This page will list different uses of diacritical marks that have natlang precedence. Conlangers can use this to find inspiration for their own conlang romanizations.
- Note that in this article combining diacritics are attached to a ◌. Diacritics without a ◌, like ¨ for example, are non-combining. Non-combining diacritics are sometimes called modifier letters in Unicode.
Caron
Precomposed Letters with Caron
ˇ |
◌̌ |
Ǎ |
ǎ |
Č |
č |
Ď |
ď |
DŽ |
Dž |
dž |
Ě |
ě
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U+02C7 |
U+030C |
U+01CD |
U+01CD |
U+010C |
U+010D |
U+010E |
U+010F |
U+01C4 |
U+01C5 |
U+01C6 |
U+011A |
U+011B
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Caron |
Combining Caron |
Latin Letter Capital A With Caron |
Latin Letter Small A With Caron |
Latin Capital Letter C With Caron |
Latin Small Letter C With Caron |
Latin Capital Letter D With Caron |
Latin Small Letter D With Caron |
Latin Capital Letter Dz With Caron |
Latin Capital Letter D With Small Letter Z With Caron |
Latin Small Letter Dz With Caron |
Latin Capital Letter E With Caron |
Latin Small Letter E With Caron
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Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Down Arrowhead ˅ (U+02C5). |
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Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the d. |
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Ǧ |
ǧ |
Ȟ |
ȟ |
Ǐ |
ǐ |
ǰ |
Ǩ |
ǩ |
Ľ |
ľ |
Ň |
ň
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U+01E6 |
U+01E7 |
U+021E |
U+021F |
U+01CF |
U+01D0 |
U+01F0 |
U+01E8 |
U+01E9 |
U+013D |
U+013E |
U+0147 |
U+0148
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Latin Capital Letter G With Caron |
Latin Small Letter G With Caron |
Latin Capital Letter H With Caron |
Latin Small Letter H With Caron |
Latin Capital Letter I With Caron |
Latin Small Letter I With Caron |
Latin Small Letter J With Caron |
Latin Capital Letter K With Caron |
Latin Small Letter K With Caron |
Latin Capital Letter L With Caron |
Latin Small Letter L With Caron |
Latin Capital Letter N With Caron |
Latin Small Letter N With Caron
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Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the Ll. |
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Ǒ |
ǒ |
Ř |
ř |
Š |
š |
Ṧ |
ṧ |
Ť |
ť |
Ǔ |
ǔ |
Ǚ
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U+01D1 |
U+01D2 |
U+0158 |
U+0159 |
U+0160 |
U+0161 |
U+1E66 |
U+1E67 |
U+0164 |
U+0165 |
U+01D3 |
U+01D4 |
U+01D9
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Latin Capital Letter O With Caron |
Latin Small Letter O With Caron |
Latin Capital Letter R With Caron |
Latin Small Letter R With Caron |
Latin Capital Letter S With Caron |
Latin Small Letter S With Caron |
Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter T With Caron |
Latin Small Letter T With Caron |
Latin Capital Letter U With Caron |
Latin Small Letter U With Caron |
Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron
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Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the t. |
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ǚ |
Ž |
ž |
Ǯ |
ǯ
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U+01DA |
U+017D |
U+017E |
U+01EE |
U+01EF
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Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron |
Latin Capital Letter Z With Caron |
Latin Small Letter Z With Caron |
Latin Capital Letter Ezh With Caron |
Latin Small Letter Ezh With Caron
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Caron is also known as háček or haček. Note that the caron is easily confused with the similar looking Breve ˘, especially in small font sizes.
Uses of Caron
Usage
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Language
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Letters
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Notes
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Postalveolar consonant
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Latgalian, Latvian
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Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
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Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Latvian and Latgalian.
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Livonian
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Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
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Cedilla
Precomposed Letters with Cedilla
¸ |
◌̧ |
Ç |
ç |
Ḉ |
ḉ |
Ḑ |
ḑ |
Ȩ |
ȩ |
Ḝ |
ḝ |
Ģ
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U+00B8 |
U+0327 |
U+00C7 |
U+00E7 |
U+1E08 |
U+1E09 |
U+1E10 |
U+1E11 |
U+0228 |
U+0229 |
U+1E1C |
U+1E1D |
U+0122
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Cedilla |
Combining Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute |
Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter D With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter D With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla And Breve |
Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla And Breve |
Latin Capital Letter G With Cedilla
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ģ |
Ḩ |
ḩ |
Ķ |
ķ |
Ļ |
ļ |
Ņ |
ņ |
Ŗ |
ŗ |
Ş |
ş
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U+0123 |
U+1E28 |
U+1E29 |
U+0136 |
U+0137 |
U+013B |
U+013C |
U+0145 |
U+0146 |
U+0156 |
U+0157 |
U+015E |
U+015F
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Latin Small Letter G With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter H With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter H With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter K With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter K With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter L With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter L With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter N With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter N With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter R With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter R With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter S With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter S With Cedilla
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Note: The diacritic is placed on top of the letter to avoid the descender of the g. |
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Note: May be confused with Latin Capital Letter S With Comma Below Ș (U+0218). |
Note: May be confused with Latin Small Letter S With Comma Below ș (U+0219).
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Ţ |
ţ
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U+0162 |
U+0163
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Latin Capital Letter T With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter T With Cedilla
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Note: May be confused with Latin Capital Letter T With Comma Below Ț (U+021A). |
Note: May be confused with Latin Small Letter T With Comma Below ț (U+021B).
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Note that cedilla may be confused with Ogonek ˛ or Comma Below ◌̦. In some fonts, the cedilla together with some letters may look identical to the comma. In Romanian the letters Șș and Țț are actually supposed to have a comma below and not a cedilla, while in most other languages Şş and Ţţ are supposed to have cedillas.
Uses of Cedilla
Usage
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Language
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Letters
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Notes
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Palatal consonant
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Latgalian, Latvian
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Ģģ /ɟ/, Ķķ /c/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/
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Livonian
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Ḑḑ /ɟ/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/, Ţţ /c/
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Palatalized consonant
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Livonian
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Ŗŗ /rʲ/
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Diaeresis/Umlaut
Precomposed Letters with Diaeresis/Umlaut
¨ |
◌̈ |
Ä |
ä |
Ǟ |
ǟ |
Ë |
ë |
Ḧ |
ḧ |
Ï |
ï |
Ḯ
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U+00A8 |
U+0308 |
U+00C4 |
U+00E4 |
U+01DE |
U+01DF |
U+00CB |
U+00EB |
U+1E26 |
U+1E27 |
U+00CF |
U+00EF |
U+1E2E
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Diaeresis |
Combining Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter E With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter E With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter H With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter H With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute
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ḯ |
Ö |
ö |
Ȫ |
ȫ |
Ṏ |
ṏ |
ẗ |
Ü |
ü |
Ǖ |
ǖ |
Ǘ
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U+1E2F |
U+00D6 |
U+00F6 |
U+022A |
U+022B |
U+1E4E |
U+1E4F |
U+1E97 |
U+00DC |
U+00FC |
U+01D5 |
U+01D6 |
U+01D7
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Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter T With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute
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ǘ |
Ǚ |
ǚ |
Ǜ |
ǜ |
Ṻ |
ṻ |
Ẅ |
ẅ |
Ẍ |
ẍ |
Ÿ |
ÿ
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U+01D8 |
U+01D9 |
U+01DA |
U+01DB |
U+01DC |
U+1E7A |
U+1E7B |
U+1E84 |
U+1E85 |
U+1E8C |
U+1E8D |
U+0178 |
U+00FF
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Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron |
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron |
Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave |
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave |
Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter W With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter W With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter X With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter X With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter Y With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter Y With Diaeresis
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Diaeresis (known as tréma in French) and umlaut both employ the same character. But there is a difference of use between diaeresis and umlaut. Letters with umlaut stand for completely different sounds than their non-accented counterparts. For example in Swedish <o> represents /u/ while <ö> represents /ø/. Diaeresis on the other hand does not change the sound value of a letter, but instead marks that a vowel is not part of a diphthong or digraph.
Uses of Diaeresis or Umlaut
Usage
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Language
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Letters
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Notes
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Front version of back vowel
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Finnish
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Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/
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Usage borrowed from Swedish.
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Livonian
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Ää /æ/
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Swedish
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Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/
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The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae[1] and oe[2].
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Syllable break. When two vowel follow each other, a diaeresis on the second vowel indicates that the vowels are in two different syllables instead of forming a diphthong.
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French
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Ëë, Ïï, Üü, Ÿÿ
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Dot Above
Precomposed Letter with Dot Above
˙ |
◌̇ |
Ȧ |
ȧ |
Ǡ |
ǡ |
Ḃ |
ḃ |
Ċ |
ċ |
Ḋ |
ḋ |
Ė
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U+02D9 |
U+0307 |
U+0226 |
U+0227 |
U+01E0 |
U+01E1 |
U+1E02 |
U+1E03 |
U+010A |
U+010B |
U+1E0A |
U+1E0B |
U+0116
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Dot Above |
Combining Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron |
Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter B With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter B With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter C With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter C With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter D With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter D With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter E With Dot Above
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ė |
Ḟ |
ḟ |
Ġ |
ġ |
Ḣ |
ḣ |
İ |
i |
Ṁ |
ṁ |
Ṅ |
ṅ
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U+0117 |
U+1E1E |
U+1E1F |
U+0120 |
U+0121 |
U+1E22 |
U+1E23 |
U+0130 |
U+0069 |
U+1E40 |
U+1E41 |
U+1E44 |
U+1E45
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Latin Small Letter E With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter F With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter F With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter G With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter G With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter H With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter H With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter I |
Latin Capital Letter M With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter M With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter N With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter N With Dot Above
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Note: In most languages i is the lower case version of I, but in Turkish İ and i resp. I and ı go together. If Turkish case is used, you need to make sure that various software handles that correctly. For example dictionaries need to sort the letters in the right order. |
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Ȯ |
ȯ |
Ȱ |
ȱ |
Ṗ |
ṗ |
Ṙ |
ṙ |
Ṡ |
ṡ |
ẛ |
Ṥ |
ṥ
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U+022E |
U+022F |
U+0230 |
U+0231 |
U+1E56 |
U+1E57 |
U+1E58 |
U+1E59 |
U+1E60 |
U+1E61 |
U+1E9B |
U+1E64 |
U+1E65
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Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron |
Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter P With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter P With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter R With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter S With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter Long S With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above
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Ṧ |
ṧ |
Ṩ |
ṩ |
Ṫ |
ṫ |
Ẇ |
ẇ |
Ẋ |
ẋ |
Ẏ |
ẏ |
Ż
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U+1E66 |
U+1E67 |
U+1E68 |
U+1E69 |
U+1E6A |
U+1E6B |
U+1E86 |
U+1E87 |
U+1E8A |
U+1E8B |
U+1E8E |
U+1E8F |
U+017B
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Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter T With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter T With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter W With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter W With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter X With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter X With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter Y With Dot Above |
Latin Small Letter Y With Dot Above |
Latin Capital Letter Z With Dot Above
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ż
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U+017C
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Latin Small Letter Z With Dot Above
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Uses of Dot Above
Use
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Language
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Letters
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Notes
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Raised vowel
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Livonian
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Ȯȯ /ʊ/
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Ring Above
Precomposed Letter with Ring Above
˚ |
◌̊ |
Å |
å |
Ǻ |
ǻ |
Ů |
ů |
ẘ |
ẙ
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U+02DA |
U+030A |
U+00C5 |
U+00E5 |
U+01FA |
U+01FB |
U+016E |
U+016F |
U+1E98 |
U+1E99
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Ring Above |
Combining Ring Above |
Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above |
Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above |
Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute |
Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter U With Ring Above |
Latin Small Letter U With Ring Above |
Latin Small Letter W With Ring Above |
Latin Small Letter Y With Ring Above
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Note: May be confused with the Degree Sign ° (U+00B0) |
Note: May be confused with the Ångström Sign Å (U+212B). |
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Uses of Ring Above
Use
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Language
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Letters
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Notes
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Back version of front vowel. Often also rounded.
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Chamorro
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Åå /ɑ/
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Danish, Norwegian
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Åå /ɔ/
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From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[3]
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Swedish
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Åå /o/
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From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[4]
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