Proto-Austronesian Hebrew/Morphology
Nouns
Like everything in PAH, nouns are generally derived from tri-consonantal roots. There are some one-letter-root words. They are all masculine.
- グ/gu - noise
- ヅ/du - this
- ス/su - who
- プ/pu - mouth
- ス゚/cu - ship
- ク゚/ŋu - mouse-deer
In the singular-construct state, they are monoptotic and the vowel changes to -ey.
Masculine
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct | -u | -āmi | -ūma |
| Genitive | -i | -aymi | -īma |
| Indirect | -a |
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct | -Ø | -ā | -ū |
| Genitive | -Ø | -ay | -ī |
| Indirect | -Ø |
Feminine
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct | -atu | -atōmi | -ōtu |
| Genitive | -ati | -ataymi | -ōti |
| Indirect | -ata |
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct | -at | -atō | -atū |
| Genitive | -at | -atay | -atī |
| Indirect | -at |
Pronouns
Personal - Independent
Personal pronouns are often omitted, except in verbless clauses. There are two forms: one can exist independently and the other is a suffix attached to the construct/pronominal-state noun.
| case | Common | # |
|---|---|---|
| D | アク 'aku |
sing. |
| O | ||
| D | アニ 'ani |
dual |
| O | ||
| D | アニ̅ヌ̅ 'anīnū |
pl. |
| O | アニ̅ニ̅ 'anīnī |
| case | Masc. | Fem. | # |
|---|---|---|---|
| D | ア̅ッタ̅ 'āttā |
ア̅ッチ 'ātti |
sing |
| O | |||
| D | アッツマ̅ 'attumā |
dual | |
| O | アッツマィ 'attumay | ||
| D | アッツム̅ 'attumū |
アッチッナ̅ 'attinnā |
plural |
| O | アッツミ̅ 'attumī | ||
| case | Masc. | Fem. | # |
|---|---|---|---|
| D | フワ huwa |
ヒヤ hiya |
sing. |
| O | フワチ huwati |
ヒヤチ hiyati | |
| D | フマ̅ humā |
dual | |
| O | フマィ humay | ||
| D | フム̅ humū |
ヒッナ̅ hinnā |
plural |
| O | フミ̅ humī | ||
Personal - Suffix
| Sing. | Dual | Pl. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1c | -ī* -ya -nī |
-nayā | -nū |
| 2m | -ka | -kumā | -kum |
| 2f | -ki | -kun | |
| 3m | -ō/-hū | -humā | -(hu)m |
| 3f | -ha/-ah | -(hi)n |
-ī takes the place of the nominative ending -u
Relative
The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Akkadian/Ugaritic pronoun *ðu-. The progress of the consonant seems to have been *ð > *z > *s. For single-word relative clauses, the relative pronoun acts as a proclitic particle. Otherwise, it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect).
| case | Masc. | Fem. | # |
|---|---|---|---|
| D | ス su |
サ̅ツ sātu |
sing. |
| G | シ si |
サ̅チ sāti | |
| I | サ sa |
サ̅タ sāta | |
| D | ス̅ツ̅ sūtū |
dual / plural | |
| O | ス̅チ̅ sūtī | ||
Demonstrative
Near
| case | Masc. | Fem. | # |
|---|---|---|---|
| D | ヅ du |
ド̅ツ dōtu |
sing. |
| G | ヂ di |
ド̅チ dōti | |
| I | ダ da |
ド̅タ dōta | |
| D | イル̅゜ 'illū |
dual / plural | |
| O | イリ̅゜ 'illī | ||
Far
The 3rd person personal pronoun is used as if it were a far-deitic pronoun/adjective.
Interrogative and Indefinite
Unlike all the other pronouns, these inflect for personal vs. impersonal, not gender. Note, the dual and plural forms are sometimes used for emphasis against a single referent.
Interrogative
| case | Who? | What(ever)? | # |
|---|---|---|---|
| D | ミ̅ユ mīyu |
マ̅ mā |
sing. |
| G | ミ̅マ mīya | ||
| I | ミ̅乂 mīyi | ||
| D | ミ̅ヨ̅ミ mīyōmi |
マ̅マ̅ māmā |
dual |
| O | ミ̅マィミ mīyaymi |
マ̅マィ māmay | |
| D | ミ̅ユ̅マ mīyūma |
マ̅ム̅ māmū |
plural |
| O | ミ̅乂̅マ mīyīma |
マ̅ミ̅ māmī |
Indefinite
These forms often take enclitic pronouns. Again, there are personal and impersonal forms, not genders.
| case | personal | impersonal | # |
|---|---|---|---|
| D | マッヌ mannu |
ミ̅ヌ mīnu |
sing. |
| G | マッナ manna |
ミ̅ナ mīna | |
| I | マッニ manni |
ミ̅ニ mīni | |
| D | マッヌマ̅ mannumā |
ミ̅ヌマ̅ mīnumā |
dual |
| O | マッヌマィ mannumay |
ミ̅ヌマィ mīnumay | |
| D | マッヌム̅ mannumū |
ミ̅ヌム̅ mīnumū |
plural |
| O | マッヌミ̅ mannumī |
ミ̅ヌミ̅ mīnumī |
The dual and plural of mannu can be used impersonally. The construct forms are man- and mīn- in the singular and mannum- and mīnum- in the dual/plural.
Adverbs
These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun.
- -(a)h
- This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'. It can be used locally or temporally. Note, this can be identical to the 3rd person feminine singular possessive suffix. 'ahdh = together
- -(a)m
- This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix.
- -yda
- Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers. e.g. tinayda = twice
Independent adverbs include
- tm
- there
- hlm/hlny/hnny
- here
- `nt/`tn/ht
- now
- 'apnk/'idk
- then, thereupon
- 'axr
- afterwards, after
- 'al
- surely with imperfect, not with jussives
- kn
- thus
- mid
- very much
- 'ayka(m)
- how?
- 'iyyi/'i
- where?
- 'an
- where?
- lima
- why? for what
- md`
- why?
- lō
- not
- bal
- no, without
- halū/halā/hlk/hln
- behold, is it not
- hinnī?
- behold, there
- la/lū
- O, vocative marker
- yā + word + m
- vocative marker
- ying
- there is/are
- ayin
- there is/are not
Particles
- he
- question particle
- wi
- common conjunction
- pē
- clause conjunction
- ap
- also
- 'ō
- or, adversative
- hlm
- when, as soon as
- hm
- if, or
- koy
- since, because, if, when, which
- da
- until
Prepositions
- bi
- with, in, from, to
- le
- to, on, from
- ki
- as, like
- 'atr
- after
- beyna
- between
- bāda
- behind
- taqetay
- under
