This page will list different uses of diacritical marks that have natlang precedence. Conlangers can use this to find inspiration for their own conlang romanizations.
Cedilla
Precomposed Letters with Cedilla
| Ç |
ç |
Ḉ |
ḉ |
Ḑ |
ḑ |
Ȩ |
ȩ |
Ḝ |
ḝ |
Ģ |
ģ |
Ḩ
|
| U+00C7 |
U+00E7 |
U+1E08 |
U+1E09 |
U+1E10 |
U+1E11 |
U+0228 |
U+0229 |
U+1E1C |
U+1E1D |
U+0122 |
U+0123 |
U+1E28
|
| Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute |
Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter D With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter D With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla And Breve |
Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla And Breve |
Latin Capital Letter G With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter G With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter H With Cedilla
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Note: The diacritic is placed on top of the letter to avoid the descender of the g. |
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| ḩ |
Ķ |
ķ |
Ļ |
ļ |
Ņ |
ņ |
Ŗ |
ŗ |
Ş |
ş |
Ţ |
ţ
|
| U+1E29 |
U+0136 |
U+0137 |
U+013B |
U+013C |
U+0145 |
U+0146 |
U+0156 |
U+0157 |
U+015E |
U+015F |
U+0162 |
U+0163
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| Latin Small Letter H With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter K With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter K With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter L With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter L With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter N With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter N With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter R With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter R With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter S With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter S With Cedilla |
Latin Capital Letter T With Cedilla |
Latin Small Letter T With Cedilla
|
Uses of Cedilla
| Usage
|
Language
|
Letters
|
Origin
|
Notes
|
| Palatal consonant
|
Latgalian, Latvian
|
Ģģ /ɟ/, Ķķ /c/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/
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| Livonian
|
Ḑḑ /ɟ/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/, Ţţ /c/
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| Palatalized consonant
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Livonian
|
Ŗŗ /rʲ/
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Diaeresis/Umlaut
Precomposed Letters with Diaeresis/Umlaut
| Ä |
ä |
Ǟ |
ǟ |
Ë |
ë |
Ḧ |
ḧ |
Ï |
ï |
Ḯ |
ḯ |
Ö
|
| U+00C4 |
U+00E4 |
U+01DE |
U+01DF |
U+00CB |
U+00EB |
U+1E26 |
U+1E27 |
U+00CF |
U+00EF |
U+1E2E |
U+1E2F |
U+00D6
|
| Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter E With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter E With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter H With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter H With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute |
Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis
|
| ö |
Ȫ |
ȫ |
Ṏ |
ṏ |
ẗ |
Ü |
ü |
Ǖ |
ǖ |
Ǘ |
ǘ |
Ǚ
|
| U+00F6 |
U+022A |
U+022B |
U+1E4E |
U+1E4F |
U+1E97 |
U+00DC |
U+00FC |
U+01D5 |
U+01D6 |
U+01D7 |
U+01D8 |
U+01D9
|
| Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter T With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute |
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron
|
| ǚ |
Ǜ |
ǜ |
Ṻ |
ṻ |
Ẅ |
ẅ |
Ẍ |
ẍ |
Ÿ |
ÿ
|
| U+01DA |
U+01DB |
U+01DC |
U+1E7A |
U+1E7B |
U+1E84 |
U+1E85 |
U+1E8C |
U+1E8D |
U+0178 |
U+00FF
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| Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron |
Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave |
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave |
Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter W With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter W With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter X With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter X With Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter Y With Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter Y With Diaeresis
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Diaeresis (known as tréma in French) and umlaut both employ the same character: ¨ (U+00A8 for the non-combining form, U+0308 for the combining). But there is a difference of use between diaeresis and umlaut. Letters with umlaut stand for completely different sounds than their non-accented counterparts. For example in Swedish <o> represents /u/ while <ö> represents /ø/. Diaeresis on the other does not change the sound value of a letter, but instead marks that a vowel is not part of a diphthong or digraph.
Uses of Diaeresis or Umlaut
| Usage
|
Language
|
Letters
|
Origin
|
Notes
|
| Front version of back vowel
|
Finnish
|
Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/
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From Swedish.
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| Livonian
|
Ää /æ/
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| Swedish
|
Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/
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The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae[1] and oe[2].
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| Syllable break. When two vowel follow each other, a diaeresis on the second vowel indicates that the vowels are in two different syllables instead of forming a diphthong.
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French
|
Ëë, Ïï, Üü, Ÿÿ
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Ring Above
Precomposed Letter with Ring Above
| Å |
å |
Ǻ |
ǻ |
Ů |
ů |
ẘ |
ẙ
|
| U+00C5 |
U+00E5 |
U+01FA |
U+01FB |
U+016E |
U+016F |
U+1E98 |
U+1E99
|
| Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above |
Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above |
Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute |
Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter U With Ring Above |
Latin Small Letter U With Ring Above |
Latin Small Letter W With Ring Above |
Latin Small Letter Y With Ring Above
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| Note: May be confused with the Ångström sign Å (U+212B). |
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The non-combining form of ˚ is U+02DA and the combining form is U+030A.
Uses of Ring Above
| Use
|
Language
|
Letters
|
Origin
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Notes
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| Back version of front vowel. Often rounded.
|
Chamorro
|
Åå /ɑ/
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| Danish, Norwegian
|
Åå /ɔ/
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From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[3]
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| Swedish
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Åå /o/
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From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[4]
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