Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet

This page will list different uses of diacritical marks that have natlang precedence. Conlangers can use this to find inspiration for their own conlang romanizations.
Note that in this article combining diacritics are attached to a ◌. Diacritics without a ◌, like ¨ for example, are non-combining. Non-combining diacritics are sometimes called modifier letters in Unicode. When a letter is referred to without concerning about case, it is displayed like so: Ťť. This is for clarity's sake because some diacritics may look different depending on the letter's case.

Templates

Precomposed Letters with ***

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Uses of ***

Usage	Language	Letters	Notes

Acute Accent

Precomposed Letters with Acute Accent

´

ˊ

◌́

◌́

Á

á

Ǻ

ǻ

Ấ

ấ

Ắ

ắ

Ǽ

U+00B4

U+02CA

U+0301

U+0341

U+00C1

U+00E1

U+01FA

U+01FB

U+1EA4

U+1EA5

U+1EAE

U+1EAF

U+01FC

Acute Accent

Modifier Letter Acute Accent

Combining Acute Accent

Combining Acute Tone Mark

Latin Capital Letter A With Acute

Latin Small Letter A With Acute

Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute

Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute

Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Acute

Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Acute

Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Acute

Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Acute

Latin Capital Letter Ae With Acute

Note: May be confused with Apostrophe ' (U+0027), Modifier Letter Prime ʹ (U+02B9), Modifier Letter Turned Comma ʻ (U+02BB), Modifier Letter Apostrophe ʼ (U+02BC), Modifier Letter Vertical Line ˈ (U+02C8), Right Single Quotation Mark ’ (U+2019), or Prime ′ (U+2032).

Note: May be confused with Combining Turned Comma Above ◌̒ (U+0312).

ǽ

Ć

ć

Ḉ

ḉ

É

é

Ḗ

ḗ

Ế

ế

Ǵ

ǵ

U+01FD

U+0106

U+0107

U+1E08

U+1E09

U+00C9

U+00E9

U+1E16

U+1E17

U+1EBE

U+1EBF

U+01F4

U+01F5

Latin Small Letter Ae With Acute

Latin Capital Letter C With Acute

Latin Small Letter C With Acute

Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute

Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute

Latin Capital Letter E With Acute

Latin Small Letter E With Acute

Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute

Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute

Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Acute

Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Acute

Latin Capital Letter G With Acute

Latin Small Letter G With Acute

Í

í

Ḯ

ḯ

Ḱ

ḱ

Ĺ

ĺ

Ḿ

ḿ

Ń

ń

Ó

U+00CD

U+00ED

U+1E2E

U+1E2F

U+1E30

U+1E31

U+0139

U+013A

U+1E3E

U+1E3F

U+0143

U+0144

U+00D3

Latin Capital Letter I With Acute

Latin Small Letter I With Acute

Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute

Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute

Latin Capital Letter K With Acute

Latin Small Letter K With Acute

Latin Capital Letter L With Acute

Latin Small Letter L With Acute

Latin Capital Letter M With Acute

Latin Small Letter M With Acute

Latin Capital Letter N With Acute

Latin Small Letter N With Acute

Latin Capital Letter O With Acute

ó

Ṓ

ṓ

Ố

ố

Ṍ

ṍ

Ớ

ớ

Ǿ

ǿ

Ṕ

ṕ

U+00F3

U+1E52

U+1E53

U+1ED0

U+1ED1

U+1E4C

U+1E4D

U+1EDA

U+1EDB

U+01FE

U+01FF

U+1E54

U+1E55

Latin Small Letter O With Acute

Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute

Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute

Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Acute

Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Acute

Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute

Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute

Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Acute

Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Acute

Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke And Acute

Latin Small Letter O With Stroke And Acute

Latin Capital Letter P With Acute

Latin Small Letter P With Acute

Ŕ

ŕ

Ś

ś

Ṥ

ṥ

Ú

ú

Ǘ

ǘ

Ṹ

ṹ

Ứ

U+0154

U+0155

U+015A

U+015B

U+1E64

U+1E65

U+00DA

U+00FA

U+01D7

U+01D8

U+1E78

U+1E79

U+1EE8

Latin Capital Letter R With Acute

Latin Small Letter R With Acute

Latin Capital Letter S With Acute

Latin Small Letter S With Acute

Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above

Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter U With Acute

Latin Small Letter U With Acute

Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute

Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute

Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute

Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute

Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Acute

ứ

Ẃ

ẃ

Ý

ý

Ź

ź

U+1EE9

U+1E82

U+1E83

U+00DD

U+00FD

U+0179

U+017A

Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Acute

Latin Capital Letter W With Acute

Latin Small Letter W With Acute

Latin Capital Letter Y With Acute

Latin Small Letter Y With Acute

Latin Capital Letter Z With Acute

Latin Small Letter Z With Acute

Uses of Acute Accent

Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Long vowel	Czech	Áá /aː/, Éé /ɛː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/	Íí and Ýý both represent the same phoneme in Standard Czech, but Íí may mark that the previous consonant is palatal, which Ýý does not.[1]
	Swedish	Éé /ˈeː/	Éé is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but it is used in many loanwords and surnames. It denotes a long, stressed /e/ that is found in an unexpected position of a word.

Breve

Precomposed Letters with Breve

˘

◌̆

Ă

ă

Ắ

ắ

Ằ

ằ

Ẳ

ẳ

Ẵ

ẵ

Ặ

U+02D8

U+0306

U+0102

U+0103

U+1EAE

U+1EAF

U+1EB0

U+1EB1

U+1EB2

U+1EB3

U+1EB4

U+1EB5

U+1EB6

Breve

Combining Breve

Latin Capital Letter A With Breve

Latin Small Letter A With Breve

Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Acute

Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Acute

Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Grave

Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Grave

Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Hook Above

Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Tilde

Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Tilde

Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Dot Below

ặ

Ĕ

ĕ

Ḝ

ḝ

Ğ

ğ

Ĭ

ĭ

Ŏ

ŏ

Ŭ

ŭ

U+1EB7

U+0114

U+0115

U+1E1C

U+1E1D

U+011E

U+011F

U+012C

U+012D

U+014E

U+014F

U+016C

U+016D

Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Dot Below

Latin Capital Letter E With Breve

Latin Small Letter E With Breve

Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla And Breve

Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla And Breve

Latin Capital Letter G With Breve

Latin Small Letter G With Breve

Latin Capital Letter I With Breve

Latin Small Letter I With Breve

Latin Capital Letter O With Breve

Latin Small Letter O With Breve

Latin Capital Letter U With Breve

Latin Small Letter U With Breve

Note that the breve is easily confused with the similar looking caron ˇ, especially in small font sizes.

Uses of Breve

Usage	Language	Letters	Notes

Caron

Precomposed Letters with Caron

ˇ

◌̌

Ǎ

ǎ

Č

č

Ď

ď

DŽ

Dž

dž

Ě

ě

U+02C7

U+030C

U+01CD

U+01CD

U+010C

U+010D

U+010E

U+010F

U+01C4

U+01C5

U+01C6

U+011A

U+011B

Caron

Combining Caron

Latin Letter Capital A With Caron

Latin Letter Small A With Caron

Latin Capital Letter C With Caron

Latin Small Letter C With Caron

Latin Capital Letter D With Caron

Latin Small Letter D With Caron

Latin Capital Letter Dz With Caron

Latin Capital Letter D With Small Letter Z With Caron

Latin Small Letter Dz With Caron

Latin Capital Letter E With Caron

Latin Small Letter E With Caron

Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Down Arrowhead ˅ (U+02C5).

Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the d.

Ǧ

ǧ

Ȟ

ȟ

Ǐ

ǐ

ǰ

Ǩ

ǩ

Ľ

ľ

Ň

ň

U+01E6

U+01E7

U+021E

U+021F

U+01CF

U+01D0

U+01F0

​ U+01E8

U+01E9

U+013D

U+013E

U+0147

U+0148

Latin Capital Letter G With Caron

Latin Small Letter G With Caron

Latin Capital Letter H With Caron

Latin Small Letter H With Caron

Latin Capital Letter I With Caron

Latin Small Letter I With Caron

Latin Small Letter J With Caron

Latin Capital Letter K With Caron

Latin Small Letter K With Caron

Latin Capital Letter L With Caron

Latin Small Letter L With Caron

Latin Capital Letter N With Caron

Latin Small Letter N With Caron

Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the Ll.

Ǒ

ǒ

Ř

ř

Š

š

Ṧ

ṧ

Ť

ť

Ǔ

ǔ

Ǚ

U+01D1

U+01D2

U+0158

U+0159

U+0160

U+0161

U+1E66

U+1E67

U+0164

U+0165

U+01D3

U+01D4

U+01D9

Latin Capital Letter O With Caron

Latin Small Letter O With Caron

Latin Capital Letter R With Caron

Latin Small Letter R With Caron

Latin Capital Letter S With Caron

Latin Small Letter S With Caron

Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above

Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter T With Caron

Latin Small Letter T With Caron

Latin Capital Letter U With Caron

Latin Small Letter U With Caron

Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron

Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the t.

ǚ

Ž

ž

Ǯ

ǯ

U+01DA

U+017D

U+017E

U+01EE

U+01EF

Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron

Latin Capital Letter Z With Caron

Latin Small Letter Z With Caron

Latin Capital Letter Ezh With Caron

Latin Small Letter Ezh With Caron

Caron is also known as háček or haček. It originated from dot above in Czech orthography.[2] Note that the caron is easily confused with the similar looking breve ˘, especially in small font sizes.

Uses of Caron

Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Change of manner of articulation	Czech	Řř /r̝/	This is a raised non-sonorant trill. Unaccented Rr stands for /r/.[3]
Palatal phoneme	Czech	Ďď /ɟ/, Ěě /(j)ɛ/, Ňň /ɲ/, Ťť /c/	Ěě stands for an /ɛ/ that makes a previous Dd, Nn, Tt be /ɟ, ɲ, c/, a previous Bb, Ff, Pp, Vv be /bj, fj, pj, vj/, and a previous Mm /mɲ/. This letter is not found in other positions.[4]
Postalveolar consonant	Czech, Latgalian, Latvian	Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/	Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Czech, Latvian and Latgalian.
	Livonian	Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/

Cedilla

Precomposed Letters with Cedilla

¸

◌̧

Ç

ç

Ḉ

ḉ

Ḑ

ḑ

Ȩ

ȩ

Ḝ

ḝ

Ģ

U+00B8

U+0327

U+00C7

U+00E7

U+1E08

U+1E09

U+1E10

U+1E11

U+0228

U+0229

U+1E1C

U+1E1D

U+0122

Cedilla

Combining Cedilla

Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla

Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla

Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute

Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute

Latin Capital Letter D With Cedilla

Latin Small Letter D With Cedilla

Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla

Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla

Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla And Breve

Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla And Breve

Latin Capital Letter G With Cedilla

ģ

Ḩ

ḩ

Ķ

ķ

Ļ

ļ

Ņ

ņ

Ŗ

ŗ

Ş

ş

U+0123

U+1E28

U+1E29

U+0136

U+0137

U+013B

U+013C

U+0145

U+0146

U+0156

U+0157

U+015E

U+015F

Latin Small Letter G With Cedilla

Latin Capital Letter H With Cedilla

Latin Small Letter H With Cedilla

Latin Capital Letter K With Cedilla

Latin Small Letter K With Cedilla

Latin Capital Letter L With Cedilla

Latin Small Letter L With Cedilla

Latin Capital Letter N With Cedilla

Latin Small Letter N With Cedilla

Latin Capital Letter R With Cedilla

Latin Small Letter R With Cedilla

Latin Capital Letter S With Cedilla

Latin Small Letter S With Cedilla

Note: The diacritic is placed on top of the letter to avoid the descender of the g.

​

Note: May be confused with Latin Capital Letter S With Comma Below Ș (U+0218).

Note: May be confused with Latin Small Letter S With Comma Below ș (U+0219).

Ţ

ţ

U+0162

U+0163

Latin Capital Letter T With Cedilla

Latin Small Letter T With Cedilla

Note: May be confused with Latin Capital Letter T With Comma Below Ț (U+021A).

Note: May be confused with Latin Small Letter T With Comma Below ț (U+021B).

Cedilla originates from a cursive form of Z.[5] Note that the cedilla may be confused with ogonek ˛ or comma below ◌̦. In some fonts, the cedilla together with some letters may look identical to the comma. In Romanian, the letters Șș and Țț are actually supposed to have a comma below and not a cedilla, while in most other languages Şş and Ţţ are supposed to have cedillas.

Uses of Cedilla

Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Palatal consonant	Latgalian, Latvian	Ģģ /ɟ/, Ķķ /c/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/
	Livonian	Ḑḑ /ɟ/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/, Ţţ /c/
Palatalized consonant	Livonian	Ŗŗ /rʲ/

Circumflex

Precomposed Letters with Circumflex

^

ˆ

◌̂

Â

â

Ấ

ấ

Ầ

ầ

Ẩ

ẩ

Ẫ

ẫ

U+005E

U+02C6

U+0302

U+00C2

U+00E2

U+1EA4

U+1EA5

U+1EA6

U+1EA7

U+1EA8

U+1EA9

U+1EAA

U+1EAB

Circumflex Accent

Modifier Letter Circumflex Accent

Combining Circumflex Accent

Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex

Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex

Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Acute

Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Acute

Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Grave

Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Grave

Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above

Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde

Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde

Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Up Arrowhead ˄ (U+02C4), Combining Inverted Breve ◌̑ (U+0311) or Up Arrowhead ⌃ (U+2303).

Ậ

ậ

Ĉ

ĉ

Ê

ê

Ế

ế

Ề

ề

Ể

ể

Ễ

U+1EAC

U+1EAD

U+0108

U+0109

U+00CA

​ U+00EA

U+1EBE

U+1EBF

U+1EC0

U+1EC1

U+1EC2

U+1EC3

U+1EC4

Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below

Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below

Latin Capital Letter C With Circumflex

Latin Small Letter C With Circumflex

​ Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex

Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex

Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Acute

Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Acute

Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Grave

Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Grave

Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above

Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde

ễ

Ệ

ệ

Ĝ

ĝ

Ĥ

ĥ

Î

î

Ĵ

ĵ

Ô

ô

U+1EC5

U+1EC6

U+1EC7

U+011C

U+011D

U+0124

U+0125

U+00CE

U+00EE

U+0134

U+0135

U+00D4

U+00F4

Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde

Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below

Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below

Latin Capital Letter G With Circumflex

Latin Small Letter G With Circumflex

Latin Capital Letter H With Circumflex

Latin Small Letter H With Circumflex

Latin Capital Letter I With Circumflex

Latin Small Ltter I With Circumflex

Latin Capital Letter J With Circumflex

Latin Small Letter J With Circumflex

Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex

Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex

Ố

ố

Ồ

ồ

Ổ

ổ

Ỗ

ỗ

Ộ

ộ

Ŝ

ŝ

Û

U+1ED0

U+1ED1

U+1ED2

U+1ED3

U+1ED4

U+1ED5

U+1ED6

U+1ED7

U+1ED8

U+1ED9

U+015C

U+015D

U+00DB

Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Acute

Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Acute

Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Grave

Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Grave

Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above

Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde

Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde

Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below

Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below

Latin Capital Letter S With Circumflex

Latin Small Letter S With Circumflex

Latin Capital Letter U With Circumflex

û

Ŵ

ŵ

Ŷ

ŷ

Ẑ

ẑ

U+00FB

​ U+0174

U+0175

U+0176

U+0177

U+1E90

U+1E91

Latin Small Letter U With Circumflex

Latin Capital Letter W With Circumflex

Latin Small Letter W With Circumflex

Latin Capital Letter Y With Circumflex

Latin Small Letter Y With Circumflex

Latin Capital Letter Z With Circumflex

Latin Small Letter Z With Circumflex

Uses of Circumflex

Usage	Language	Letters	Notes

Diaeresis/Umlaut

Precomposed Letters with Diaeresis/Umlaut

¨

◌̈

Ä

ä

Ǟ

ǟ

Ë

ë

Ḧ

ḧ

Ï

ï

Ḯ

U+00A8

U+0308

U+00C4

U+00E4

U+01DE

U+01DF

U+00CB

U+00EB

U+1E26

U+1E27

U+00CF

​ U+00EF

U+1E2E

Diaeresis

Combining Diaeresis

Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis

Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis

Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron

Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron

Latin Capital Letter E With Diaeresis

Latin Small Letter E With Diaeresis

Latin Capital Letter H With Diaeresis

Latin Small Letter H With Diaeresis

Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis

Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis

Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute

ḯ

Ö

ö

Ȫ

ȫ

Ṏ

ṏ

ẗ

Ü

ü

Ǖ

ǖ

Ǘ

U+1E2F

U+00D6

U+00F6

​ U+022A

U+022B

U+1E4E

U+1E4F

U+1E97

U+00DC

​ U+00FC

U+01D5

U+01D6

U+01D7

Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute

​ Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis

Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis

​ Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron

Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron

Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis

Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis

Latin Small Letter T With Diaeresis

Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis

Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis

Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron

Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron

​ Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute

ǘ

Ǚ

ǚ

Ǜ

ǜ

Ṻ

ṻ

Ẅ

ẅ

Ẍ

ẍ

Ÿ

ÿ

U+01D8

U+01D9

U+01DA

U+01DB

U+01DC

U+1E7A

U+1E7B

U+1E84

U+1E85

U+1E8C

U+1E8D

U+0178

U+00FF

Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute

Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron

Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron

Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave

Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave

Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis

Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis

Latin Capital Letter W With Diaeresis

Latin Small Letter W With Diaeresis

Latin Capital Letter X With Diaeresis

Latin Small Letter X With Diaeresis

Latin Capital Letter Y With Diaeresis

Latin Small Letter Y With Diaeresis

Diaeresis (known as tréma in French) and umlaut both employ the same character. But there is a difference of use between diaeresis and umlaut. Letters with umlaut stand for completely different sounds than their non-accented counterparts. For example in Swedish <o> represents /u/ while <ö> represents /ø/. Diaeresis on the other hand does not change the sound value of a letter, but instead marks that a vowel is not part of a diphthong or digraph.
The diaeresis and umlaut characters have different origins. Diaeresis was borrowed from the Greek alphabet, while umlaut began as a small e placed on top of Aa, Oo or Uu. This e then later evolved into the same shape as diaeresis.

Uses of Diaeresis or Umlaut

Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Front version of back vowel	Estonian	Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
	Finnish	Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/	Usage borrowed from Swedish.
	Livonian	Ää /æ/, Ǟǟ /æː/
	Swedish	Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/	The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae[6] and oe[7]. Üü is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but is used in some loanwords and in many surnames.
Syllable break. When two vowel follow each other, a diaeresis on the second vowel indicates that the vowels are in two different syllables instead of forming a diphthong.	French	Ëë, Ïï, Üü, Ÿÿ

Dot Above

Precomposed Letters with Dot Above

˙

◌̇

Ȧ

ȧ

Ǡ

ǡ

Ḃ

ḃ

Ċ

ċ

Ḋ

ḋ

Ė

U+02D9

U+0307

U+0226

U+0227

U+01E0

U+01E1

U+1E02

U+1E03

U+010A

U+010B

U+1E0A

U+1E0B

U+0116

Dot Above

Combining Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron

Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron

Latin Capital Letter B With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter B With Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter C With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter C With Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter D With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter D With Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter E With Dot Above

ė

Ḟ

ḟ

Ġ

ġ

Ḣ

ḣ

İ

i

Ṁ

ṁ

Ṅ

ṅ

U+0117

U+1E1E

U+1E1F

U+0120

U+0121

U+1E22

U+1E23

U+0130

U+0069

​ U+1E40

U+1E41

U+1E44

U+1E45

Latin Small Letter E With Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter F With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter F With Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter G With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter G With Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter H With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter H With Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter I

Latin Capital Letter M With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter M With Dot Above

​ Latin Capital Letter N With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter N With Dot Above

Note: In most languages i is the lower case version of I, but in Turkish İ and i resp. I and ı go together. If Turkish case is used, you need to make sure that various software handles that correctly. For example dictionaries need to sort the letters in the right order.

Ȯ

ȯ

Ȱ

ȱ

Ṗ

ṗ

Ṙ

ṙ

Ṡ

ṡ

ẛ

Ṥ

ṥ

U+022E

U+022F

U+0230

U+0231

U+1E56

U+1E57

U+1E58

U+1E59

U+1E60

U+1E61

U+1E9B

U+1E64

U+1E65

Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron

Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron

Latin Capital Letter P With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter P With Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter R With Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter S With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter Long S With Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above

Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above

Ṧ

ṧ

Ṩ

ṩ

Ṫ

ṫ

Ẇ

ẇ

Ẋ

ẋ

Ẏ

ẏ

Ż

U+1E66

U+1E67

U+1E68

U+1E69

U+1E6A

U+1E6B

U+1E86

U+1E87

U+1E8A

U+1E8B

U+1E8E

U+1E8F

U+017B

Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above

Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above

Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter T With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter T With Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter W With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter W With Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter X With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter X With Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter Y With Dot Above

Latin Small Letter Y With Dot Above

Latin Capital Letter Z With Dot Above

ż

U+017C

Latin Small Letter Z With Dot Above

Uses of Dot Above

Use	Language	Letters	Notes
Raised vowel	Livonian	Ȯȯ /ʊ/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/

Dot Below

Precomposed Letters with Dot Below

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

U+

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Latin Capital Letter

Latin Small Letter

Uses of Dot Below

Usage	Language	Letters	Notes

Grave Accent

Precomposed Letters with Grave Accent

`

ˋ

˴

◌̀

◌̀

À

à

Ầ

ầ

Ằ

ằ

È

è

U+0060

U+02CB

U+02F4

U+0300

U+0340

U+00C0

U+00E0

U+1EA6

U+1EA7

U+1EB0

U+1EB1

U+00C8

U+00E8

Grave Accent

Modifier Letter Grave Accent

Modifier Letter Middle Grave Accent

Combining Grave Accent

Combining Grave Tone Mark

Latin Capital Letter A With Grave

Latin Small Letter A With Grave

Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Grave

Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Grave

Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Grave

Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Grave

Latin Capital Letter E With Grave

Latin Small Letter E With Grave

Ḕ

ḕ

Ề

ề

Ì

ì

Ǹ

ǹ

Ò

ò

Ṑ

ṑ

Ồ

U+1E14

U+1E15

U+1EC0

U+1EC1

U+00CC

U+00EC

U+01F8

U+01F9

U+00D2

U+00F2

U+1E50

U+1E51

U+1ED2

Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave

Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave

Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Grave

Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Grave

Latin Capital Letter I With Grave

Latin Small Letter I With Grave

Latin Capital Letter N With Grave

Latin Small Letter N With Grave

Latin Capital Letter O With Grave

Latin Small Letter O With Grave

Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave

Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave

Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Grave

ồ

Ờ

ờ

Ù

ù

Ǜ

ǜ

Ừ

ừ

Ẁ

ẁ

Ỳ

ỳ

U+1ED3

U+1EDC

U+1EDD

U+00D9

U+00F9

U+01DB

U+01DC

U+1EEA

U+1EEB

U+1E80

U+1E81

U+1EF2

U+1EF3

Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Grave

Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Grave

Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Grave

Latin Capital Letter U With Grave

Latin Small Letter U With Grave

Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave

Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave

Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Grave

Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Grave

Latin Capital Letter W With Grave

Latin Small Letter W With Grave

Latin Capital Letter Y With Grave

Latin Small Letter Y With Grave

Uses of Grave Accent

Use	Language	Letters	Notes

Hook Above

Precomposed Letters with Hook Above

◌̉

Ả

ả

Ẩ

ẩ

Ẳ

ẳ

Ẻ

ẻ

Ể

ể

Ỉ

ỉ

U+0309

U+1EA2

U+1EA3

U+1EA8

U+1EA9

U+1EB2

U+1EB3

U+1EBA

U+1EBB

U+1EC2

U+1EC3

U+1EC8

U+1EC9

Combining Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter A With Hook Above

Latin Small Letter A With Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above

Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Hook Above

Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter E With Hook Above

Latin Small Letter E With Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above

Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter I With Hook Above

Latin Small Letter I With Hook Above

Ỏ

ỏ

Ổ

ổ

Ở

ở

Ủ

ủ

Ử

ử

Ỷ

ỷ

U+1ECE

U+1ECF

U+1ED4

U+1ED5

U+1EDE

U+1EDF

U+1EE6

U+1EE7

U+1EEC

U+1EED

U+1EF6

U+1EF7

Latin Capital Letter O With Hook Above

Latin Small Letter O With Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above

Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Hook Above

Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter U With Hook Above

Latin Small Letter U With Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Hook Above

Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter Y With Hook Above

Latin Small Letter Y With Hook Above

Uses of Hook Above

Usage	Language	Letters	Notes

Horn

Precomposed Letters with Horn

◌̛

Ơ

ơ

Ớ

ớ

Ờ

ờ

Ở

ở

Ỡ

ỡ

Ợ

ợ

U+031B

U+01A0

U+01A1

U+1EDA

U+1EDB

U+1EDC

U+1EDD

U+1EDE

U+1EDF

U+1EE0

U+1EE1

U+1EE2

U+1EE3

Combining Horn

Latin Capital Letter O With Horn

Latin Small Letter O With Horn

Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Acute

Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Acute

Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Grave

Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Grave

Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Hook Above

Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Tilde

Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Tilde

Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Dot Below

Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Dot Below

Ư

ư

Ứ

ứ

Ừ

ừ

Ử

ử

Ữ

ữ

Ự

ự

U+01AF

U+01B0

U+1EE8

U+1EE9

U+1EEA

U+1EEB

U+1EEC

U+1EED

U+1EEE

U+1EEF

U+1EF0

U+1EF1

Latin Capital Letter U With Horn

Latin Small Letter U With Horn

Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Acute

Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Acute

Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Grave

Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Grave

Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Hook Above

Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Hook Above

Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Tilde

Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Tilde

Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Dot Below

Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Dot Below

Uses of Horn

Usage	Language	Letters	Notes

Macron

Precomposed Letters with Macron

¯

ˉ

◌̄

Ā

ā

Ǟ

ǟ

Ǡ

ǡ

Ǣ

ǣ

Ē

ē

U+00AF

U+02C9

U+0304

U+0100

U+0101

U+01DE

U+01DF

U+01E0

U+01E1

U+01E2

U+01E3

U+0112

U+0113

Macron

Modifier Letter Macron

Combining Macron

Latin Capital Letter A With Macron

Latin Small Letter A With Macron

Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron

Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron

Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron

Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron

Latin Capital Letter Ae With Macron

Latin Small Letter Ae With Macron

Latin Capital Letter E With Macron

Latin Small Letter E With Macron

Note: May be confused with Overline ‾ (U+203E), Combining Double Macron ◌͞ (U+035E) or Superscript Minus ⁻ (U+207B).

Ḕ

ḕ

Ḗ

ḗ

Ḡ

ḡ

Ī

ī

Ḹ

ḹ

Ō

ō

Ǭ

U+1E14

U+1E15

​ U+1E16

U+1E17

U+1E20

U+1E21

U+012A

U+012B

U+1E38

U+1E39

U+014C

​ U+014D

U+01EC

Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave

Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave

Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute

Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute

Latin Capital Letter G With Macron

Latin Small Letter G With Macron

Latin Capital Letter I With Macron

Latin Small Letter I With Macron

Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below And Macron

Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below And Macron

Latin Capital Letter O With Macron

Latin Small Letter O With Macron

Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek And Macron

ǭ

Ṑ

ṑ

Ṓ

ṓ

Ȫ

ȫ

Ȭ

ȭ

Ȱ

ȱ

Ṝ

ṝ

U+01ED

U+1E50

U+1E51

U+1E52

U+1E53

U+022A

U+022B

U+022C

U+022D

U+0230

U+0231

U+1E5C

U+1E5D

Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek And Macron

Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave

Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave

Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute

Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute

Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron

Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron

Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron

Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron

Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron

Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron

Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below And Macron

Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below And Macron

Ū

ū

Ṻ

ṻ

Ǖ

ǖ

Ȳ

ȳ

U+016A

U+016B

U+1E7A

U+1E7B

U+01D5

U+01D6

U+0232

U+0233

Latin Capital Letter U With Macron

Latin Small Letter U With Macron

Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis

Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis

Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron

Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron

Latin Capital Letter Y With Macron

Latin Small Letter Y With Macron

Uses of Macron

Use	Language	Letters	Notes
Long vowel	Latgalian	Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/
	Latvian	Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/ and /æː/, Īī /iː/, Ūū /uː/
	Livonian	Āā /ɑː/, Ǟǟ /æː/, Ēē /ɛː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/, Ūū /u/

Ring Above

Precomposed Letters with Ring Above

˚	◌̊	Å	å	Ǻ	ǻ	Ů	ů	ẘ	ẙ
U+02DA	U+030A	U+00C5	U+00E5	U+01FA	U+01FB	U+016E	U+016F	U+1E98	U+1E99
Ring Above	Combining Ring Above	Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above	Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above	Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute	Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute	Latin Capital Letter U With Ring Above	Latin Small Letter U With Ring Above	Latin Small Letter W With Ring Above	Latin Small Letter Y With Ring Above
Note: May be confused with the Degree Sign ° (U+00B0)		Note: May be confused with the Ångström Sign Å (U+212B).

Uses of Ring Above

Use	Language	Letters	Notes
Back version of front vowel. Often also rounded.	Chamorro	Åå /ɑ/
	Danish, Norwegian	Åå /ɔ/	From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[8]
	Swedish	Åå /o/	From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[9]
Long vowel	Czech	Ůů /uː/	This comes from a diphthong /uo/, where the o was sometimes written as a ring above the u. A sound change then turned /uo/ into /uː/.[10]

Tilde

Precomposed Letters with Tilde

~

˜

​ ◌̃

Ã

ã

Ẫ

ẫ

Ẵ

ẵ

Ẽ

ẽ

Ễ

ễ

U+007E

U+02DC

U+0303

​ U+00C3

U+00E3

​ U+1EAA

U+1EAB

U+1EB4

U+1EB5

U+1EBC

U+1EBD

U+1EC4

U+1EC5

Tilde

Small Tilde

Combining Tilde

Latin Capital Letter A With Tilde

Latin Small Letter A With Tilde

Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde

Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde

Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Tilde

Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Tilde

Latin Capital Letter E With Tilde

Latin Small Letter E With Tilde

Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde

Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde

Note: May be confused with swung dash ⁓ (U+2053).

Ĩ

ĩ

Ñ

ñ

Õ

õ

Ȭ

ȭ

Ṍ

ṍ

Ṏ

ṏ

Ỗ

U+0128

U+0129

​ U+00D1

U+00F1

U+00D5

U+00F5

U+022C

U+022D

U+1E4C

U+1E4D

U+1E4E

U+1E4F

U+1ED6

Latin Capital Letter I With Tilde

Latin Small Letter I With Tilde

Latin Capital Letter N With Tilde

Latin Small Letter N With Tilde

Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde

Latin Small Letter O With Tilde

Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron

Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron

Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute

Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute

Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis

Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis

Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde

ỗ

Ỡ

ỡ

Ũ

ũ

Ṹ

ṹ

Ữ

ữ

Ṽ

ṽ

Ỹ

ỹ

U+1ED7

U+1EE0

U+1EE1

U+0168

U+0169

U+1E78

U+1E79

U+1EEE

U+1EEF

U+1E7C

U+1E7D

U+1EF8

U+1EF9

Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde

Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Tilde

Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Tilde

Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde

Latin Small Letter U With Tilde

Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute

Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute

Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Tilde

Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Tilde

Latin Capital Letter V With Tilde

Latin Small Letter V With Tilde

Latin Capital Letter Y With Tilde

Latin Small Letter Y With Tilde

Uses of Tilde

Use	Language	Letters	Notes
Unrounded vowel	Estonian	Õõ /ɤ/
Other	Livonian	Õõ /ɨ/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/