenses and Aspects
There are two tenses, past tense and non-past tense(present tense). And there are three aspects, perfective, non-perfective, and future.
They are indicated by conjugation of verb.
| Perfective | Non-perfective | Future | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Class I | -æs | -ǽr | -ǽm |
| Class II | -øis | -ǿr | -ǿm |
| Class III | -yis | -ýr | -ým |
When the verb is past tense, at first, you make "past stem" by changing verb's ending.
| Infinitive | Past Stem I | Past Stem II | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Class I | -ǽl | -ad- | -ed- |
| Class II | -ǿl | -od- | |
| Class III | -úl | -ud- |
After making past stem, you will add suffix that indicates aspects.
| Perfective | Non-perfective | Future | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Class I | I + -er | II + -ǽr | II + -ǽm |
| Class II | I + -er | II + -ǿr | II + -ǿm |
| Class III | I + -er | II + -ýr | II + -ým |
In this table, "I" represents "past stem I", and "II" represents "past stem II".
Adjectives
Many of calcoradish adjectives end with -ár, -ýr, -ol, or -el. But some adjectives has other endings.
Attributive adjectives are put after nouns. The word order is [Noun + Adjective]
- Example: vór adýr (means “fast car”. “vór”=”car”(noun), “adýr”=”fast”(adjective))
But when the combination of noun and adjective is treated as a proper noun, adjectives precede nouns and the word order is [Adjective + Noun].
Word Examples
Noun
| Calcoradish | English | Japanese |
|---|---|---|
| bár | room | heya |
| cegor | train | ressha |
| chapor | bread | pan |
| cois | foot | ashi |
| crǿge | bridge | hashi |
| dǽr | mountain | yama |
| dém | tree | ki |
| destol | table, desk | tēburu, tsukue |
| devol | book | hon |
| døn | hill | oka |
| fys | milk | gyūnyū |
| geth | house | ie |
| hel | island | shima |
| lanér | sea | umi |
| lúr | way, road | michi |
| lýge | cloud | kumo |
| nór | human, person | hito |
| pamor | window | mado |
| prǿge | lake | mizuumi |
| sáde | hand | te |
| spegh | door | doa, tobira |
| tár | language | kotoba, gengo |
| vedh | water | mizu |
| vór | car | kuruma |
| vǿm | river | kawa |
External link
[1](Written in Japanese)
