Proto-Uralic/E
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Std. PU *e_a
- e_a → Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_é, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Mari *ə/*ʏ, Permic *oo, Mansi *ä, Khanty *e (/*ö next to a velar), Samoyedic *ê (not *i!)
For *e_i, see comparision over at *ê.
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *e_a | ||||||||||
| "to liv" | *elä- | *ealē- | - | *ɪle- | *ool- | eel- | *jäl- | *jeɬ- | *êlä- | Is ObU *j- original? Mo. *era-? |
| "to collect" | *kerä- | - | - | - | *koor- | keer- | - | - | - | |
| "skillful" | *seppä | *čeappē | - | - | - | seep | - | - | - | |
| "ear" | - | *pealjē | *piĺɜ | *pələš | *peĺ | fül | *päĺ | *peɬ | - | |
| "big, uncle" | *enä | *eanē | *ińɜ | - | *uuna | - | *jänə | *enə | *ênä | |
| "to shake" | - | - | - | *rʏze- | - | rësk | *räsɣ- | *reńť- | - | |
| "blade" | *terä | *tearē | - | *tʏr | - | töör | - | - | - | |
| "dog" | *penVj | *peanɤk | *pińɜ | *pij ~ *pʊni | *poon(ɨ) | (fene) | - | - | - | Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong |
| "pine" | *petäkä | *peacē | *pičɜ | *pʏnće | *poožɨm | - | - | - | - | |
| "uncle" | *setä | *čeacē | Er. čiče | *čʏčö | *čoož | - | *šäša | - | *čêčä' | Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož |
| "uncle" | - | *eakē | - | *äkii | *iikii | Ne. ńeekka? | ||||
| "to love" | - | *eaccē | - | - | - | - | - | *ješəɣ | - | Weak. |
| "ring" | E. kets | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kösə | - | Cf. *kesrä |
| "back" | *selkä ~ *sälkä |
*čēlkē | - | *šɪle | - | - | - | - | - | …*säälkä ?? |
| "ring" | *kesrä | *kearsē | Er. *ščeŕe ~ Mk. kšťiŕ |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "to get free" | - | *meanō- | mäńe- | K. mɨn- | ment- | - | - | Ne. mina- | Cf. *mêni- | |
| "summer" | *kesä | *keasē | *kizɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE? |
| "fox" | *repä | *rēp- | Er. ŕiveś | *rəwəž | *ruć(i) | ravas | ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately? | |||
| "tip" | *kasa | *keačē | - | hëɟ | - | - | - | F. "pile" may not belong | ||
| "a fish" | *keso | L. kääčuk | - | - | K. gɨć | keseg | *kääsəŋ | *kosə | - | |
| "to fly" | - | - | - | - | K. šɨlgɨ- | - | *täɣl- | *ɬeɣəɬ- | - | |
| "to serch" | - | - | - | *kə/ɪčälä- | *kooč-k/j- | - | *känš- | *kenč- | - | |
| "side, rib" | - | *earttē | *irdɜ | *örðəž | *oord- | - | - | - | - | ← II *erdʰa- |
| "man" | - | - | *mirďɜ | - | *moort | - | - | - | - | ← II *mṛt- |
| "to scrape" | - | *neaskē- | - | *nʏžä- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "ghost" | - | *šeartɤ | - | *šərt | U. šurd- | ördög | - | - | - | ~ Russian čert, Iranian? |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| *ê_a & such (FSM per *ü, Ma. *ü?, Ms *i; see also *ü_a) | ||||||||||
| "alder" | *leppä | *leapē | *ĺepɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← B. |
| "corn" | *jüvä | - | juv | - | U. ju ~ K. jɨki | - | - | - | - | ← IE *jewa (Avestan yava etc.) Also explained as "sporadic labialization" in F. |
| "brother-in-law" | *kütü | - | - | - | - | - | *kil | *küɬi ? | - | |
| "heart" | *sütäm | *čɤðēm | *śeďeŋ | *šüm | U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm |
siiv | *šim | *sem | *sejə | |
| "to plow" | *küntä- | - | - | *künče- | - | - | - | - | - | F. could be a later derivation from *künči |
| West *e; East *ê | ||||||||||
| "ring" | *kehä | *kēsɤ | (či) | *keče | *kɨč | keeɟ | *kiš | *köč | *keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong | |
| "neck" | *sepä | *čeapē | *śivɜ | *šüj | *śil | - | *šip | *sääpəɬ | - | |
| "nest" | *pesä | *peasē | *pizɜ | *pəžäš | *pooz | feesek | *pit | *peɬ | *pêtä | |
| "4" | *neljä | *ńealjē | *ńiĺɜ | *nəl | *ńooĺ | neeɟ | *nilə | *ńeɬää | - | U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? |
| "to hit" | *peksä- | - | *piksə- | - | *pös- | - | - | - | *pêtV- | 2ndary length in F. pieksä- |
| "thumb" | - | *pealkē | *päĺka | - | U. pɤlɨ ~ K. pel |
- | - | - | *pêj | F. *pewka- ← Gmc. |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "light" | *kep-edä | *keappē | - | - | U. kapći | keveeš | - | - | #šEpä | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "oar" | *mela | *mealē | *miĺɜ | - | K. maĺ? | - | - | - | - | Looks newer per F. -a, |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| *E_a (S. *ɤ, Ms. *ii, Kh. *ää) | ||||||||||
| "2" | (*kakti) | (*kōktē) | (kavta) | (kok) | *kɨk | keet | *kit | *kiit, käät | *kêtä | Ms. *i before a cluster? FV *kakta |
| "price" | - | - | - | - | *doon | - | *tin | *tään | - | (no evidence for a cluster) |
| "to dodge" | - | *kɤrvē- | - | - | - | kerül- | *kir- | *käärəɣ- | - | Ms. *i before a cluster? |
| "to cook" | - | *pɤsē- | - | - | *pɤɤž- | - | *piit- | *pääɬ- | - | P. delabzn!? Cf. *pexi- |
| "(to) thin" | - | *keancē | - | - | - | keskëń | - | *käänť- | - | Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh. |
| "bay, moor" | - | - | - | - | *kääl- | *kiiləɣ | *kääɭəɣ ? | Sk. keeĺ, köl | ||
| Substrate loans (Mari *i; note phonotax) | ||||||||||
| "wheat" | *vehnä | - | viš | *wište | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "cow ~ horse" | *lehmä | - | *ĺišmɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "rope" | - | *reašmē | *riśmɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | No plzn. in Mo? Cf. B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma) |
| Junk | ||||||||||
| "bundle" | *kerä | - | *kiŕɜ | - | - | - | *käärək | *keer | West *e ~ East *ä? | |
| "to prick" | - | *peaðē- | Er. pele- | - | - | - | *piil- | *peeɬ- | - | No regularity really |
| "warm" | - | - | - | - | *rög | reeg, rög | *räɣ | *reɣ | - | |
| "face" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *weenč | Sk. wandV | |
| "thin" | - | - | - | - | *vek- | veek- | - | - | - | |
| "time" | - | - | - | - | K. kad | kedig | - | - | - | |
| "spring, summer" | *kevät | - | - | *keŋəž | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "times" | *kerta | *keartē | *kirda | Hi. -kerðə | ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt- | |||||
| "alder" | - | - | - | *lööl | *lool | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
